The document discusses various types of pictorial data presentation charts for qualitative and quantitative data. It describes charts like pie charts, bar diagrams, histograms etc. and provides examples of how each chart can be used to represent different types of data. Steps for creating pie, doughnut, bar charts in MS Office are demonstrated. Qualitative data charts include pie, doughnut, bar and sunburst charts while quantitative charts include histogram, frequency polygon, cumulative frequency curve and ogive.

1. Pictorial Data
Presentation
Enhancing
Research Based Skills
One Week Online National FDP
Dated-12th May,2022
Organized
by
Teaching Learning Centre,
SLBSNSU (Central University), N.Delhi
Prof. Amita Pandey Bhardwaj
Director, Teaching Learning Centre under PMMMNMTT Scheme,
MoE, GOI
Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri National Sanskrit University, N. Delhi
9th -13thMay,2022

2. Histogram, Freq. Polygon, Cumulative
Freq. curve & Ogive
Demonstration
Pictorial Data
Presentation
Meaning
Qualitative Data Based
Add Contents Title
Add Contents Title
Focus of the Presentation.
Quantitative data based
Pie, Doughnut &Bar

3. Simple Attractively
Memorable
Quickly
Comparable Lively
Concrete
Clarity
Understandable
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
3

4. ❖ Pictorial is defined as something
illustrated or expressed in pictures.
❖ A chart is a graphical representation for data
visualization in which the data is represented
by symbols such as bars in a bar chart, lines in
a line chart, or slices in a pie chart.
❖ visual representation
❖ A pictorial chart is a visual representation
of data that uses bars, lines, circle& icons.
What does it
Means?
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
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5. ➢ Tabular and graphical
representation of data are a vital
component in analyzing and
understanding large quantities of
numerical data and the relationship
between data points.
➢ Data visualization is one of the most
fundamental approaches to data
analysis providing an intuitive and
universal means to visualize,
abstract and share complex data
patterns.
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
5

6. • Data charts are available in the
form of maps, diagrams and
graphs that typically include
textual titles and legends to
denote the purpose,
measurement units and variables
of the chart.
• Choosing the most appropriate
chart depends on the nature of
the data & the purpose of the
chart (for depiction of qualitative
or quantitative data).
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi 6
Meaning

7. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
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Qualitative
Data Based
Quantitative
Data Based
Types of
Data Charts

8. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
8
Pie
Doughnut
Bar
Sunburst
Qualitative Data
Based
Data Charts

9. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
9
Histogram
Frequency Polygon
Cumulative Frequency Curve
Ogive
Quantitative
Data
Based
Data Charts

10. Components Used in Various Graphical Representations
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
10
Name X-Axis Y-Axis
Bar /
Pie/Doughnut/Sunburst
Nominal or ordinal variables Frequency
Histogram Midpoint of class interval Frequency
Frequency polygon Midpoint of class interval Frequency
Cumulative frequency Curve
Upper real limit of class
interval
Cumulative frequency
%tage Cumulative
frequency Curve-Ogive
Upper real limit of class
interval
Cumulative frequency
%tage

11. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
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Level of
measurement
Meaning Example
Nominal
(नामित)
It classifies a group of objects/person/ event
on the basis of their traits or characteristics.
Gender – M&F
Subject- Art/Science/Commerce
Habitat – Urban/Rural
Ordinal
(क्रमित)
It orders & rank the group of
objects/person/event on the basis of amount
of traits/characteristics.
Level of Teaching – Pri/Sec./High
Socioeconomic status-High, MiddleLow
Likert scale-SA, A, UD, D,SD
Preferences-
Rating survey or feedback-0-10 or0-5
Interval
(अंतरित)
It classifies & orders the group of objects/
person/ event on the scale of with equal
intervals
Educational, Social & Psychological
variable
Temp, time, IQ , Test scores, Age etc
Ratio
(अनुपाततक)
It shows the order & the exact value between
the units.
Physical variables viz. Length, Height,
Weight etc.
No. of students/ teachers…

12. Graphic Basics
•A graph is composed of a vertical line (the Y-axis or ordinate) and a
horizontal line (the X-axis, or abscissa) which intersect to form a right
angle.
•It is scientific convention for the Y-axis to be three-fourth the length
of the X-axis.
• Numbers are placed at equal intervals along the Y-axis.
• The X-axis to represent values of the variables being measured and
manipulated.
• The independent variable on the X-axis and the dependent variable
on the Y-axis.
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
12

13. Graphics Basics Contd….
•No graph is complete until each axis has a label and the values
of the independent and dependent variables are clearly marked
on the appropriate axis.
•Each dot represents a value on both the X-axis and the Y-axis.
•Each graph would depict the particular frequency on the Y-
axis and indicate the class intervals on the X-axis.
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
13

14. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
14
Qualitative Data
Based
Data Charts

15. •Pie Chart-
•Also called Circle diagram or
Angular Diagram.
•It is used for depicting the
structural composition of a group.
• Shows percentage values as a slice
of pie.
•A useful visual aid for nominal &
ordinal data.
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
15

16. Doughnut Chart
➢ It shows the relationship of parts to
a whole as in pie but can depict
more than one data series.
➢ Each data series plotted in a
doughnut chart adds a ring to the
chart.
➢ The first data series is displayed in
the center of the chart.
➢ Used to show the proportions of
categorical data.
➢ It displays categories as arcs.
➢ The size of each piece represents
the proportion of each category.
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
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17. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
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Demonstration for Pie Chart
1st Div
45%
2nd Div
30%
3rd Div
15%
Fail
10%
Result
1st Div 2nd Div 3rd Div Fail
Steps
1. Go to Insert
2. Click on Charts
3. Select Pie
4. Ok
5. Fill the data in
opened dialogue
Box

18. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
18
Demonstration for Doughnut Steps
1. Go to Insert
2. Click on Charts
3. Select Pie
>Doughnut pic
4. Ok
5. Fill the data in
opened dialogue
Box
%tage
1st div 2nd div 3rd div 4th div

19. Bar Diagram
❑ It contains a vertical axis and
horizontal axis.
❑ It displays data as rectangular bars
with lengths proportional to the
values that they represent.
❑ Useful visual aid for depicting
nominal & ordinal data.
❑ Types- Simple, Sub-divided,
Multiple & Comparative.
It is used to represent data whenever
measurement of a variable results in
nominal or ordinal data.
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
19

20. (a) सरल (Simple)
(b) प्रविभाजित (Sub-divided)
(c) बहुगुणी (Multiple)
(d) तुलनात्मक (Comparative)
दण्ड आरेख के
प्रकार
( Types of
Bar
Diagram)
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
20
5/12/2022

21. उदाहरण
उपस्थिस्ि
कक्षा-6 100%
कक्षा- 7 50%
कक्षा-8 20% 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
सरल दण्ड आरेख
Series 1
सरल दण्ड आरेख केवल एक चल रास्ि (variable) को प्रदर्ििि
करने के स्लये प्रयुक्त होिा है । उदाहरण-स्वस्िन्न राज्यों की
साक्षरिा का प्रस्ििि, स्वस्िन्न कक्षाओं की उपस्थिस्ि आदद ।
(a) सरल दण्ड आरेख (Simple Bar Diagram)
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
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5/12/2022

22. उदाहरण
उत्तीणि परीक्षािी (%)
Ist IInd IIIrd
हहिंदी 55 35 10
अिंग्रेजी 30 35 35
सिंथकृि 60 30 10
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
IIIrd
IInd
Ist
जब दकसी आँकड़े को उपिाग के रूप में अनेक िथ्यों को एक साि थपष्ट करना
होिा है िब उस दिा में इस आरेख का प्रयोग दकया जािा है ।
(b) प्रस्विास्जि दण्ड आरेख (Sub-Divided Bar Diagram)
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
22
5/12/2022

23. उदा.- Ist Divisions %tage
Eng Skt Hindi
कक्षा-6 70 60 80
कक्षा-7 80 70 50
कक्षा-8 70 50 70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
English
Sanskrit
Hindi
जब दो या दो से अस्िक अिंिसिम्बन्िी चरों का िुलनात्मक अध्ययन करना हो ।
(c) बहुगुणी दण्ड आरेख (Multiple Bar Diagram)
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
23
5/12/2022

24. उदा.- परीक्षा पररणाम (%)
Boys Girls
स्वज्ञान 50 80
अिंग्रेजी 60 70
सिंथकृि 70 50 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Boys
Girls
जब आँकड़ो का थवरूप स्िचरीय (bivariate) हो ।
जैसे- छात्र-छात्रा, सफल-असफल, लड़का-लड़की आदद ।
(d) िुलनात्मक दण्ड आरेख (Comparative Bar Diagram)
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
24
5/12/2022

25. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
25
Gender Class 6 Class 7 Class 8 Class 9
Boys 60% 70% 30% 90%
Girls 80% 50% 70% 60%
Data for Bar diagram

26. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
26
Demonstration for Bar Steps
1. Go to Insert
2. Click on Charts
3. Select Column
4. Ok
5. Fill the data in
opened dialogue
Box
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Class-6 Class-7 Class-8 Class-9
Attendance
Axis Title
Attendance
Male Female Total

27. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
27
➢Looks like an exploding sun
➢Ring chart & Radial treemap.
➢ Ideal for visualizing a hierarchical dataset.
➢ It shows hierarchy through a series of
concentric rings.
➢Each ring is segmented proportionally to
represent its constituent details.
➢ Each level of the hierarchy is represented by
a circle or ring.
➢The innermost ring represents the top of
hierarchy data and the outermost
ring represents the last hierarchy.
➢Each group is represented by a different
color and the subgroups are represented by a
division.
Sunburst Chart

28. Funnel Chart
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
28
➢ It is a stacked bars represent each stage
in the process.
➢ The width of the bar is proportionate to
its value, and the bar with the highest
value sits at the top.
➢ The rest of the bars sit below in order of
decreasing value and size.
➢ Funnel charts show values across multiple
stages in a process.
➢ the values decrease gradually, allowing
the bars to resemble a funnel.
➢ It starts from a broad head and ends in a
narrow neck.
➢ The number of users at each stage of the
process are indicated from the funnel’s
width as it narrows.

29. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
29
Quantitative Data
Based
Data Charts

30. •Histogram –
Frequency distribution and
graphical representation uses
adjacent vertical bars over discrete
intervals .
•Bars represent the data frequency
within a given interval.
•On X-Axis C.I. & on Y-Axis ‘f’’.
•Used for data organized in the
form of Frequency Distribution
Table.
•It is used to represent data either
at interval or ratio data.
•Used for finding median,
skewness, normality etc.
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
30

31. Steps for creating Histogram-
1. Draw two lines making 90°.
2. Show class interval on X-axis and frequency on Y-axis.
3. Decide the scale for X-axis & Y-axis.
4.As per the scale, mark points on X & Y-axis on equal
distance.
5. Find out real lower & higher limits of class interval.
6. Draw the bars as per the frequency of each class
interval on its real lower & upper limits.
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
31

32. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
32
Class Interval Lower Limit Upper Limit Frequency (f)
45-49 44.5 49.5 2
40-44 39.5 44.5 4
35-39 34.5 39.5 5
30-34 29.5 34.5 9
25-29 24.5 29.5 6
20-24 19.5 24.5 4
15-19 14.5 19.5 3
Data for Histogram

33. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
33
Demonstration for Histogram

34. •Frequency Polygon –
• A graphical presentation in which the frequencies are
depicted by many closed straight-line picture.
• In a frequency polygon, midpoints of the class
intervals are represented on the X-axis, and
frequency is represented on the Y-axis.
• A dot is placed over each midpoint and opposite the
appropriate frequency & these data points are then
connected by straight lines forming a curve.
• It is used for comparative analysis.
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
34

35. Steps for creating Frequency Polygon-
1. Draw two lines making 90°angle.
2. Find mid point of each C.I.
3. Add one C.I. above & below data & assume their frequencies
zero.
4. Decide the scale
5.As per the scale, mark the mid points of all C.I. on X-axis.
6.As per the scale, mark the frequency points on Y-axis.
7.Mark frequency of all C.I. on their midpoints in the form of
points.
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
35

36. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
36
Class Interval Mid Point Frequency (f)
50-54 52 0
45-49 47 2
40-44 42 4
35-39 37 5
30-34 32 9
25-29 27 6
20-24 22 4
15-19 17 3
10-14 12 0
Data for %tage Frequency Polygon

37. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
37
Demonstration for Frequency Polygon

38. •Cumulative Frequency Curve–
➢ A graphical presentation in which the cumulative
frequencies are depicted by a S-shaped curve.
• .
• X-axis indicates the upper real limits of the class
intervals.
• Y-axis shows the cumulative frequency
• It is used to represent data either at interval or ratio
data.
•
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
38

39. Steps for creating Cumulative Frequency Curve-
1. Draw two lines making 90°angle.
2. Add one more C.I. below the lowest C.I. of the data & assume
its frequency as zero.
3. Find the real upper limit of all C.I.
4. Find out the Cumulative frequency for each class interval.
( Cf = ‘f ‘ of that C.I. + Cf of its below C.I.)
5. Show C.I. on X-axis & Cf on Y-axis as per the scale.
6. Mark Cf of each C.I. on its upper limit
7. Make cumulative frequency curve by joining all the marked
points with free hand.
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
39

40. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
40
Class interval
(C.I.)
Upper Limit
Frequency
(f) Cf
45-49 49.5 2 50
40-44 44.5 3 48
35-39 39.5 5 45
30-34 34.5 10 40
25-29 29.5 15 30
20-24 24.5 9 15
15-19 19.5 4 6
10-14 14.5 2 2
5-9 9.5 0 0
Data for %tage Cumulative Frequency Curve-
Ogive

41. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
41
Demonstration for Cumulative Frequency Curve

42. •Ogive (Percentage Cumulative Frequency Curve)–
• A graphical presentation in which the cumulative
frequencies in percentage are depicted by a S-shaped curve.
• X-axis indicates the upper real limits of the class intervals.
• Y-axis shows the cumulative frequencies in %tage.
➢ It is used to represent data either at interval or ratio data.
➢ It is used to compare two or more groups and for finding
percentile, median, quartile, percentile rank etc.
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
42

43. Steps for creating Ogive-
1. Draw two lines making 90° angle.
2. Add one C.I. below the lowest C.I. & assume its frequency as
zero.
3. Find the real upper limit of all C.I.
4. Find out the cumulative frequency for each class interval.
( Cf = ‘f ‘ of that C.I. + Cf of its below C.I.)
5. Convert Cumulative frequency of each class interval into %tage.
(Cf % = Cf x 100 / N)
6. Show C.I. on X-axis & Cf % on Y-axis.
7. Mark Cf % of each C.I. on its upper limit.
8. Make ogive by joining all the marked points with free hand.
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
43

44. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
44
Class interval
(C.I.)
Upper Limit
Frequency
(f) Cf Cf%
45-49 49.5 2 50 100
40-44 44.5 3 48 96
35-39 39.5 5 45 90
30-34 34.5 10 40 80
25-29 29.5 15 30 60
20-24 24.5 9 15 30
15-19 19.5 4 6 12
10-14 14.5 2 2 4
5-9 9.5 0 0 0
Data for %tage Cumulative Frequency Curve-
Ogive

45. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
45
Demonstration for %tage Cumulative Frequency
Curve-Ogive

46. MS- Word
MS-PPT
MS-Excel
Insert
Charts
5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
46

47. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
47
Depicts
&
Analyses
the Data

48. 5/12/2022
Prof Amita Pandey Bhardwaj, School of Education, SLBSNSU,
N.Delhi
48
Lets us try & practice