This document discusses the role of phytogenic feed additives in poultry nutrition. It notes that the poultry industry in India relies heavily on antibiotics but these have been banned due to concerns about antibiotic resistance. As alternatives, phytogenic feed additives from plants can improve performance, stimulate digestion, and have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The document reviews various plants and plant compounds that have been used as phytogenic feed additives for poultry, including their modes of action and effects on performance parameters like feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio.
Improvement in Poultry Performance through Application of PhytobioticsDr. MAYUR VISPUTE
An attempt to explore the possibilities of future use of Phytogenic feed additives as a green and clean alternative to the conventional feed additives like antibiotic growth promoters in modern poultry production
Phytogenic feed additives as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry dietsDeepak Nelagonda
Use of antibiotics as growth promoters is an age old process but due to many factors thrust for the search of alternative to antibiotics is growing, 'phytogenic feed additives' are one of the possible domains which could address the issue if they could be properly explored.
Phytogenics as feed additives in poultry productionReza Vakili
1. Effects on egg production& egg quality
2.Growth promoting effect
3.Impact Influence on palatability and gut function
4. Antimicrobial action &Impact on pathogenic microorganisms
5. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action
6. Effect on immune system function
7. AntiCancer properties
This document discusses the use of exogenous enzymes in poultry nutrition as an alternative to antibiotics. It provides background on how antibiotics were commonly used but are now banned. Exogenous enzymes are one potential alternative as they can help break down non-starch polysaccharides in feed ingredients like wheat and barley to improve digestibility. The document outlines different types of enzymes and their sources and effects. It summarizes studies looking at how exogenous enzymes can reduce the size of digestive organs and positively impact gut morphology.
The document discusses the role of enzymes in poultry nutrition. It describes how most poultry diets contain maize and soybeans which contain phytate and non-starch polysaccharides that can negatively impact nutrient absorption. The use of enzymes can help address this by breaking down these anti-nutrients. Specifically, exogenous enzymes are described that help supplement endogenous enzymes or aid in breaking down substances like beta-glucans and phytate that poultry cannot digest on their own. Research shows that enzymes can improve growth performance, nutrient utilization, and bone mineralization in poultry. Higher enzyme doses beyond 500 FTU/kg are also beneficial.
Antibiotic growth promoter have played a critical role in contributing to the economic effectiveness of animal production as feed supplements at sub-therapeutic doses, to improve growth and feed conversion efficiency, and to prevent infections However, injudicious use of antibiotic growth promoter leads to development of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic residue posing a potential threat to human health.
Organic acids, probiotics, prebiiotic, enzymes, phytobiotics, bacteriophage etc. are effective antibiotic alternatives to promote animal growth performance in poultry, swine, and beef and dairy production.
"عسى ان تكون علما ينتفع به"
Role of trace minerals in poultry nutrition
Difference between organic and inorganic source of trace minerals
Poultry nutrition
Conclusions
• Each additive affects microflora in a different manner
• Succesful and Sustentable Additives should contribute to mantain microflora diversity
• Some additives may also affect the host directly, not only the microbial communities
• Effects at host level should be understood and used to improve holistic efficiency
Improvement in Poultry Performance through Application of PhytobioticsDr. MAYUR VISPUTE
An attempt to explore the possibilities of future use of Phytogenic feed additives as a green and clean alternative to the conventional feed additives like antibiotic growth promoters in modern poultry production
Phytogenic feed additives as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry dietsDeepak Nelagonda
Use of antibiotics as growth promoters is an age old process but due to many factors thrust for the search of alternative to antibiotics is growing, 'phytogenic feed additives' are one of the possible domains which could address the issue if they could be properly explored.
Phytogenics as feed additives in poultry productionReza Vakili
1. Effects on egg production& egg quality
2.Growth promoting effect
3.Impact Influence on palatability and gut function
4. Antimicrobial action &Impact on pathogenic microorganisms
5. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action
6. Effect on immune system function
7. AntiCancer properties
This document discusses the use of exogenous enzymes in poultry nutrition as an alternative to antibiotics. It provides background on how antibiotics were commonly used but are now banned. Exogenous enzymes are one potential alternative as they can help break down non-starch polysaccharides in feed ingredients like wheat and barley to improve digestibility. The document outlines different types of enzymes and their sources and effects. It summarizes studies looking at how exogenous enzymes can reduce the size of digestive organs and positively impact gut morphology.
The document discusses the role of enzymes in poultry nutrition. It describes how most poultry diets contain maize and soybeans which contain phytate and non-starch polysaccharides that can negatively impact nutrient absorption. The use of enzymes can help address this by breaking down these anti-nutrients. Specifically, exogenous enzymes are described that help supplement endogenous enzymes or aid in breaking down substances like beta-glucans and phytate that poultry cannot digest on their own. Research shows that enzymes can improve growth performance, nutrient utilization, and bone mineralization in poultry. Higher enzyme doses beyond 500 FTU/kg are also beneficial.
Antibiotic growth promoter have played a critical role in contributing to the economic effectiveness of animal production as feed supplements at sub-therapeutic doses, to improve growth and feed conversion efficiency, and to prevent infections However, injudicious use of antibiotic growth promoter leads to development of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic residue posing a potential threat to human health.
Organic acids, probiotics, prebiiotic, enzymes, phytobiotics, bacteriophage etc. are effective antibiotic alternatives to promote animal growth performance in poultry, swine, and beef and dairy production.
"عسى ان تكون علما ينتفع به"
Role of trace minerals in poultry nutrition
Difference between organic and inorganic source of trace minerals
Poultry nutrition
Conclusions
• Each additive affects microflora in a different manner
• Succesful and Sustentable Additives should contribute to mantain microflora diversity
• Some additives may also affect the host directly, not only the microbial communities
• Effects at host level should be understood and used to improve holistic efficiency
This document discusses various feed additives used in livestock and poultry production. It defines feed additives as non-nutrient substances that can accelerate growth, improve feed efficiency, or benefit health or metabolism. The document then provides a broad classification of common feed additives including growth promoters, disease preventing agents, supplements, and auxiliary substances. Specific examples within each category are listed and described in more detail.
Feed additives are non-nutritive products used in small amounts to improve feed quality, nutrient utilization, and growth performance in poultry. Common feed additives include growth promoters, toxin binders, antioxidants, electrolytes, emulsifiers, feed preservatives, pellet binders, and coccidiostates. Growth promoters can be antibiotic growth promoters, natural growth promoters like prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, yeasts, organic acids, herbal supplements, enzymes, and vitamins and minerals.
The document discusses mineral-mineral, mineral-vitamin, and mineral-nutrient interactions in poultry rations. It describes how minerals can have antagonistic or synergistic relationships at the absorptive or metabolic level. Specific interactions discussed include calcium decreasing zinc absorption, iron and copper having a synergistic relationship, and selenium and vitamin E working together to prevent lipid peroxidation. The roles of many minerals in enzyme reactions and metabolic pathways are also outlined.
The document discusses prebiotics, which are non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of certain bacteria in the colon. Common prebiotics include inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and mannooligosaccharides. Studies show that supplementing prebiotics in poultry feed increases beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, improves gut health and immunity, reduces pathogenic bacteria, and enhances meat quality. The optimal levels of prebiotic supplementation are 0.25% fructooligosaccharides or 0.05% mannooligosaccharides.
This document summarizes research on the use of organic acids in animal nutrition. It discusses how organic acids have gained importance in feed industry following the ban of antibiotic growth promoters. Short chain organic acids can have antimicrobial properties. Research shows that organic acids can improve animal performance by reducing pathogenic bacteria counts, increasing nutrient digestibility, and improving gut health. Studies demonstrate that supplementing animal feed with organic acids like formic acid, fumaric acid, and butyric acid can positively impact growth performance, gut morphology, and nutrient utilization in poultry and pigs.
- Loss of livestock due to mycotoxins produced by fungi like Aspergillus is a major issue. Aflatoxins, particularly aflatoxin B1, are the most common mycotoxins found in animal feed.
- Strategies to reduce the impact of mycotoxins include using mycotoxin binders in feed to decrease the bioavailability of mycotoxins by binding to them in the digestive tract. Common binders used include various types of clays, yeast cell walls, and activated charcoal.
- The ideal mycotoxin binder adsorbs a wide range of mycotoxins, has a low inclusion rate in feed,
This document discusses enzymes used in poultry and ruminant nutrition. It describes how enzymes are proteins that catalyze reactions without being consumed in the process. Exogenous enzymes from sources like bacteria, fungi and yeasts are added to animal feed to help break down nutrients. Specific enzymes discussed include beta-glucanases, xylanases, phytases, amylases and proteases. These enzymes help improve nutrient digestion and absorption, increase growth performance, and reduce nutrient excretion in waste. The document provides details on the chemical nature, modes of action and typical doses of various enzymes used in animal feed supplementation.
The document discusses developments in nutrient requirements of chickens over the past five decades. Genetic selection has contributed 85-90% of production improvements, while advances in nutrition have contributed 10-15%. Precise nutrient requirements depend on bird genetics, sex, production stage, and environmental factors. Requirements have been defined by several agencies and continue to be refined. Advances include defining requirements for individual amino acids using the ideal protein concept, determining digestible nutrient levels in feed ingredients, and formulating least-cost diets. Future areas of focus are feed additives, alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters, and improving nutrient utilization efficiency.
The document discusses various types of feed additives that are administered to animals and poultry to enhance nutrient effectiveness and digestion. It describes antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, antioxidants, emulsifiers, binders, organic acids, enzymes, phytogenics, and other additives. For each type, it provides examples and explains their modes of action, such as reducing pathogens, increasing nutrient absorption, and improving gut health. The document also notes that overuse of antibiotics as growth promoters can lead to antibiotic resistance.
The document discusses gut health in poultry and its importance. It notes that gut health is the pillar of production success. A healthy gut is based on gut integrity, immunity, and microbiota. Issues like coccidiosis, necrotic enteritis, and dysbiosis can disrupt the gut if not properly managed. Coccidiosis involves parasites that reproduce in the gut, while necrotic enteritis involves toxins from Clostridium perfringens. Dysbiosis refers to an imbalance of gut microbiota. Proper management of factors like feed, water, hygiene and biosecurity is necessary to maintain gut health.
In the tropical climate like India, the high ambient temperature along with high humidity is the major stressor (abiotic), thus resulting in the HEAT STRESS a major concern of poultry production.
55°F – 75°F Thermoneutral zone
65°F – 75°F Ideal temperature zone
75°F – 85°F A slight reduction in feed consumption
85°F – 90°F Feed consumption falls further, cooling should be started before this temp is reached.
90°F - 95°F Feed consumption continues to drop, danger of heat prostration among layers, cooling .
95°F-100°F Heat prostration, water consumption is high.
>100°F Emergency measures must be taken, survival is concern at these temperatures.
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES TO AMELIORATE THE HEAT STRESS
1. Environmental strategies
Intermittent Photoschedule(light).
2. Housing management
Sites election, design and construction, ventilation, internal and roof cooling, Density of birds.
3. Nutritional strategies
Increasing energy density
Dietary Protein level and Amino acid composition
Vitamins – A,C,E.
Minerals.
Non nutrient feed additives.
Water and electrolyte balance.
4. Feeding strategies
Early feeding
Intermittent feeding
Sex separate feeding
Fasting or feed with drawl.
5. Genetic strategies
Selection for heat tolerance.
Selection for disease resistance.
Use of major genes – Naked neck(Na), Frizzle(F), Dwarf(dw), Silky (h), Slow feathering (K).
ENVIRONMENT STRATEGIES:
A). Intermittent Photo schedule
An intermittent light regime can improve the feed efficiency and thus the broiler production efficiency, by decreasing the fat deposition associated with increased incidence of leg abnormalities, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, ascites.
The favourable effect is related to the lower heat production during both light and dark period, although fluctuations in heat production are following closely the light-dark alternation.
This photo schedule contains more than one scotophase and one darkphase which recur at 24 hr intervals.
This regime increases the feed consumption during cooler part of the day.
Symmetric - when scotophase and dark phase are of equal length.
Asymmetric - when they are not in equal length.
3weeks age of broiler raised under 2L:4D intermittent light regime were significantly lighter than broilers raised in continuous light schedule but at 7 weeks it is reverse.(Proudfoot, 1975).
The initial reduction in body weight gain of birds under intermittent schedule is followed by compensatory growth, but the compensatory growth depends on genotype and sex.
Boschouwers and Nicaise (1992) observed that physical activity in broilers were lowest under 100Hz fluoroscent light and highest under incandescent.
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
Orientation : east west to reduce direct solar radiation
Shade of trees and green crops around the houses will prevent direct heating, .vegetation should be mowed frequently so that it doesnot obstruct air flow
Houses should be oriented perpendicular to wind direction for max
This document discusses amino acids in broilers and layers. It provides information on essential, non-essential, and semi-essential amino acids. The first limiting amino acid in poultry diets is typically methionine, while the second limiting is lysine. Studies have shown that protein levels can be reduced in broiler and layer diets by balancing amino acids, especially lysine and methionine levels. Reducing protein to around 15-16% in broilers and 14% in layers is possible with a minimum of 0.7% lysine supplementation. Properly balancing amino acids allows for more efficient feed utilization and production performance with lower dietary protein levels.
This document discusses the use of herbal immunomodulators in poultry to improve immunity and combat antibiotic resistance. It provides background on immunomodulators and how certain herbs like ashwagandha, neem, tinospora cordifolia, and mint can modulate the immune system through effects on cytokines, immune cells, and phagocytosis. Several studies are summarized that show herbs like ashwagandha and tinospora cordifolia can improve performance parameters and immune responses in broiler chickens and quails. The document concludes that herbs have potential immunomodulatory properties through effects on macrophages, cytokines, and immune cells like NK cells.
Seaweed meal for poultry industry has diversified and versatile functional properties and is ideal for countries like Pakistan where poultry industry is facing challenges such as Bacterial resistance etc
Pellet binders are used primarily for their ability to improve pellet quality but they often contribute nutrients as well. For example, lignin sulfonate may contain metabolizable carbohydrate (AAFCO, Morrison) and ureaformaldehyde may be a source of slow-release nitrogen for ruminants (Gribbins). In contrast, wheat and whey are used primarily for their nutrient value but are also known to have a positive binding effect. The nutrient contribution of a binder should be recognised and included in the formulation, but the real reason for using these ingredients is because of the impact physical form of the pellet has on animal performance.
This document discusses organic acids in poultry nutrition. It defines organic acids as carboxylic acids containing a carboxyl group that is the source of a donatable hydrogen ion. Organic acids are classified based on carbon chain length as short chain (C1-C6), medium chain (C7-C10), or long chain (C11+). Short chain fatty acids have antimicrobial properties and are the most commonly used in poultry. Organic acids reduce gut pH and disrupt bacterial cell membranes and DNA, inhibiting microbial growth. Their effectiveness depends on concentration in the gastrointestinal tract, with more impact higher in the gut where dissociation is lower. Common organic acids used in poultry include formic,
feed aditives, their classification, mode of action & use in ruminantsDr. Waqas Nawaz
Feed additives are non-nutritive products added to animal feed to improve feed quality, animal performance, health, and product quality. They are classified into five groups - technological, sensory, nutritional, zootechnical, and coccidiostats/histomonostats. Common feed additives include enzymes, antibiotics, ionophores, probiotics, oligosaccharides, and yeast cultures. Their modes of action include improving nutrient digestibility and availability, stabilizing rumen pH, and altering rumen microbial activity. Common uses of feed additives are to increase milk and meat production, improve feed efficiency, and reduce heat stress.
Factors Affecting Feed Consumption In ChickenOssama Motawae
This document discusses factors that influence feed consumption in chickens. It identifies several key factors including the nutrient content of the feed, age and breed of the chicken, growth or production rate, energy level of the feed, particle size, water availability, health status, ambient temperature, stress levels, and fiber content. The document provides details on how each of these factors can impact a chicken's feed intake.
This document discusses various feed additives used in livestock and poultry production. It defines feed additives as non-nutrient substances that can accelerate growth, improve feed efficiency, or benefit health or metabolism. The document then provides a broad classification of common feed additives including growth promoters, disease preventing agents, supplements, and auxiliary substances. Specific examples within each category are listed and described in more detail.
Feed additives are non-nutritive products used in small amounts to improve feed quality, nutrient utilization, and growth performance in poultry. Common feed additives include growth promoters, toxin binders, antioxidants, electrolytes, emulsifiers, feed preservatives, pellet binders, and coccidiostates. Growth promoters can be antibiotic growth promoters, natural growth promoters like prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, yeasts, organic acids, herbal supplements, enzymes, and vitamins and minerals.
The document discusses mineral-mineral, mineral-vitamin, and mineral-nutrient interactions in poultry rations. It describes how minerals can have antagonistic or synergistic relationships at the absorptive or metabolic level. Specific interactions discussed include calcium decreasing zinc absorption, iron and copper having a synergistic relationship, and selenium and vitamin E working together to prevent lipid peroxidation. The roles of many minerals in enzyme reactions and metabolic pathways are also outlined.
The document discusses prebiotics, which are non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of certain bacteria in the colon. Common prebiotics include inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and mannooligosaccharides. Studies show that supplementing prebiotics in poultry feed increases beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, improves gut health and immunity, reduces pathogenic bacteria, and enhances meat quality. The optimal levels of prebiotic supplementation are 0.25% fructooligosaccharides or 0.05% mannooligosaccharides.
This document summarizes research on the use of organic acids in animal nutrition. It discusses how organic acids have gained importance in feed industry following the ban of antibiotic growth promoters. Short chain organic acids can have antimicrobial properties. Research shows that organic acids can improve animal performance by reducing pathogenic bacteria counts, increasing nutrient digestibility, and improving gut health. Studies demonstrate that supplementing animal feed with organic acids like formic acid, fumaric acid, and butyric acid can positively impact growth performance, gut morphology, and nutrient utilization in poultry and pigs.
- Loss of livestock due to mycotoxins produced by fungi like Aspergillus is a major issue. Aflatoxins, particularly aflatoxin B1, are the most common mycotoxins found in animal feed.
- Strategies to reduce the impact of mycotoxins include using mycotoxin binders in feed to decrease the bioavailability of mycotoxins by binding to them in the digestive tract. Common binders used include various types of clays, yeast cell walls, and activated charcoal.
- The ideal mycotoxin binder adsorbs a wide range of mycotoxins, has a low inclusion rate in feed,
This document discusses enzymes used in poultry and ruminant nutrition. It describes how enzymes are proteins that catalyze reactions without being consumed in the process. Exogenous enzymes from sources like bacteria, fungi and yeasts are added to animal feed to help break down nutrients. Specific enzymes discussed include beta-glucanases, xylanases, phytases, amylases and proteases. These enzymes help improve nutrient digestion and absorption, increase growth performance, and reduce nutrient excretion in waste. The document provides details on the chemical nature, modes of action and typical doses of various enzymes used in animal feed supplementation.
The document discusses developments in nutrient requirements of chickens over the past five decades. Genetic selection has contributed 85-90% of production improvements, while advances in nutrition have contributed 10-15%. Precise nutrient requirements depend on bird genetics, sex, production stage, and environmental factors. Requirements have been defined by several agencies and continue to be refined. Advances include defining requirements for individual amino acids using the ideal protein concept, determining digestible nutrient levels in feed ingredients, and formulating least-cost diets. Future areas of focus are feed additives, alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters, and improving nutrient utilization efficiency.
The document discusses various types of feed additives that are administered to animals and poultry to enhance nutrient effectiveness and digestion. It describes antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, antioxidants, emulsifiers, binders, organic acids, enzymes, phytogenics, and other additives. For each type, it provides examples and explains their modes of action, such as reducing pathogens, increasing nutrient absorption, and improving gut health. The document also notes that overuse of antibiotics as growth promoters can lead to antibiotic resistance.
The document discusses gut health in poultry and its importance. It notes that gut health is the pillar of production success. A healthy gut is based on gut integrity, immunity, and microbiota. Issues like coccidiosis, necrotic enteritis, and dysbiosis can disrupt the gut if not properly managed. Coccidiosis involves parasites that reproduce in the gut, while necrotic enteritis involves toxins from Clostridium perfringens. Dysbiosis refers to an imbalance of gut microbiota. Proper management of factors like feed, water, hygiene and biosecurity is necessary to maintain gut health.
In the tropical climate like India, the high ambient temperature along with high humidity is the major stressor (abiotic), thus resulting in the HEAT STRESS a major concern of poultry production.
55°F – 75°F Thermoneutral zone
65°F – 75°F Ideal temperature zone
75°F – 85°F A slight reduction in feed consumption
85°F – 90°F Feed consumption falls further, cooling should be started before this temp is reached.
90°F - 95°F Feed consumption continues to drop, danger of heat prostration among layers, cooling .
95°F-100°F Heat prostration, water consumption is high.
>100°F Emergency measures must be taken, survival is concern at these temperatures.
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES TO AMELIORATE THE HEAT STRESS
1. Environmental strategies
Intermittent Photoschedule(light).
2. Housing management
Sites election, design and construction, ventilation, internal and roof cooling, Density of birds.
3. Nutritional strategies
Increasing energy density
Dietary Protein level and Amino acid composition
Vitamins – A,C,E.
Minerals.
Non nutrient feed additives.
Water and electrolyte balance.
4. Feeding strategies
Early feeding
Intermittent feeding
Sex separate feeding
Fasting or feed with drawl.
5. Genetic strategies
Selection for heat tolerance.
Selection for disease resistance.
Use of major genes – Naked neck(Na), Frizzle(F), Dwarf(dw), Silky (h), Slow feathering (K).
ENVIRONMENT STRATEGIES:
A). Intermittent Photo schedule
An intermittent light regime can improve the feed efficiency and thus the broiler production efficiency, by decreasing the fat deposition associated with increased incidence of leg abnormalities, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, ascites.
The favourable effect is related to the lower heat production during both light and dark period, although fluctuations in heat production are following closely the light-dark alternation.
This photo schedule contains more than one scotophase and one darkphase which recur at 24 hr intervals.
This regime increases the feed consumption during cooler part of the day.
Symmetric - when scotophase and dark phase are of equal length.
Asymmetric - when they are not in equal length.
3weeks age of broiler raised under 2L:4D intermittent light regime were significantly lighter than broilers raised in continuous light schedule but at 7 weeks it is reverse.(Proudfoot, 1975).
The initial reduction in body weight gain of birds under intermittent schedule is followed by compensatory growth, but the compensatory growth depends on genotype and sex.
Boschouwers and Nicaise (1992) observed that physical activity in broilers were lowest under 100Hz fluoroscent light and highest under incandescent.
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
Orientation : east west to reduce direct solar radiation
Shade of trees and green crops around the houses will prevent direct heating, .vegetation should be mowed frequently so that it doesnot obstruct air flow
Houses should be oriented perpendicular to wind direction for max
This document discusses amino acids in broilers and layers. It provides information on essential, non-essential, and semi-essential amino acids. The first limiting amino acid in poultry diets is typically methionine, while the second limiting is lysine. Studies have shown that protein levels can be reduced in broiler and layer diets by balancing amino acids, especially lysine and methionine levels. Reducing protein to around 15-16% in broilers and 14% in layers is possible with a minimum of 0.7% lysine supplementation. Properly balancing amino acids allows for more efficient feed utilization and production performance with lower dietary protein levels.
This document discusses the use of herbal immunomodulators in poultry to improve immunity and combat antibiotic resistance. It provides background on immunomodulators and how certain herbs like ashwagandha, neem, tinospora cordifolia, and mint can modulate the immune system through effects on cytokines, immune cells, and phagocytosis. Several studies are summarized that show herbs like ashwagandha and tinospora cordifolia can improve performance parameters and immune responses in broiler chickens and quails. The document concludes that herbs have potential immunomodulatory properties through effects on macrophages, cytokines, and immune cells like NK cells.
Seaweed meal for poultry industry has diversified and versatile functional properties and is ideal for countries like Pakistan where poultry industry is facing challenges such as Bacterial resistance etc
Pellet binders are used primarily for their ability to improve pellet quality but they often contribute nutrients as well. For example, lignin sulfonate may contain metabolizable carbohydrate (AAFCO, Morrison) and ureaformaldehyde may be a source of slow-release nitrogen for ruminants (Gribbins). In contrast, wheat and whey are used primarily for their nutrient value but are also known to have a positive binding effect. The nutrient contribution of a binder should be recognised and included in the formulation, but the real reason for using these ingredients is because of the impact physical form of the pellet has on animal performance.
This document discusses organic acids in poultry nutrition. It defines organic acids as carboxylic acids containing a carboxyl group that is the source of a donatable hydrogen ion. Organic acids are classified based on carbon chain length as short chain (C1-C6), medium chain (C7-C10), or long chain (C11+). Short chain fatty acids have antimicrobial properties and are the most commonly used in poultry. Organic acids reduce gut pH and disrupt bacterial cell membranes and DNA, inhibiting microbial growth. Their effectiveness depends on concentration in the gastrointestinal tract, with more impact higher in the gut where dissociation is lower. Common organic acids used in poultry include formic,
feed aditives, their classification, mode of action & use in ruminantsDr. Waqas Nawaz
Feed additives are non-nutritive products added to animal feed to improve feed quality, animal performance, health, and product quality. They are classified into five groups - technological, sensory, nutritional, zootechnical, and coccidiostats/histomonostats. Common feed additives include enzymes, antibiotics, ionophores, probiotics, oligosaccharides, and yeast cultures. Their modes of action include improving nutrient digestibility and availability, stabilizing rumen pH, and altering rumen microbial activity. Common uses of feed additives are to increase milk and meat production, improve feed efficiency, and reduce heat stress.
Factors Affecting Feed Consumption In ChickenOssama Motawae
This document discusses factors that influence feed consumption in chickens. It identifies several key factors including the nutrient content of the feed, age and breed of the chicken, growth or production rate, energy level of the feed, particle size, water availability, health status, ambient temperature, stress levels, and fiber content. The document provides details on how each of these factors can impact a chicken's feed intake.
Major ingredients in poultry feed include corn, wheat, and sorghum as carbohydrate sources; soybean meal as a protein source; and vegetable oils and animal fats as fat/oil sources. Chickens cannot synthesize 11 amino acids that must be included in their diet. Feed is formulated based on the bird's life stage and purpose (egg-laying or meat production) and can be mash, pellets, or crumbles. Nutrient specifications vary between starter, grower, developer, and layer diets for egg-laying hens and between starter, grower, and finisher diets for broilers raised for meat.
Dr aaditya recent advances in immunopharmacology 30 jan10Aaditya Udupa
The document discusses recent advances in immunopharmacology. It covers understanding immunology, modulating the immune response, evaluating immunological agents, and recent markers and parameters. Newer immunomodulatory drugs and their mechanisms of action and adverse drug reactions are also described. These include glucocorticoids, immunophilin ligands like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, proliferation signal inhibitors like sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and thalidomide.
The document provides tips for workers to prevent heat stress such as drinking water, taking breaks in cool areas, monitoring urine color, and reporting any issues to supervisors. It describes symptoms of heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke and emphasizes that heat stroke is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment and cooling of the body. Risk factors for heat stress are discussed including age, weight, fitness level, and recent illness; responsibilities of workers and supervisors are also outlined.
When it comes to feed additives (e.g. plant extracts, enzymes, pro- and prebiotics, organic acids and many more), the livestock industry is inundated with numerous options, not only promoting performance of the animals and improving profitability, but also improving the quality of feed and of animal-derived products. In this context, phytogenic (=plant derived) feed additives are foreseen to have a promising future in animal nutrition due to their broad range of efficacies, and to their effects on sustainability and safety.
This document discusses feed additives that alter animal metabolism. It defines feed additives as materials used in animal nutrition to improve feed efficiency, promote faster gains, improve health, and increase production. Major categories of feed additives are discussed, including beta-agonists, hormones, organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, and botanicals. The document specifically focuses on additives that alter metabolism, explaining how beta-agonists, hormones, organic acids, probiotics, enzymes, and botanicals function to influence metabolism and support growth, health, and production. Consequences of stopping the use of these additives are also mentioned, such as lessening meat/livestock production and increasing costs.
Bacterial soft rot has caused more crop losses worldwide than any other bacterial disease. Current methods of inhibiting bacterial soft rot, such as using chemicals, proved to be inefficient and not environmentally-friendly. In order to develop a more environmentally-friendly and cost effective product to curb bacterial soft rot, tannic acid and green tea extract were tested for their effectiveness against the plant pathogen and causative agent for soft rot, Pectobacterium carotovorum.
This is a poster we used for the Search for SEAMEO Young Scientist competition, held in Penang, Malaysia. Thank you!
Bacteriostatic activity of 13 essential oils on antibiotic resistant clinical...Abdesselam Zhiri
The study evaluated the bacteriostatic activity of 13 essential oils against 64 bacterial strains, including antibiotic-sensitive and resistant isolates, using an agar dilution technique. Cinnamon bark oil showed the strongest activity against all community and hospital strains, with an MIC90 below 1.5%. Oregano, ajowan, thyme, clove, cinnamon leaves, lemon grass and tea tree oils also exhibited good activity overall. Cinnamon bark oil was the most effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with an MIC of 0.31%. The essential oils containing phenols and aldehydes generally demonstrated greater bacteriostatic effects.
This thesis evaluates the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of selected Turkish spices. Total microbial counts were determined for five spices using agar pour plate and spread plate methods, with Rhus coriaria showing the highest counts. Agar disc diffusion assays were used to test the antimicrobial activities of spice tablets and extracts against E. coli and S. aureus. Origanum vulgare, Thymbra spicata, and Rhus coriaria showed inhibition zones, indicating antimicrobial activity. The antioxidant activities of the spices were also examined using Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity, Total Phenolic Content, and Total Flavonoid Content assays. The results of this study suggest that some Turkish spices have potential as
This document discusses various types of feed additives, including:
1. Additives that influence feed stability like antifungals and antioxidants
2. Additives that modify animal intake, growth, feed efficiency and performance like feed flavors, buffers, methane inhibitors, ionophores, probiotics, and yeast
3. Other additives like organic acids and antibiotics
It provides examples of specific additives used and their purposes, effects, and recommended dosages. Student groups are assigned topics to research like adsorbants, feed supplements, ionophores, and growth promoters.
This study evaluated the effects of early heat acclimation (EHA), and different periods of feed restriction (FR) on broiler performance under chronic heat stress. 480 broiler chicks were subjected to control, EHA, or FR for 4 or 6 hours daily from days 8-14, 8-21, or 8-28. Results showed that EHA and longer FR periods improved body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion compared to control, with FR from 8-28 days performing best. Mortality rate was lowest in birds subjected to EHA and longer FR. In conclusion, EHA and feed restriction can help mitigate the negative impacts of heat stress on broiler growth and welfare.
This document discusses different forms of animal feed including mash, pellets, and crumbs. Mash is an unprocessed ground form that can lead to selective feeding and waste but is easier for digestion. Pellets are compressed and molded forms that pass through rollers. The pelletizing process involves conditioning with heat, moisture and pressure to gelatinize starches and reduce fines production. Factors like ingredient formulation, grind fineness, and conditioning impact pellet quality. Pellets have advantages like reduced waste and selective feeding but also higher costs and potential for reduced water consumption. Different animal types are commonly fed different forms like mash for leghorns and pellets for broilers after two weeks.
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1. ROLE OF PHYTOGENIC FEED
ADDITIVES IN POULTRY NUTRITION
P.PONNUVEL
Ph.D Student
Department of Poultry Science
2010-23-110
2. Poultry Industry in India
Broiler industry
No. of birds - 1600 millions
Broiler feed need – 5.7 mmt kgs
Layer industry
Layer population – 300 million
Layer feed need is – 14.1 mmt ( 47 kg/b/l)
3. FEED ADDITIVES
Mainly antibiotics
Growth
Feed consumption
Feed utilization
Decreased mortality
More production as meat and eggs
4. Ban on AGP
Primarily due to
Antibiotic resistance
Residues in chicken meat and egg
Consumers awareness
Legislations – European union 2006
Exploration of newer feed additives
5. Phytobiotics
Phytogenic feed additives are plant-derived products
used in poultry feed to improve the performance
vary widely with respect to botanical
origin, processing, and composition
Contain several Plant Secondary Metabolites
Derived from
leaves, roots, tubers, fruits, barks, herbs, spices etc
Solid dry ground form or extracts
Preparations turmeric powder or essential oils
6. Plant Secondary Metabolites
Medicinal plants are well known from ancient time
Widely used in Ayurvedha and Sidha in India
Natural, less toxic, residue free and used in human
food for centuries
They are responsible for the medicinal properties
They are known as essential oils, alkaloids, steroids,
acids saponins etc
7. Phytobiotics classification
Herbs- product from flowering non-woody plants
Botonicals- entire or processed parts of plant- roots,
leaves, bark etc
Essential oils – hydro-distilled extract of volatile oils
Oleoresins – extract by using some solvents
12. Parts of plants used
Plant Parts Compound Functions
Cinnamon Bark Cinnamaldehyde Digestive secretion
Anti-bacterial
Cloves Clove Eugenol Digestive secretion
Anti-bacterial
Cumin Seed Cuminaldehyde Digestive secretion
Anise Fruit Anethol Digestive secretion
Pepper Fruit Piperine Digestive secretion
13. Parts of plants used
Plant Parts Compound
Oregano Extract- Plant Carvacrol, Thymol
Thyme Extract - Plant Carvacrol, Thymol
Garlic Pulp Disulfide,allicin,
Allin
Turmeric Rhizome Curcumin
Chilli Fruit Capsaicin
Neem Leaves Nimbin
Rosemary Leaves Rosmarinic Acid
And Rosmarol
14. Functions of phytobiotics
Stimulate secretion of digestive enzymes
Enhance immune status
Anti-bacterial activity
Anti-viral effect
Coccidiostatic
Anthelmentic effect
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-oxidants
15. Mode of actions of phytobiotics
Stimulation of Digestive secretions
Increases secretions of saliva, digestive enzymes, bile and
mucosal enzymes
Digestion process enhanced
Fat and fat soluble vitamins better absorbed
Improves feed intake by their flavour
Increases FCR and weight gain
Garlic, ginger, turmeric and radish – saliva, gastric juice
and bile
Essential oils used as feed additives for broiler - enhanced
the activities of trypsin and amylase (Lee et al., 2003 ; Jang
et al., 2004 )
16. Antimicrobial activity
Inhibit growth of bacteria in GI tract
Stimulate growth of favourable bacteria
Phytogenic substances like thymol, carvacrol
Eugenol- clove- inhibit salmonella
Essential oil blends – thymol, eugenol, curcumin and
piperin- clostridial infections – necrotic enteritis-
broiler
17. …..Antimicrobial activity
Polysaccharides from mushroom- tremella fuciformis
Herbs – astragalus membranaces- control coccidiosis
Turmeric powder at 0.2% in broiler feed – reduces E.coli
count
Stimulate intestinal secretion of mucus in broilers and
impair adhesion of pathogens
Hydrophobic essential oils enter into the bacterial cell
membrane, disintegrate membrane structures, and cause
ion leakage - nonphenolic substances, for example,
limonene and compounds from Sanguinaria canadensis
(Newton et al., 2002 ; Burt, 2004 ).
18. …..Antimicrobial activity
Studies with broilers demonstrated in vivo
antimicrobial efficacy of essential oils against
Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens (Jamroz et
al., 2003 , 2005; Mitsch et al., 2004 )
Phytogenic feed additives may improve the microbial
hygiene of carcasses - essential oils from oregano on
the microbial load of total viable bacteria, as well as of
specific pathogens (e.g., Salmonella) on broiler
carcasses (e.g., Aksit et al., 2006 ).
19. …..Antimicrobial activity
compound Action against Studied by
Thymol, eugenol, C.perfringens- broiler- Mitsch et al 2004
curcumin, piperin inhibit proliferation
Same compounds C.Perfringens – broiler- Arbuckle,1972, Baba 1992,
reduced colonisation, Sims et at,2004,
inactivation of clostridial
toxin by secretion of more
trypsin, improves
nutrient utilisation
Thymol E.Cloi count reduction- Jang et al 2007
broiler
Capsicum, Reduced coliforms and Losa,2001, tucker,2002,
cinnamaldehyde, clostridial count- chicken jamroz,2003
carvacrol
20. Control of Coccidiosis
compound Effect against Studied by
Thyme Reduced oocyst, Ibrit et al 2002
oregano ,, Giannenas et al 2003
Eos- clove,thyme,lemon, Reduced oocyst Evans et al 2001
pepper mint
21. Anti-inflammatory action
Terpenoids and flavonoids in the phytobiotics
suppress the metabolism of inflammatory
prostoglandins
Extracts of
curcuma, pepper, cumin, cloves, cinnamon, mint and
ginger( Srinivasan, 2005)
22. Anti-oxidative action
Phenolic substances like flavoniods, hydrolysable
tannins, phenolic acids, and terpenes,vitamin E,C and A
Prevent lipid peroxidation by quenching free radicals
Activation of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide
dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and
glutathione reductase.
Protect the feed or food against oxidative deterioration –
herbs and spices- rosemary alone or with synthetic
tocopherols- Jacobsen, 2008- extract of olive leaf / olive oil
Herbal phenolic compounds improve the oxidative
stability of poultry meat (Giannenas et al., 2005; Florou-
Paneri et al., 2006)
23. ….Anti-oxidative action
plant Compound
Rosemary -Labiatae family (mint phenolic terpenes, such as rosmarinic
plants) acid and rosmarol
thyme and oregano monoterpenes thymol and carvacrol
(Cuppett and Hall, 1998).
Zingiberaceae (e.g., ginger and flavonoids
curcuma) and Umbelliferae (e.g., anise
andcoriander)
pepper (Piper nigrum), red pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.), and chili
(Capsicum frutescene)
24. Immuno-stimulant function
Herbs and spices rich in flavonoids, vitamin C and
carotenoids – garlic, echinaces
Improves activity of lymphocytes, macrophages and
NK cells.
Increases phagocytosis or stimulate the interpheron
synthesis – Craig, 1999
25. Livertonics
Several herbs used as liver protective which will
prevent aflatoxin problems
Phyllanthus niruri - hepato-protective and anti-viral
activity
26. Livertonics
Andrographis paniculata- Andrographolide and
diterpene lactone. Andrographolide - choleretic
(stimulate bile secretion), anti-inflammatory, anti-
diarrhoeal, immuno-stimulant and anti-oxidant
activities
29. Effect of Eos on FCR - broiler-Garcia et al 2007
1.92
2 1.54 1.59
1.5
1
0.5
0
Control Antibiotic Eos
30. EOS-FCR of broiler- Ertase et al 2005
1.7
1.61
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.41
1.4
1.3
Control Antibiotic Eos
31. EOS-FCR of broiler- Jamroz et al 2003
1.86 1.85
1.84
1.82 1.81 Control
1.8 1.79 Antibiotic
Eos
1.78
1.76
Control Antibiotic Eos
32. Performance of broilers
phytobiotics Control Antibiotic EOS
Garcia et al 2007
ADG (g/bird) 68.90 66.50 68.80
Ertase et al 2005
ADG (g/bird) 61.30 65.80 71.30
Jamroz et al
2003ADG 48.10 48.90 49.20
(g/bird)
33. Garlic powder in broiler feed –FI and BW pourali et al
2010
3500 3197 3243 3193 3100 3068 3094
3000
2500
2000 1790 1676
1545 1532 1482 1472 FI
1500 BW
1000
500
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
43. Conclusion
Herbs can be applicable for organic farms.
Antibiotics, coccidiostats and other drugs have residual effects but herbs have
no residual effect but still more research is needed.
Some plants and plant extracts have bactericidal and bacteriostatic aspects.
Some herbs (like-garlic) only kill the pathogenic bacteria; don't kill the helpful
bacteria (lactobacillus spp.).
Some herbs have antiviral effects (aloe prevents fowl pox).
Herbs can be used as antimicrobial, appetizer, immune and digestive agents.
Maximum herbs have no toxicity in the body, even due to the higher
concentration of herbs and species in animal body (but few are toxic).
More than 60 genera of plants have been found to have inhibitory properties
toward the growth of E.coli and/or Staphylococcus aureus. (Newman, 1998)
Herbs are environment-friendly.
It acts as newer generation feed additive.
44. References
Rama Rao, S.V, Reddy, V.R., and Reddy R.S. (1999) Enhancement of
phytate phosphorus availability in the diet of commercial broilers and
layers. Anim.Feed.Sci.Technol. 79: 211-222.
Reddy, N.R., Sathe, S.K., and Salunkhe, D.K. (1982) Phytase in legumes
and cereals. Advances in Food Research. 28:1-9.
Selle,P.H., Ravindran,V., Ravindran,G., and Bryden,W.L. (2007) Effect of
dietary lysine and microbial phytase on growth performance and nutrient
utilisation of broiler chicken. Asian- Australian J. Anim.Sci. 20(7): 1100-
1107.
Sebastian, S., Touchburn, S.P., Chavez,E.R., and Lague, P.C. ( 1996)
Efficacy of supplemental microbial phytase at different dietary calcium
levels on growth performance and mineral utilisation of broiler chickens.
Poult.Sci. 75 (5): 1516-1523.
Yi,Z., Kornegay,E.T., and Denbow,D.M. (1996) Supplemental microbial
phytase improves the zinc utilization in broilers. Poult.Sci. 75: 540-546.