Physiotherapy management of perceptual disorders
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This document discusses various perceptual disorders including their definitions, types, causes, tests used for assessment, and treatment approaches. It covers disorders related to body scheme and image like unilateral neglect. It also discusses agnosia, spatial relation disorders involving figure ground discrimination, form discrimination, and position in space. Other topics include topographic disorientation, depth and distance perception, and vertical disorientation. The document also summarizes visual, auditory and tactile agnosia as well as different types of apraxia such as ideomotor, ideational, and buccofacial apraxia. Remedial, compensatory, sensory integration and neurofunctional approaches are discussed as treatment options.
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PT MANAGEMENT OF INFECTIONS OF BRAIN
Inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meninges) can cause meningitis. Common symptoms include vomiting, seizures, stiff neck, rash, and altered consciousness. Assessment involves evaluating neurological, vascular, musculoskeletal and other systems. Management aims to provide psychological support, prevent complications like chest issues and blood clots, correct deformities, improve strength and balance, and train gait. Techniques include stretching, positioning, exercises and assisted walking.
Cerebellar Ataxia
This document discusses cerebellar ataxia, which is a lack of muscle coordination caused by dysfunction of the cerebellum. It classifies ataxia into hereditary, non-hereditary degenerative, and acquired types. Hereditary ataxia includes autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked forms. Common symptoms are gait instability, limb incoordination, slurred speech, and eye movement abnormalities. Diagnosis involves testing for genetic mutations, imaging the brain, and checking for metabolic deficiencies. Treatment aims to reduce symptoms and improve coordination through medications, physical therapy, and assistive devices.
Tabes dorsalis
Tabes dorsalis is a progressive degeneration of nerve cells and fibers in the spinal cord that carry sensory information to the brain, caused by untreated syphilis. It is characterized by sensory deficits, loss of coordination, and diminished reflexes. The disease progresses through preataxic, ataxic, and paralysis stages. Clinical features include loss of sensation, Argyll Robertson pupils, dementia, hypotonicity, loss of coordination, and trophic ulcers. Treatment involves antibiotics, steroids, pain medications, exercises, and splinting to manage symptoms.
Neuro syphilis
This document discusses syphilis, a multi-system disease caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum that can involve the nervous system. It has various stages and presentations depending on whether it was acquired or congenital. Neurosyphilis can occur in early or late stages and manifest as asymptomatic neurosyphilis, meningitis, meningovascular symptoms, general paresis, or tabes dorsalis. Diagnosis involves serology and CSF tests. Treatment is with penicillin or other antibiotics. Complications can include hydrocephalus, myelitis, and Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.
Evoked potentials
This document discusses evoked potentials, which are electrical activities in the neural pathway generated in response to external stimuli. It focuses on three types of sensory evoked potentials: visual evoked potentials (VEP), somatosensory evoked potentials, and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BEAP). VEP assess the visual pathway and look for abnormalities in P100 latency and amplitude. BEAP assess the auditory pathway by analyzing wave latencies and amplitudes, with abnormalities indicating lesions in the auditory nerve, brainstem, or cranial nerves. Evoked potentials are used to detect disturbances in the central nervous system.
CT SCAN
A CT scan is a fast, easily accessible, cost efficient, non-invasive imaging technique used to detect fractures, bleeds, degenerative changes, abnormalities, and the extent of damage in the brain. A CT scan provides information about attenuation levels that can indicate hemorrhage, contrast, calcium, metal, ischemia, infection, or edema. When reading a CT scan, one examines the patient details, type of scan, purpose, cranial and extracranial structures, ventricles, cistern, sulci, and brain parenchyma for lesions characterized by their location, color, and margin.
Craniotomy
Craniotomy is a surgical procedure where a section of the skull is removed to access and expose the brain and intracranial structures. It is commonly used to clip aneurysms, remove tumors, abscesses or other lesions, decompress blood vessels, implant devices, biopsy tissue, or evacuate hematomas. Complications can include hemorrhage, seizures, cerebrospinal fluid leaks, infections, and neurological deficits. Craniotomies are classified based on location such as frontal, temporal, parietal or occipital, and may also be keyhole, stereotactic, or awake procedures. The case discussion involves an 11-year old girl who suffered head trauma in a car accident and showed signs of
Skull x ray
This document discusses an x-ray of the skull, including its anatomy, bones, sutures, fontanelles, and sinuses. It notes there are 22 total bones in the skull, with 8 in the cranium and 14 in the facial skeleton. It describes different views of skull x-rays and indications for skull x-rays such as shape, size, density, tumors, infections, and fractures. It outlines some abnormalities seen on skull x-rays related to density, contour, intracranial contents, and lytic or sclerotic lesions.
CSF Analysis
A lumbar puncture, or spinal tap, is a diagnostic procedure used to collect and analyze cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the spinal canal. It can help diagnose infectious and non-infectious neurological conditions. The document outlines the steps of a lumbar puncture procedure, including positioning the patient and inserting a needle between two vertebrae in the lower back to withdraw CSF. Complications are minor in most cases but can include back pain, headache, or nerve damage. Analysis of CSF properties and biochemical components can provide information about conditions affecting the central nervous system.
TBI
This document discusses traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is defined as damage to the brain caused by an external force and can be either open or closed injuries. It affects about 1.5-2 million people annually. Common causes include motor vehicle accidents (60%), falls (20-25%), and violence (15%). TBI can cause impairments in cognitive, physical, and behavioral/emotional functioning. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT scans and MRI to evaluate the severity and location of the brain damage. Management may include medications to reduce secondary brain damage, surgery to repair skull fractures or drain blood clots, and rehabilitation.
SWD
Short wave diathermy uses electromagnetic waves between 107-108 Hz to induce heating in tissues. It has both thermal and non-thermal physiological effects and can be used to treat inflammatory conditions, infections, muscle injuries and more. The document describes the production of short wave diathermy through an oscillating circuit, and discusses methods of application including capacitor and cable techniques which create electric and magnetic fields. Precautions are outlined to avoid risks like burns. In summary, it provides an overview of short wave diathermy including its mechanisms, effects, indications and application methods.
PEME
This document discusses pulsed electromagnetic energy (PEME) therapy. PEME uses non-thermal pulses of electromagnetic energy to stimulate tissues for therapeutic purposes. It can increase ATP production, alter cell membranes, decrease inflammation, and increase healing. PEME is used to treat neurological conditions like radiculopathies and neuropathies, musculoskeletal issues like fractures and strains, psychological disorders, and general wounds and sores. Contraindications include pregnancy, menstruation, metal implants and recent radiation therapy.
LASER
This document discusses laser therapy, including its production, types, effects, applications, and techniques. It begins by defining laser as light amplified by stimulated emission of radiation. It then describes the key properties of lasers as monochromaticity, coherence, and collimation. It discusses the different types of lasers based on lasing medium (ruby, HeNe, diode) and intensity (high power, low power). The physiological and therapeutic effects of lasers are outlined, including effects on wound healing, pain relief, and inflammation. Applications such as wound healing and reducing pain and inflammation are indicated. The document concludes by describing techniques for laser application and important parameters like wavelength, energy density, and dosage.
UVR
Ultraviolet radiation can be used therapeutically to treat various skin conditions. It has both immediate physiological effects like erythema, tanning, and long term effects like aging and cancer. There are different types of UV generators that produce UVA, UVB or UVC. Dosage is carefully determined based on skin type and response. PUVA treatment uses oral photosensitizing drugs before UVA exposure to treat conditions like psoriasis. Precautions must be taken with UV therapy due to risks of overexposure like burns, aging and skin cancer.
Movemet disorders
This document provides an overview of various movement disorders including dystonia, chorea, ballismus, athetosis, tics, myoclonus, and Wilson's disease. It discusses the epidemiology, classification, etiology, clinical features, pathophysiology, investigations and treatment of each disorder. The classifications are based on factors like age of onset, distribution of symptoms, underlying etiology. Primary and secondary dystonias are described. Common types of chorea like Huntington's chorea are outlined. The document provides detailed information on different types of these movement disorders for healthcare professionals.
Infra red rays
Keerthi Priya MPT Neuro is an assistant professor discussing infrared rays. Infrared rays have wavelengths between 750 nm to 1 mm. They are produced through molecular vibration and can be generated through non-luminous electric wires or luminous generators. Infrared rays are absorbed by the skin where they cause vasodilation, sweating, and increased metabolism. Their therapeutic effects include relief of pain, reduction of muscle spasm, and acceleration of healing. Proper technique of application and precautions against dangers like burns are important.
Electro magnetic spectrum
The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum. It defines key terms like wavelength and frequency. The electromagnetic spectrum includes all types of electromagnetic radiation organized based on their wavelength and frequency. Radiation is produced through the interaction of electric and magnetic fields and can be classified as luminous or nonluminous. Laws governing radiation include reflection, refraction, absorption, transmission, penetration, and scattering. Specific laws of radiation discussed are the Arndt-Schultz principle, the law of Grotthus-Draper, the cosine law, and the inverse square law. The document also briefly mentions uses of electromagnetic radiation but does not provide details.
Parkinsons disease
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the basal ganglia. The four primary symptoms are tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. It typically presents after age 50 and treatment involves dopamine replacement therapy with levodopa/carbidopa or dopamine agonists to manage the motor symptoms. Deep brain stimulation may also be used in advanced cases that do not respond well to medication.
PT Management Of MND
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Physiotherapy management of perceptual disorders
- 1. PT MX OF PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS KEERTHI PRIYA MPT NEURO, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR.
- 4. Perceptual Disorders 1. Retraining Approach 2. Sensory Integration Approach 3. Neurofunctional Approach 4. Rehabilitative/ Compensatory Approach
- 5. BODY SCHEME& BODY IMAGE UNILATERAL NEGLECT:
- 6. BODY SCHEME & BODY IMAGE UNILATERAL NEGLECT: Lesion: Posterio Inferior Parietal Lobe Test: Bit (Behavioural Inattention Test) Treatment: Remedial Approach Compensatory Approach
- 7. AGNOSIA : Lack of awareness of presence or severity of ones paralysis Types I. Somatognosia II. Right left discrimination III. Finger agnosia
- 8. SPATIAL RELATION DISORDERS Figure Ground Discrimination Form discrimination Position In Space Topographic Disorientation Depth & Distance Perception Vertical Disorientation
- 9. Figure ground discrimination Inability to distinguish figure from background Problems to locate things in cupboard Lesion is in parieto occipital lobe of right hemisphere Treatment is by remedial & compensatory approach.
- 10. Form discrimination Inability to distinguish from and shape Confuses with regard to things Lesion is in parieto temporal occipital lobe of right hemisphere Test is to identify the objects of same shape Treatment is by remedial & compensatory approach.
- 11. Spatial relations Inability to perceive the relationship of one object with respect to other. Problems with constructional tasking & dressing Lesion is in inferior parietal lobe or parieto –occipital-temporal junction. Test : Rivermead Perceptual Assessment Battery & OT- ADL Neuro Behavioural Evaluation Treatment is by remedialapproach.
- 12. Position In Space Inability to perceive spatial concepts like up, down, front, back etc Unable to do overhead movt when asked Lesion parietal lobe of non dominant hemisphere Test : shoe & shoe box, tooth brush & cup, tooth brush & comb Treatment is by retraining approach
- 13. Topographic Disorientation Difficulty to understand and remember relationship of one location to other. Unable to do remember route to a well-known place Lesion in right retrospenial cortex with compromised Brodmann’s area 30 and B/L parietal lobe of non dominant hemisphere Test : to draw a familiar route Treatment is by compensatory approach
- 14. Depth & distance perception Difficulty to perceive depth and inaccurate judgement of direction & distance Difficulty to navigate stairs, sit in chair Lesion in posterior right hemisphere in superior visual association area Test : pour water in a glass, hold the object held in air Treatment is by compensatory & remedial approach
- 15. Vertical disorientation Unable to rule out vertical Lesion in non dominant parietal lobe Test : to keep a ruler in vertical position
- 17. Visual agnosia Types Simultanagnosia Prosopagnosia Colour agnosia Lesion in occipital temporal & parietal association Treatment is by remedial & compensatory approach
- 18. Auditory Agnosia Inability to recognise or discriminate nonspeech sounds Lesion in temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere Test is conducted by speech & language pathologist
- 19. Tactile agnosia inability to recognise forms by holding Lesion in occipital temporal & parietal association Treatment is by remedial & compensatory approach
- 20. APRAXIA
- 21. Types of apraxia Ideomotor Apraxia Ideational Apraxia Buccofacial Apraxia
- 22. Ideomotor APRAXIA Discomfort between idea and execution of a movement Lesion in frontal & parietal lobe of dominant hemisphere Good glass & kalpan test Remedial & compensatory approach
- 23. Ideational APRAXIA Inability to perform a motor act automatically or on command Lesion in parietal lobe of dominant hemisphere Good glass & kalpan test Remedial & compensatory approach
- 24. Buccofacial APRAXIA Inability to perform a motor act with lips, tongue cheeks larynx & pharynx on command Lesion in frontal lobe, central opercula anterior insula and temporal gyrus
- 25. Any query