PHYSIOLOGY OF SMALL INTESTINE .pdf
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• The small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract that follows the stomach, which is in turn followed by the large intestine. • The small intestine is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. • The small intestine measures approximately 80 cm to 1.3 m in cats and 1.8 to 4.8 m in dogs.
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Small intestine
The small intestine is responsible for most digestion and absorption of nutrients. It is divided into three parts - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands which secrete mucus to protect the lining and help regulate pH. It connects to the bile ducts and pancreas. The jejunum and ileum further digest food and absorb nutrients through fingerlike villi before waste passes to the large intestine.
Physiology of liver
The liver performs many important metabolic functions including carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. It stores glycogen, gluconeogenesis, and converts galactose and fructose to glucose. The liver synthesizes, oxidizes, and transports lipids. It deaminates amino acids, forms urea to remove ammonia, and synthesizes plasma proteins. The liver also stores vitamins A, D, B12 and iron. It produces clotting factors and aids in detoxification through phase I and II reactions. Liver failure can cause hepatic encephalopathy due to increased ammonia levels.
Small intestine physiology
The small intestine is responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients. It is made up of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine contains finger-like villi covered in microvilli that increase surface area for absorption. Glands including crypts of Lieberkuhn and Brunner's glands secrete enzymes and mucus. Movement patterns in the small intestine include segmentation contractions that mix contents, peristalsis that propels contents aborally, and villi movements that enhance absorption. Disorders can impair digestion or absorption.
The jejunum and ileum
The jejunum and ileum are the coiled parts of the small intestine located between the duodenum and colon. Together they are around 6 meters long. The jejunum is located in the middle of the small intestine, between the duodenum and ileum. The ileum is the final section of the small intestine leading to the large intestine. Both sections are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery and drained by the superior mesenteric vein. They absorb nutrients and pass contents to the large intestine.
Liver
Hello friends.. you can use these notes for your convenience as they are taken from many other standard books.. Thank you..
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT LAYERS
The GI tract contains four layers: the innermost layer is the mucosa, underneath this is the submucosa, followed by the muscularis propria and finally, the outermost layer - the adventitia. The structure of these layers varies, in different regions of the digestive system, depending on their function.
Physiology of human digestive system
The human digestive system breaks down food through both mechanical and chemical digestion. Food is ingested and broken down mechanically by teeth and enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. In the stomach and small intestine, chemicals like acids and enzymes produced by the liver, pancreas, and intestines themselves further break down food into small molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas that produce digestive juices to break down proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Anatomy of the Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the chest that pumps blood through two circuits: systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. It has four chambers - right and left atria and ventricles separated by valves. Blood vessels include arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, and veins, which carry blood back to the heart. The cardiovascular system also contains a conduction system that initiates and regulates the heartbeat, starting with the sinoatrial node. Blood vessels have three layers - tunica intima, media, and externa - that vary in thickness and composition between arteries and veins.
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Small intestine
The small intestine is responsible for most digestion and absorption of nutrients. It is divided into three parts - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands which secrete mucus to protect the lining and help regulate pH. It connects to the bile ducts and pancreas. The jejunum and ileum further digest food and absorb nutrients through fingerlike villi before waste passes to the large intestine.
Physiology of liver
The liver performs many important metabolic functions including carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. It stores glycogen, gluconeogenesis, and converts galactose and fructose to glucose. The liver synthesizes, oxidizes, and transports lipids. It deaminates amino acids, forms urea to remove ammonia, and synthesizes plasma proteins. The liver also stores vitamins A, D, B12 and iron. It produces clotting factors and aids in detoxification through phase I and II reactions. Liver failure can cause hepatic encephalopathy due to increased ammonia levels.
Small intestine physiology
The small intestine is responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients. It is made up of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine contains finger-like villi covered in microvilli that increase surface area for absorption. Glands including crypts of Lieberkuhn and Brunner's glands secrete enzymes and mucus. Movement patterns in the small intestine include segmentation contractions that mix contents, peristalsis that propels contents aborally, and villi movements that enhance absorption. Disorders can impair digestion or absorption.
The jejunum and ileum
The jejunum and ileum are the coiled parts of the small intestine located between the duodenum and colon. Together they are around 6 meters long. The jejunum is located in the middle of the small intestine, between the duodenum and ileum. The ileum is the final section of the small intestine leading to the large intestine. Both sections are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery and drained by the superior mesenteric vein. They absorb nutrients and pass contents to the large intestine.
Liver
Hello friends.. you can use these notes for your convenience as they are taken from many other standard books.. Thank you..
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT LAYERS
The GI tract contains four layers: the innermost layer is the mucosa, underneath this is the submucosa, followed by the muscularis propria and finally, the outermost layer - the adventitia. The structure of these layers varies, in different regions of the digestive system, depending on their function.
Physiology of human digestive system
The human digestive system breaks down food through both mechanical and chemical digestion. Food is ingested and broken down mechanically by teeth and enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. In the stomach and small intestine, chemicals like acids and enzymes produced by the liver, pancreas, and intestines themselves further break down food into small molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas that produce digestive juices to break down proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Anatomy of the Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the chest that pumps blood through two circuits: systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. It has four chambers - right and left atria and ventricles separated by valves. Blood vessels include arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, and veins, which carry blood back to the heart. The cardiovascular system also contains a conduction system that initiates and regulates the heartbeat, starting with the sinoatrial node. Blood vessels have three layers - tunica intima, media, and externa - that vary in thickness and composition between arteries and veins.
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The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the small intestine. It is divided into three parts - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine contains villi and microvilli to increase surface area for absorption. Digestive enzymes in the intestinal juices and glands help break down nutrients into absorbable molecules. Peristaltic waves and segmentation contractions mix and propel food through the small intestine where most absorption occurs before entering the large intestine.
Stomach
The stomach is located in the upper abdomen and is J-shaped. It is surrounded by organs like the liver, pancreas, and spleen. The stomach has three sections - the fundus, body, and pyloric antrum. Food enters the stomach through the esophagus and exits into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter. The stomach secretes gastric juice containing hydrochloric acid and enzymes to digest proteins. Gastric juice is produced in response to eating and helps break down food in the stomach before it passes into the small intestine.
Secretions of small intestine
The small intestine has four layers and is divided into three regions: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Its interior walls contain circular folds, villi, and microvilli that greatly increase its surface area for nutrient absorption. The small intestine secretes enzymes like enterokinase in the duodenum as well as hormones like gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin from endocrine cells in response to food constituents. These secretions aid in digestion and regulate secretions from other organs to maximize nutrient absorption in the small intestine.
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Structure of heart
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located slightly left of center in the chest. It has four chambers - the right and left atria receive blood, and the right and left ventricles pump it out. The heart is surrounded by membranes and has three layers - the outer fibrous pericardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endothelial endocardium. It uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow, pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood throughout the body in continuous circulation. The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygenated blood.
The digestive system
The digestive system performs six main functions: ingestion, secretion, mixing/propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. The small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption. It completes the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids through enzymes and absorbs over 90% of nutrients. Movements like segmentations and migrating motility complexes mix contents to bring them in contact with the intestinal wall for absorption and propel digestion forward.
Intestines(movements and secretions of small and large intestines ) The Guyto...
Intestines(movements and secretions of small and large intestines)
Distended Portion of small intestine with chyme stretching concentric contractions at intervals lasting a fraction of a minute These contraction causes “Segmentation” of the small intestine ---forms spaced segments new points every time chopping chyme 2-3 times/min mixing with intestinal secretions maximum frequencyof segmentation contraction depends on frequency of BER (Basic electrical rhythm) i.e. In duodenum and proximal jejunum is 12/min and in terminal ileum is 8-9/min.
Atropine blocks the segmentation
law of gut
The peristaltic reflex +anal direction of movement of the peristalsis is called “LAW OF GUT”
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Anatomy of the liver and gallbladder
The liver is the largest gland in the body located under the right rib cage. It is divided into four lobes and has two surfaces - a diaphragmatic surface and a visceral surface. The porta hepatis contains the hepatic artery, portal vein and hepatic ducts. Blood flows into the liver through the hepatic artery and portal vein and exits through the hepatic veins. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. The biliary system consists of the hepatic ducts, cystic duct, common hepatic duct, gallbladder and common bile duct which empties into the duodenum.
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Introduction of gastrointestinal tract
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Gastrointestinal physiology
The document describes the digestive system and digestive process. It details the structures and functions of the gastrointestinal tract including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, and large intestine. It explains the mechanical and chemical breakdown of nutrients including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Key enzymes and hormones that regulate digestion and nutrient absorption in each organ are also discussed.
Gastric secretion
This document discusses gastric secretion and the physiology of stomach acid production. It covers the following key points:
1. The stomach lining contains various cell types that secrete substances like mucus, hydrochloric acid, and the enzyme pepsin. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid through a mechanism involving hydrogen-potassium ATPase pumps.
2. Gastric acid secretion is regulated through neural and hormonal mechanisms in three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. The cephalic phase begins with eating cues, while the gastric phase responds to food in the stomach through gastrin and vagal stimulation.
3. Experiments like Pavlov's pouch and sham feeding helped
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The human liver has many essential functions:
- It detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs and nutrients. The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism.
- The liver produces bile which aids in fat digestion, as well as proteins involved in blood clotting. It also stores vitamins and minerals.
- Being responsible for these critical functions, the liver is essential for survival, as its functions cannot be compensated for in the long term if liver function is lost.
Small intestine
The small intestine extends from the stomach to the large intestine. It is divided into three sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine completes the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats using enzymes in the intestinal walls. It absorbs the digested nutrients through fingerlike protrusions called villi and transports them to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
Anatomy and physiology of GI system and Diagnostic techniques
The document describes the human digestive system. It begins with an introduction and overview of the digestive tract. It then details each part of the tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. For each organ, it discusses structure, function, blood supply, and associated glands and tissues. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the digestive system and the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
Large intestine
The large intestine comes after the small intestine and measures approximately 1.5 meters. It absorbs water and nutrients from waste and protects the body from infections. The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid sections), rectum, and anal canal. It removes remaining water from digested food and stores waste until defecation through contractions that move waste to the rectum for elimination.
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The document discusses the process of nutrition in the human body. There are two main parts: ingestion, which is taking food into the digestive system, and digestion, which is the breakdown of food so that nutrients can be utilized. The gastrointestinal tract breaks down food through a series of steps, starting with chewing in the mouth and ending with absorption in the small intestine and removal of waste in the large intestine. Several organs, including the mouth, stomach, liver, pancreas and intestines, work together through both mechanical and chemical processes to digest food into smaller components that the body can use.
Stomach
It includes structure of stomach, stomach bed, function and internal structure.
Give your like & share with other nursing students.
The stomach is an important organ and the most dilated portion of the digestive system. The esophagus precedes it, and the small intestine follows. It is a large, muscular, and hollow organ allowing for a capacity to hold food. It is comprised of 4 main regions, the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
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The gastrointestinal tract provides the body with nutrients through a multi-step process. It begins at the mouth and includes the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. The GI tract is supported by organs like the liver and pancreas. Food moves through the tract, is digested by enzymes, and has nutrients absorbed in the small intestine. The remaining waste is eliminated from the body. Each part of the GI tract from mouth to anus has a specialized function in this process of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
mxb mlqw wud nklnlx xskanx
The gastrointestinal system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The GI tract is a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The GI tract walls are composed of four layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa/adventitia. The small intestine is further divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and has additional structures like villi and microvilli to aid in digestion and absorption. The large intestine consists of the c
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Stomach
The stomach is located in the upper abdomen and is J-shaped. It is surrounded by organs like the liver, pancreas, and spleen. The stomach has three sections - the fundus, body, and pyloric antrum. Food enters the stomach through the esophagus and exits into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter. The stomach secretes gastric juice containing hydrochloric acid and enzymes to digest proteins. Gastric juice is produced in response to eating and helps break down food in the stomach before it passes into the small intestine.
Secretions of small intestine
The small intestine has four layers and is divided into three regions: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Its interior walls contain circular folds, villi, and microvilli that greatly increase its surface area for nutrient absorption. The small intestine secretes enzymes like enterokinase in the duodenum as well as hormones like gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin from endocrine cells in response to food constituents. These secretions aid in digestion and regulate secretions from other organs to maximize nutrient absorption in the small intestine.
1.digestive juices
This presentation gives information about digestive juices,their composition ,function and regulation through hormonal control.
Structure of heart
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located slightly left of center in the chest. It has four chambers - the right and left atria receive blood, and the right and left ventricles pump it out. The heart is surrounded by membranes and has three layers - the outer fibrous pericardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endothelial endocardium. It uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow, pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood throughout the body in continuous circulation. The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygenated blood.
The digestive system
The digestive system performs six main functions: ingestion, secretion, mixing/propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. The small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption. It completes the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids through enzymes and absorbs over 90% of nutrients. Movements like segmentations and migrating motility complexes mix contents to bring them in contact with the intestinal wall for absorption and propel digestion forward.
Intestines(movements and secretions of small and large intestines ) The Guyto...
Intestines(movements and secretions of small and large intestines)
Distended Portion of small intestine with chyme stretching concentric contractions at intervals lasting a fraction of a minute These contraction causes “Segmentation” of the small intestine ---forms spaced segments new points every time chopping chyme 2-3 times/min mixing with intestinal secretions maximum frequencyof segmentation contraction depends on frequency of BER (Basic electrical rhythm) i.e. In duodenum and proximal jejunum is 12/min and in terminal ileum is 8-9/min.
Atropine blocks the segmentation
law of gut
The peristaltic reflex +anal direction of movement of the peristalsis is called “LAW OF GUT”
Peritoneum i
The peritoneum is a thin serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities and covers the organs within. It is derived from mesoderm. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sacs. The peritoneum has several functions including movement of viscera, protection, and absorption. It is innervated by both autonomic and somatic nerves. The peritoneum forms several folds and structures that suspend organs, including the mesentery, transverse mesocolon, and greater and lesser omenta. It covers both peritoneal organs, which are attached via mesentery, and some retroperitoneal organs.
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the digestive system. It describes that the digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Accessory organs include things like the teeth, tongue, liver and pancreas. It then provides details on the layers of the gastrointestinal tract including the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. Finally, it summarizes the main functions of the organs in the digestive system and how digestive functions are regulated through neural and hormonal influences.
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The document describes the digestive system and digestive process. It details the structures and functions of the gastrointestinal tract including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, and large intestine. It explains the mechanical and chemical breakdown of nutrients including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Key enzymes and hormones that regulate digestion and nutrient absorption in each organ are also discussed.
Gastric secretion
This document discusses gastric secretion and the physiology of stomach acid production. It covers the following key points:
1. The stomach lining contains various cell types that secrete substances like mucus, hydrochloric acid, and the enzyme pepsin. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid through a mechanism involving hydrogen-potassium ATPase pumps.
2. Gastric acid secretion is regulated through neural and hormonal mechanisms in three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. The cephalic phase begins with eating cues, while the gastric phase responds to food in the stomach through gastrin and vagal stimulation.
3. Experiments like Pavlov's pouch and sham feeding helped
Functions of human liver
The human liver has many essential functions:
- It detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs and nutrients. The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism.
- The liver produces bile which aids in fat digestion, as well as proteins involved in blood clotting. It also stores vitamins and minerals.
- Being responsible for these critical functions, the liver is essential for survival, as its functions cannot be compensated for in the long term if liver function is lost.
Small intestine
The small intestine extends from the stomach to the large intestine. It is divided into three sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine completes the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats using enzymes in the intestinal walls. It absorbs the digested nutrients through fingerlike protrusions called villi and transports them to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
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Large intestine
The large intestine comes after the small intestine and measures approximately 1.5 meters. It absorbs water and nutrients from waste and protects the body from infections. The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid sections), rectum, and anal canal. It removes remaining water from digested food and stores waste until defecation through contractions that move waste to the rectum for elimination.
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The document discusses the process of nutrition in the human body. There are two main parts: ingestion, which is taking food into the digestive system, and digestion, which is the breakdown of food so that nutrients can be utilized. The gastrointestinal tract breaks down food through a series of steps, starting with chewing in the mouth and ending with absorption in the small intestine and removal of waste in the large intestine. Several organs, including the mouth, stomach, liver, pancreas and intestines, work together through both mechanical and chemical processes to digest food into smaller components that the body can use.
Stomach
It includes structure of stomach, stomach bed, function and internal structure.
Give your like & share with other nursing students.
The stomach is an important organ and the most dilated portion of the digestive system. The esophagus precedes it, and the small intestine follows. It is a large, muscular, and hollow organ allowing for a capacity to hold food. It is comprised of 4 main regions, the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
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This document provides an overview of the alimentary tract and gastrointestinal function. It discusses the histology of the gut, electrical activity of GI smooth muscle, neural and hormonal control of GI motility. Specifically, it outlines the functions of the digestive tract, describes the electrical activity of GI smooth muscle including resting membrane potential and spike potentials. It also explains the neural control of GI functions by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Finally, it briefly discusses hormonal control of GI motility and blood supply to the gut.
Small intestine-Sathyananthini
The small intestine is divided into three sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It contains finger-like projections called villi that increase the absorptive surface area. Villi contain capillaries that absorb nutrients from digested food. Goblet cells secrete mucus while Paneth and enteroendocrine cells help protect the small intestine and regulate functions. The small intestine completes digestion and absorbs most nutrients through its enhanced surface area provided by villi.
Small intestine
The small intestine is divided into three sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It contains finger-like projections called villi that increase the absorptive surface area. Villi contain capillaries that absorb nutrients from digested food. Goblet cells secrete mucus while Paneth and enteroendocrine cells help protect the small intestine and regulate functions. The small intestine completes digestion and absorbs most nutrients through its enhanced surface area provided by villi.
Small intestine
The small intestine is divided into three sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It contains finger-like projections called villi that increase the absorptive surface area. Villi contain capillaries that absorb nutrients from digested food. Goblet cells in the intestinal lining secrete mucus, and Paneth cells secrete antibacterial agents to protect the intestine. The small intestine completes digestion and absorbs most nutrients from food.
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esophagus.
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The process by which large complex nutrient molecules
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GH: growth hormone
PRL: prolactin
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Endocrine glands are ductless glands comprised of endocrine cells.
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- 1. Physiology of small intestine By dr iqra bano chandio
- 2. Small intestine •The small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract that follows the stomach, which is in turn followed by the large intestine. •The small intestine is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. •The small intestine measures approximately 80 cm to 1.3 m in cats and 1.8 to 4.8 m in dogs.
- 6. • The luminal surface area of all three parts is covered by the intestinal mucosa, which is characterized by villi, crypts, and absorptive cells with microvilli, local endocrine cells, and other histologic features.
- 7. Duodenum
- 17. Types of movements • Rhythmic contractions • Movements of villi • Pendular movements • Peristalsis
- 18. Segmental contractions Unlike peristalsis, which predominates in the esophagus, segmentation contractions occur in the large intestine and small intestine, while predominating in the latter. Segmentation involves contractions of the circular muscles in the digestive tract, while peristalsis involves rhythmic contractions of the longitudinal muscles in the GIT.
- 22. Peristalsis