The small intestine is divided into three sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It contains finger-like projections called villi that increase the absorptive surface area. Villi contain capillaries that absorb nutrients from digested food. Goblet cells secrete mucus while Paneth and enteroendocrine cells help protect the small intestine and regulate functions. The small intestine completes digestion and absorbs most nutrients through its enhanced surface area provided by villi.
01.12.09(b): Histology - Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Gastrointestinal / Liver sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
http://openmi.ch/med-m1gastro
Objectives:
Describe the location of the breast in relation to fascial layers
Identify the extent of the base of the breast
Define the reteromammary space
Identify the axillary tail and its significance
Understand the differences in size and colour of the areola; contractility of the nipple; Montgomery’s glands.
Describe the lobes of the breast and the clinical significance of the suspensory ligaments.
Describe the histological changes of the mammary gland during different phases: before puberty, inactive gland, during menstruation, active phase, and menopause.
Identify myoepithelial cells and their functional significance.
Understand the role of merocrine and apocrine secretion in the production of milk.
Describe mammary line and its congenital anomalies: polymastia, polylethelia, inverted nipple.
Identify the features of the pregnant woman’s breast
Understand the features of structural involvement in breast cancer
Breast features in mammography.
Incising for and positioning of a breast implant.
Describe the male breast and gynaecomastia.
Locate the arterial blood supply and venous drainage of the breast.
Describe the nerve supply and reflex secretion of milk
Thorough description of the lymphatic drainage of the breast and axillary lymph nodes
Applied anatomy of breast cancer metastasis, peau d’orange, and lympodema of the upper limb.
Surgical anatomy of mastectomy and paralysis of the long thoracic nerve.
01.12.09(b): Histology - Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Gastrointestinal / Liver sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
http://openmi.ch/med-m1gastro
Objectives:
Describe the location of the breast in relation to fascial layers
Identify the extent of the base of the breast
Define the reteromammary space
Identify the axillary tail and its significance
Understand the differences in size and colour of the areola; contractility of the nipple; Montgomery’s glands.
Describe the lobes of the breast and the clinical significance of the suspensory ligaments.
Describe the histological changes of the mammary gland during different phases: before puberty, inactive gland, during menstruation, active phase, and menopause.
Identify myoepithelial cells and their functional significance.
Understand the role of merocrine and apocrine secretion in the production of milk.
Describe mammary line and its congenital anomalies: polymastia, polylethelia, inverted nipple.
Identify the features of the pregnant woman’s breast
Understand the features of structural involvement in breast cancer
Breast features in mammography.
Incising for and positioning of a breast implant.
Describe the male breast and gynaecomastia.
Locate the arterial blood supply and venous drainage of the breast.
Describe the nerve supply and reflex secretion of milk
Thorough description of the lymphatic drainage of the breast and axillary lymph nodes
Applied anatomy of breast cancer metastasis, peau d’orange, and lympodema of the upper limb.
Surgical anatomy of mastectomy and paralysis of the long thoracic nerve.
Introduction to digestive system
Organs of digestive tract
Mouth and their different enzymes and actions
salivary glands
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine and funcions
Large Intestine and functions
Anus
Assessary Organs
Liver
Pancreas
Digestive system Physiology
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation.
Excretion
Your peritoneum is a membrane that lines the inside of your abdomen and pelvis (parietal layer). It also covers many of your organs inside (visceral layer). The space in between these layers is called your peritoneal cavity.
The lymphatic system has three functions:
Fluid recovery.
Immunity
Lipid absorption
The lymphatic vessels of the small intestine receive the special designation of lacteals or chyliferous vessels.
The components of the lymphatic system are :-
lymph, the recovered fluid;
Lymphatic vessels, which transport the lymph;
Lymphatic tissue, composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs of the body; and
Lymphatic organs, in which these cells are especially concentrated and which are set off from surrounding organs by connective tissue capsules.
he peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It is composed of mesothelial cells that are supported by a thin layer of fibrous tissue and is embryologically derived from the mesoderm.
Introduction to digestive system
Organs of digestive tract
Mouth and their different enzymes and actions
salivary glands
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine and funcions
Large Intestine and functions
Anus
Assessary Organs
Liver
Pancreas
Digestive system Physiology
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation.
Excretion
Your peritoneum is a membrane that lines the inside of your abdomen and pelvis (parietal layer). It also covers many of your organs inside (visceral layer). The space in between these layers is called your peritoneal cavity.
The lymphatic system has three functions:
Fluid recovery.
Immunity
Lipid absorption
The lymphatic vessels of the small intestine receive the special designation of lacteals or chyliferous vessels.
The components of the lymphatic system are :-
lymph, the recovered fluid;
Lymphatic vessels, which transport the lymph;
Lymphatic tissue, composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs of the body; and
Lymphatic organs, in which these cells are especially concentrated and which are set off from surrounding organs by connective tissue capsules.
he peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It is composed of mesothelial cells that are supported by a thin layer of fibrous tissue and is embryologically derived from the mesoderm.
2. DIGESTION • The process of conversion of complex food substances to simple absorbable forms is called digestion. • Digestion is carried out by our digestive system by mechanical and biochemical methods.
3. PHASES OF DIGESTION • The activities of the digestive system can be grouped under five main headings. • Ingestion :-This is the taking of food into the alimentary tract, i.e. eating and drinking. • Propulsion :-This mixes and moves the contents along the alimentary tract. • Digestion :-This consists of: • Mechanical breakdown of food by mastication(chewing). • Chemical digestion of food into small molecules by enzymes present in secretions produced by glands and accessory organs of the digestive system
these slides are prepared to understand digestive system IN EASY WAY
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Digestive system by dr tayyaba......pptxBIANOOR123
The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital organ in the digestive system. The stomach is involved in the gastric phase of digestion, following chewing. It performs a chemical breakdown by means of enzymes and hydrochloric acid
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. INTRODUCTION
• small intestine is a tube of about 2.5 cm wide.
• As it is too long, it lies coiled and folded in the
abdominal cavity.
• Food particles move only very slowly through this small
intestine.
• There are a number of blood vessels in the small
intestine.
• Within these infolding finger like projections called villi.
• These villi enhance the absorptive capacity of the small
intestine
3. SMALL INTESTINE
• The small intestine is
divided
• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum.
4. THE DUODENUM
• The duodenum is the first
section of the small
intestine and has a thicker
layer of tissue than the
other areas of the small
intestine.
• It neutralizes stomach
acids and breaks down
carbohydrates and fats.
The duodenum is about 2
feet long.
5. JEJUNUM
• The jejunum is the main
section of the small
intestine. It covers about
15 feet and is responsible
for the absorption of
almost all nutrients
except water.
6. ILEUM
• The ileum is the last
section of the small
intestine and spans
about 6 feet. Its function
is to absorb water and
vitamins.
7. PLICAE CIRCULARES
• (valves of Kerkering) are macroscopically
visible, crescent-shaped folds of the
mucosa and sub mucosa.
• permanent structures, i.e. their
presence does not depend on the
state of distension of the small
intestine.
• are absent from the first few
centimeters of the duodenum and the
distal part of the ileum.
• well developed in the jejunum.
• increase the surface area of the
mucosa
9. INTESTINAL VILLI
• The entire intestinal mucosa
forms intestinal villi (about one
mm long), which increase the
surface area by a factor of ten.
• The surface of the villi is
formed by a simple columnar
epithelium.
10. ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS
• Within each Digested fats are transported through small
vessels called lacteals.
• The digested fats are transported into the lymphatic
system, and from there into the bloodstream.
• villus is a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries.
• All nutrients, except digested fats, enter the bloodstream
through the capillaries.
14. GOBLET CELLS
• The apical end of each
goblet cell is occupied by
a large mass of mucus,
which compresses
adjacent cells.
• The nucleus toward the
basal end of the cell.
• Attached by junctional
complexes (evidenced in
light microscopy as the
"terminal bar") to
adjacent absorptive
cells .
15. PANETH CELLS
• Paneth cells are secretary
epithelial cells located at
the ends of intestinal
crypts.
• The function for these
cells is secretion of anti-bacterial
proteins into the
crypt lumen, thereby
providing protection for
the stem cells which line
the crypt walls.
16. PANETH CELLS
• Paneth cells have typical
serous-secretary appearance,
with basophilic basal
cytoplasm (containing protein-synthetic
rough endoplasmic
reticulum) and apical secretary
vesicles granules).
17. ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS
• Concentrated in lower portion
of intestinal gland
• Produce a lot of peptide
hormones
18. CONCLUSION
• The digestion of food is completed in the small intestine.
• The absorption of food particles take place mainly in the
small intestine.
• The structure of the small intestine is suitable for the
absorption of food particles.
• Finger like project into the lumen of small intestine are
called villi.
19. REFERENCE
• Dr. B.B. Arora and A.K Sabharwal(2010): A text book of
biology std .XII, Modern publication
• Dr . E. Valsala Kumar (2004): A text book of botany ,
Trivandrum publication
• Kumar Pushkar and Dr A.P.Singh (2011): A text book of CSIR-UGC
Life science, Upkar publication
