Terminology related to animal digestion.pdf
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The process by which large complex nutrient molecules are broken down into simpler molecules capable of being used by the organism for food. Absorption is the taking of the digested parts of the feed into the bloodstream.
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The document discusses various life processes including nutrition, respiration, and the human digestive and respiratory systems. It provides details on:
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- The human digestive system breaks down food, with mechanical and chemical digestion occurring in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine before absorption in the small intestine.
- Respiration uses oxygen and releases energy from food, occurring aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen. Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria and provides significantly more energy.
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- Produces pancreatic juices containing enzymes that help break down food:
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The document discusses various life processes including nutrition, respiration, and transportation in living organisms. It provides details on:
- How autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain their nutrition through photosynthesis and consumption of other organisms respectively.
- The process of photosynthesis and the role of chloroplasts, water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight in producing carbohydrates in green plants.
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Here are the key functions of the pancreas in digestion:
- Produces pancreatic juices containing enzymes that help break down food:
- Pancreatic lipase breaks down fats
- Pancreatic amylase breaks down carbohydrates
- Proteases break down proteins
- Releases pancreatic juices into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct
- The enzymes help further break down what the stomach has partially digested, preparing nutrients for absorption in the small intestine
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Digestion and absorption, digestive secretions, their characteristic features: Digestion is the breakdown of food into particles small enough to cross the cellular barrier of the gastrointestinal (GI) system and be carried around the body in the circulation.
This occurs by both mechanical and chemical processes that begin in the mouth and generally end in the small intestine, where 90% of absorption takes place.
The other 10% takes place in the stomach and large intestine and often involves the help of the gut microbiota.
A small amount of absorption is also thought to take place in the mouth.
Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth with chewing and continues with segmental muscle contractions in the stomach and intestines.
Chemical digestion is primarily mediated by enzymes present in the secretions of the salivary glands, stomach and pancreas, and on the epithelial lining of the small intestine
Mechanical digestion is physical process in which food is broken into smaller pieces without chemically.
It begins with our first bite of food and continues as we chew food with our teeth into smaller pieces.
The process of mechanical digestion continues in the stomach. This muscular organ churns and mixes the food it contains, an action that breaks any solid food into still smaller pieces.
Chemical digestion is the biochemical process in which macromolecules in food are changed into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into body fluids and transported to cells throughout the body.
Substances in food that must be chemically digested include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates must be broken down into simple sugars, proteins into amino acids, lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, and nucleic acids into nitrogen bases and sugars.
Some chemical digestion takes place in the mouth and stomach, but most of it occurs in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum).
Chemical digestion could not occur without the help of many different digestive enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze or speed up biochemical reactions.
Digestive enzymes are secreted by exocrine glands or by the mucosal layer of the epithelium lining the gastrointestinal tract.
In the mouth, digestive enzymes are secreted by salivary glands.
The lining of the stomach secretes enzymes, as does the lining of the small intestine.
Many more digestive enzymes are secreted by exocrine cells in the pancreas and carried by ducts to the small intestine
About 80 percent of digestible carbohydrates in a typical Western diet are in the form of the plant polysaccharide amylose, which consists mainly of long chains of glucose and is one of two major components of starch.
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- The rumen ferments ingested plant material and can regurgitate and rechew contents in a process called rumination.
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Digestion and absorption, digestive secretions, their characteristic features: Digestion is the breakdown of food into particles small enough to cross the cellular barrier of the gastrointestinal (GI) system and be carried around the body in the circulation.
This occurs by both mechanical and chemical processes that begin in the mouth and generally end in the small intestine, where 90% of absorption takes place.
The other 10% takes place in the stomach and large intestine and often involves the help of the gut microbiota.
A small amount of absorption is also thought to take place in the mouth.
Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth with chewing and continues with segmental muscle contractions in the stomach and intestines.
Chemical digestion is primarily mediated by enzymes present in the secretions of the salivary glands, stomach and pancreas, and on the epithelial lining of the small intestine
Mechanical digestion is physical process in which food is broken into smaller pieces without chemically.
It begins with our first bite of food and continues as we chew food with our teeth into smaller pieces.
The process of mechanical digestion continues in the stomach. This muscular organ churns and mixes the food it contains, an action that breaks any solid food into still smaller pieces.
Chemical digestion is the biochemical process in which macromolecules in food are changed into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into body fluids and transported to cells throughout the body.
Substances in food that must be chemically digested include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates must be broken down into simple sugars, proteins into amino acids, lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, and nucleic acids into nitrogen bases and sugars.
Some chemical digestion takes place in the mouth and stomach, but most of it occurs in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum).
Chemical digestion could not occur without the help of many different digestive enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze or speed up biochemical reactions.
Digestive enzymes are secreted by exocrine glands or by the mucosal layer of the epithelium lining the gastrointestinal tract.
In the mouth, digestive enzymes are secreted by salivary glands.
The lining of the stomach secretes enzymes, as does the lining of the small intestine.
Many more digestive enzymes are secreted by exocrine cells in the pancreas and carried by ducts to the small intestine
About 80 percent of digestible carbohydrates in a typical Western diet are in the form of the plant polysaccharide amylose, which consists mainly of long chains of glucose and is one of two major components of starch.
Additional dietary carbohydrates include the animal polysaccharide glycogen, along with some sugars, which are mainly disaccharides.
To chemically digest amylose and glycogen, the enzyme amylase is required. The chemical digestion of these polysaccharides begins in the mou
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Herbivores like cows, deer, and horses eat plants. Carnivores such as lions, tigers, and snakes eat other animals. Omnivores including bears, raccoons, and humans eat both plants and animals. The document then discusses the digestive system of humans, describing the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and associated glands like the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas that help break down food. It explains the multi-step digestive process of ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion that food goes through in the human body.
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- The rumen ferments ingested plant material and can regurgitate and rechew contents in a process called rumination.
- Each stomach compartment has a distinct capacity and function in digestion. The rumen makes up most of the stomach volume and serves as a storage area.
- Accessory organs like the liver and pancreas produce enzymes and
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digestivesystem-190611125129 (1). PDF copyright
The document summarizes the digestive system of insects. It describes that insects have a long alimentary canal divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The foregut contains the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, and gizzard. Salivary glands secrete enzymes into the foregut. The midgut is the primary site of digestion and absorption, containing gastric caecae that secrete enzymes. The hindgut absorbs nutrients and forms feces. Digestion involves ingestion, transportation, digestion in the midgut by enzymes, absorption of nutrients, and egestion of waste.
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The document summarizes the key parts and functions of the human digestive system. It describes the pathway food takes from the mouth through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients with both mechanical and chemical digestion assisted by organs like the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. Diseases like GERD and jaundice can affect the digestive system, and its functions are also impacted by other body systems and external stressors.
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This document summarizes the stages of human digestion from ingestion to egestion. It describes the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. In the mouth, saliva containing amylase begins breaking down starch. The stomach contains gastric glands that secrete acid and the enzyme pepsin to digest proteins. The small intestine receives secretions from the liver, pancreas, and intestinal glands to further break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler molecules that can be absorbed. The villi in the small intestine increase absorption surface area. Undigested material then moves to the large intestine where water is absorbed before waste is excreted.
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The document summarizes the key stages of human digestion. Food enters the mouth where it is broken down mechanically by teeth and chemically by saliva. It then moves to the stomach through swallowing where gastric juices further break it down. Digestion continues in the small intestine where enzymes from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder aid in breaking nutrients into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Undigested material then moves to the large intestine where water is absorbed before waste is excreted from the rectum.
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The document describes the human digestive system and the multi-step process of digestion, including ingestion, digestion within the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and absorption of nutrients. It also discusses accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas that produce enzymes and bile to further break down food. Various digestive disorders are also outlined such as ulcers, constipation, diarrhea and appendicitis.
Digestive system
The document discusses the process of digestion and the digestive tract. It describes how digestion breaks down food into simpler forms that the body can use for energy, growth, and repair. The digestive tract is a long tube that runs from the mouth to the anus. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and other organs like the pancreas and liver that produce enzymes and juices to further break down food. Some common health problems of the digestive system include tooth decay, ulcers, diarrhea, constipation, indigestion, and appendicitis. Proper care includes having good eating habits, chewing food well, and maintaining a balanced diet.
Our digestive system
The document summarizes the key parts and processes of the human digestive system. It explains that food is ingested and then broken down through digestion, absorption, and assimilation before waste is egested. The main parts that work together are the alimentary canal (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines) and digestive glands like the liver and pancreas. Enzymes and acids in saliva and digestive juices break food down step-by-step as it passes through the system.
Humandigestivesystem 090814185124-phpapp02
The document describes the main components and functions of the human digestive system. It discusses the six major processes of digestion: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. It names and describes the functions of the main digestive organs - mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It also outlines the roles of accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and salivary glands in aiding the digestion process.
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The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The GI tract runs from the mouth to the anus and is divided into the upper and lower tract. Accessory organs include the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically as it moves through the tract. The small intestine absorbs most nutrients before waste moves to the large intestine and is eliminated. Nursing assessment of GI patients involves obtaining a detailed health history and performing a physical exam of the abdomen. Various diagnostic tests can evaluate the GI system.
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The document summarizes the human digestive system. It describes the mouth, which contains teeth for breaking down food and salivary glands that secrete saliva containing the enzyme amylase. The esophagus transports food to the stomach through peristalsis. The stomach contains acids and enzymes that partially digest food. The small intestine further digests food through enzymes from the pancreas, liver, and intestine itself. Digested nutrients are then absorbed through the small intestine walls. The large intestine absorbs water from undigested waste before it is expelled through the anus.
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The document provides information about the human digestive system. It describes the main functions of digestion as ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. It then outlines the key parts of the digestive tract including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. For each part, it describes their role in mechanical and chemical breakdown of food as well as absorption of nutrients. The document also discusses digestive disorders like ulcers, constipation, diarrhea, and appendicitis that can disrupt the normal functioning of the digestive system.
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• The fundus is the rounded area that lies to the left of the cardia and
below the diaphragm.
• The body is the largest and main part of the stomach. This is where
food is mixed and starts to break down
Different types of digestive system in animals.pdf
Ruminant stomachs have four compartments: the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum. Rumen microbes ferment feed and produce volatile fatty acids, which is the cow's main energy source. Rumen microbes also produce B vitamins, vitamin K and amino acids.
RUMINANTS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.pdf
Ruminant stomachs have four compartments: the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum. Rumen microbes ferment feed and produce volatile fatty acids, which is the cow's main energy source. Rumen microbes also produce B vitamins, vitamin K and amino acids.
Reproductive endocrinology.pdf
The process of reproduction begins with copulation, which is
the mating of a male and female of the species.
•Sperm cells from the male are deposited in the female
reproductive tract and try to unite with an egg cell.
•When fertilization (a sperm cell and egg cell unite) occurs, an
embryo begins to develop.
•The embryo attaches to the wall of the uterus where it is
protected, receives nourishment, and develops.
•When the new offspring reaches the end of the gestation
period, it is delivered from the female reproductive tract in
a process called parturition.
•To completely understand the process of reproduction, a
basic knowledge of the reproductive tract structures and
functions is required
Adrenal Glands.pdf
The adrenal glands produce a variety of hormones and are located above the kidneys. Each gland contains two parts - the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids such as cortisol and aldosterone. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine which increase heart rate and blood pressure during fight or flight responses. Diseases can occur if the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones, such as Addison's disease, or produce too much, like Cushing's syndrome.
Parathyroid Gland Physiology.pdf
The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck of humans and other tetrapods that produce parathyroid hormone.
positioned behind the left and right lobes of the thyroid.
The size of the gland ranges from 2-7 mm .
Two unique types of cells are present in the parathyroid gland:
Chief cells :which synthesise and release parathyroid hormone.
Oxyphil cells: which are lighter in appearance and increase in number with age,have an unknown function
PANCREASE PHYSIOLOGY.pdf
The pancreas arises from the embryonic foregut.
a.The EXOCRINE:pancreas excretes enzymes and bicarbonate to the duodenum.
b.The ENDOCRINE pancrease secretes hormones to the circulation.
Acinar cells (forming most of the pancreas) have Exocrine function
Secrete digestive enzymes
Islet cells (of Langerhans) have Endocrine function.
Blood glucose must be tightly regulated
Normally, insulin and glucagon work together to ensure it is
Problems arise when this regulation fails
Thyriod Gland .pdf
Thyroid gland is located at anterior portion of neck on trachea just inferior to larynx
Consisting of Two lateral lobes and an isthmus
Produces three hormones
Thyroid hormone: tyrosine based with 3 or 4 iodine molecules
T4 tetraiodothyronine (T4; usually called thyroxine)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin involved with calcium and phosphorus metabolism .
Pituitary Gland.pdf
TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone
ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone
LH: luteinizing hormone
GH: growth hormone
PRL: prolactin
MSH: melanocyte-stimulating hormone
NOTE: THEY ALL (6) ARE RELEASED FROM ANTERIOR PITUITARY
ADH: antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
NOTE: THESE TWO ABOVE HORMONES ARE RELEASED FROM POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Introduction to Endocrinology
The study of endocrine system, and their role in the physiology of the body .
Endocrine--endo means within. This is a system which controls body function through hormones.
Endocrine System is composed of a number of glands.
The endocrine system includes the organs of the body that secrete hormones directly into body fluids such as blood
Regulates chemical reaction in cells and therefore control functions of the organs, tissues, and other cells
Endocrine glands are ductless glands comprised of endocrine cells.
This means that these glands do not have ducts that lead to the outside of the body.
For example, sweat glands are NOT endocrine glands (they are instead exocrine glands) because sweat glands have ducts that lead to the outside surface of your skin (that’s how the sweat gets out).
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- 1. Terminology related to animal digestion By Dr iqra bano chandio
- 2. The process by which large complex nutrient molecules are broken down into simpler molecules capable of being used by the organism for food.
- 3. Absorption •Absorption is the taking of the digested parts of the feed into the bloodstream.
- 4. MONOGASTRIC DIGESTIVE SYSTEM •A monogastric digestive system has one simple stomach.
- 5. AVIAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM •The avian digestive system is found in poultry. • This system differs greatly from any other type. Since poultry do not have teeth, there is no chewing.
- 7. The crop •The crop is where the food is stored and soaked. •Food then moves from the crop to the proventriculus.
- 8. The proventriculus •The proventriculus is the stomach in a bird, where gastric enzymes and hydrochloric acid are secreted.
- 9. The gizzard •From the proventriculus, the food makes its way to the gizzard. • The gizzard is a very muscular organ, which normally contains grit or stones that function like teeth to grind the food.
- 10. Secretin • It is in the duodenum and signals the secretion of sodium bicarbonate in the pancreas and it stimulates the bile secretion in the liver.
- 11. Gastrin • It is in the stomach and stimulates the gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen (an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin) and hydrochloric acid.
- 12. Cholecystokinin • (CCK) - is in the duodenum and stimulates the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and stimulates the emptying of bile in the gall bladder.
- 13. Bolus •Food in mouth is called bolus.
- 14. Chyme Food in stomach is called chyme
- 15. Bloat •A distention of the rumen or the large colon by gases or fermentation.
- 18. Rumination •The process of regurgitating previously eaten feed, reswallowing the liquids, and rechewing the solids (cud).
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