Physiology of pregnancy.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•457 views
The document summarizes several key physiological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. It discusses changes to the cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal systems. It also covers metabolic changes, weight gain, hormonal changes, and intrauterine physiology and circulation. The stages of labor and lactation are briefly outlined as well. In summary, the document provides an overview of the many adaptations a woman's body undergoes to support the growing fetus during pregnancy.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is the series of changes that occur in a woman's reproductive system, under the control of hormones. It typically lasts around 28 days and has three phases: the menstrual phase where the uterine lining sheds, the proliferative phase where the lining grows under rising estrogen, and the secretory phase where progesterone rises and peaks at ovulation, after which the cycle begins again if conception does not occur. The cycle is essential for reproduction and generally begins at menarche in early teenage years before ending at menopause in middle age.
Menstrual cycle
The document discusses the female menstrual cycle. It begins at menarche around age 12-15 and ends at menopause around age 45-50. The typical cycle is 28 days and consists of two phases - the follicular phase where an ovarian follicle matures and is released during ovulation on day 14, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms. Hormonal changes in the ovaries, uterus, vagina and cervix occur under the influence of hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The cycle regulates female reproductive functions and prepares the body for potential pregnancy each month.
Anatomy of female reproductive organs
The female reproductive system has external and internal organs that work together for reproduction. The external organs include the vulva, which contains the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening. The internal organs include the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and cervix. During ovulation, an egg travels from the ovaries to the uterus through the fallopian tubes. If fertilized by sperm, it may implant in the uterus. The placenta then develops to nourish an embryo. Hormones regulate the menstrual cycle of the uterine lining shedding if no implantation occurs.
The menstrual cycle
The female reproductive cycle, also known as the menstrual cycle, occurs regularly in fertile women and involves changes in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, and endometrium. The average cycle is 28 days and includes the menstrual, proliferative, ovulatory, and secretory phases. During the cycle, levels of hormones like estrogen and progesterone rise and fall, regulating the thickening and shedding of the uterine lining. If pregnancy does not occur, menstruation begins and the cycle repeats.
The second stage of labour
The document discusses the transitional period between the first and second stages of labor. It describes the physiological changes that occur as contractions become stronger and the cervix fully dilates. These include restlessness in the mother, rupture of membranes, and urges to push. As the fetal head descends, it displaces soft tissues in the pelvis. Several signs like expulsive contractions and appearance of the presenting part indicate transition to the active second stage of labor, but can only be confirmed by vaginal examination.
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle involves cyclic changes in the ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina over approximately 28 days. It begins at menarche and consists of two phases - the follicular phase where an ovarian follicle develops and ovulation occurs, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms. If pregnancy does not occur, the thickened uterine lining is shed through menstruation marking the start of a new cycle. The cycle involves changes in hormone levels, the development and breakdown of tissues, and variations in the cervix and vaginal environment to prepare for potential pregnancy.
Placenta.ppt
The placenta is a temporary organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby and removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta can develop in different areas of the uterus and begins forming early in pregnancy. The placenta grows throughout pregnancy as the maternal and fetal blood supplies develop. Potential placental pathologies include placenta accreta, placenta previa, and placental abruption.
Physiology of the female reproductive system
The female reproductive system undergoes regular physiological changes throughout a woman's life. These include the neonatal period at birth, childhood, puberty which begins around age 12, sexual maturation around 18, perimenopause around age 40, and postmenopause. The ovarian and uterine cycles are regulated by hormones in a monthly cycle. The ovarian cycle involves follicular development and ovulation, regulated by FSH and LH, while the uterine cycle involves proliferative and secretory changes in the endometrium in response to estrogen and progesterone. Other reproductive organs like the cervix and vagina also undergo cyclical changes related to hormone levels.
Recommended
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is the series of changes that occur in a woman's reproductive system, under the control of hormones. It typically lasts around 28 days and has three phases: the menstrual phase where the uterine lining sheds, the proliferative phase where the lining grows under rising estrogen, and the secretory phase where progesterone rises and peaks at ovulation, after which the cycle begins again if conception does not occur. The cycle is essential for reproduction and generally begins at menarche in early teenage years before ending at menopause in middle age.
Menstrual cycle
The document discusses the female menstrual cycle. It begins at menarche around age 12-15 and ends at menopause around age 45-50. The typical cycle is 28 days and consists of two phases - the follicular phase where an ovarian follicle matures and is released during ovulation on day 14, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms. Hormonal changes in the ovaries, uterus, vagina and cervix occur under the influence of hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The cycle regulates female reproductive functions and prepares the body for potential pregnancy each month.
Anatomy of female reproductive organs
The female reproductive system has external and internal organs that work together for reproduction. The external organs include the vulva, which contains the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening. The internal organs include the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and cervix. During ovulation, an egg travels from the ovaries to the uterus through the fallopian tubes. If fertilized by sperm, it may implant in the uterus. The placenta then develops to nourish an embryo. Hormones regulate the menstrual cycle of the uterine lining shedding if no implantation occurs.
The menstrual cycle
The female reproductive cycle, also known as the menstrual cycle, occurs regularly in fertile women and involves changes in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, and endometrium. The average cycle is 28 days and includes the menstrual, proliferative, ovulatory, and secretory phases. During the cycle, levels of hormones like estrogen and progesterone rise and fall, regulating the thickening and shedding of the uterine lining. If pregnancy does not occur, menstruation begins and the cycle repeats.
The second stage of labour
The document discusses the transitional period between the first and second stages of labor. It describes the physiological changes that occur as contractions become stronger and the cervix fully dilates. These include restlessness in the mother, rupture of membranes, and urges to push. As the fetal head descends, it displaces soft tissues in the pelvis. Several signs like expulsive contractions and appearance of the presenting part indicate transition to the active second stage of labor, but can only be confirmed by vaginal examination.
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle involves cyclic changes in the ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina over approximately 28 days. It begins at menarche and consists of two phases - the follicular phase where an ovarian follicle develops and ovulation occurs, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms. If pregnancy does not occur, the thickened uterine lining is shed through menstruation marking the start of a new cycle. The cycle involves changes in hormone levels, the development and breakdown of tissues, and variations in the cervix and vaginal environment to prepare for potential pregnancy.
Placenta.ppt
The placenta is a temporary organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby and removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta can develop in different areas of the uterus and begins forming early in pregnancy. The placenta grows throughout pregnancy as the maternal and fetal blood supplies develop. Potential placental pathologies include placenta accreta, placenta previa, and placental abruption.
Physiology of the female reproductive system
The female reproductive system undergoes regular physiological changes throughout a woman's life. These include the neonatal period at birth, childhood, puberty which begins around age 12, sexual maturation around 18, perimenopause around age 40, and postmenopause. The ovarian and uterine cycles are regulated by hormones in a monthly cycle. The ovarian cycle involves follicular development and ovulation, regulated by FSH and LH, while the uterine cycle involves proliferative and secretory changes in the endometrium in response to estrogen and progesterone. Other reproductive organs like the cervix and vagina also undergo cyclical changes related to hormone levels.
The female reproductive system
The female reproductive system has internal and external genitalia. The internal genitalia include the ovaries, which produce eggs and hormones, and the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina, which transport eggs and a fetus. The ovaries and uterus have three layers - outer, middle, and inner - and undergo changes controlled by hormones to release eggs and support pregnancy. The external genitalia include the vulva and sex organs that receive sperm and allow childbirth.
Menstrual cycle.pptx
The menstrual cycle occurs roughly every 28 days in fertile women and involves changes controlled by hormones. It includes menstruation where the uterine lining sheds, the follicular phase where an egg develops and estrogen rises, ovulation where an egg is released, and the luteal phase where progesterone rises in preparation for potential pregnancy. These precise hormonal changes are necessary for reproduction and involve the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, and uterus.
Menstrual cycle
DEFINITION OR MEANING OF MENSTRUAL (REPRODUCTIVE) CYCLE:-
Menstruation (Greek word, men-month) is monthly uterine bleeding out flowing through vagina into vulva for 4-5 days every 28 days (24-35 days)during reproductive life of a woman from menarche to menopause.
The Menstrual cycle of 28 days starts on day of onset of menstruation and ends at day 28 on start of next mens.
The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place concurrently in the ovaries and uterine lining, stimulated by changes in blood concentration of hormones.
Physiology of The Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle is regulated by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. It typically lasts 28 days and has two phases: the follicular phase where an egg is recruited and develops prior to ovulation on day 14, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus if pregnancy occurs. If implantation does not happen, progesterone and estrogen levels fall causing menstruation. The endometrium thickens and breaks down cyclically in response to changing hormone levels throughout the cycle.
Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle involves changes in the ovaries and uterus driven by hormones. It begins at menarche and typically repeats every 21-35 days until menopause. Each cycle can be divided into the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase. During the follicular phase, FSH stimulates follicle growth and estrogen production. Ovulation occurs when an LH surge causes an egg to be released. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone to thicken the uterine lining if implantation occurs. If not, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins, restarting the cycle.
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle describes the monthly changes women's bodies go through from the start of menstruation to ovulation and then back to menstruation. It involves both ovarian and uterine cycles controlled by hormones. The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase where an egg develops and is released at ovulation, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms. The uterine cycle involves changes to the endometrium driven by hormones, from proliferation to secretion to menstruation. Key events include the development and rupture of the ovarian follicle, formation and regression of the corpus luteum, and shedding of the uterine lining if implantation does not occur.
Fetal circulation
The document discusses fetal circulation. By 3 months, the major blood vessels are present and functioning. In the umbilical circulation, the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta while the umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. The placenta facilitates gas and nutrient exchange between maternal and fetal blood without mixing of the blood. In fetal circulation, blood is shunted from the right atrium to the left atrium through the foramen ovale and from the right ventricle to the aorta through the ductus arteriosus, bypassing the lungs. At birth, changes initiate with breathing and the foramen ovale
Edd calculation techniques
The estimated due date (EDD or EDC) is the date that spontaneous onset of labor is expected to occur. The due date may be estimated by adding 280 days ( 9 months and 7 days) to the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP). This is the method used by "pregnancy wheels"
Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy by Sunil Kumar Daha
Please find the power point on Sign and Symptoms of Pregnancy. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SURESH BABU EMANDI DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY Vikas Institute of Pharmaceutical scienes
The document provides information about the digestive system. It discusses the functions and components of the digestive system, including the mouth, salivary glands, stomach, and small and large intestines. It describes how the digestive system breaks down food into smaller particles for absorption and removal of waste. The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs that secrete enzymes to aid in digestion.Physiological changes during pregnancy
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
Deepa Mishra
Assistant Professor (OBG)
Pregnancy
Pregnancy usually occurs during 15-44 yrs of a woman.
Duration of pregnancy from LMP is 280 days or 40 weeks or 9 months and 7 days
Three trimester-
1st Trimester -0 -12 weeks
2nd trimester – 13-28 weeks
3rd trimester -29-40 weeks s
Physiological changes
Reproductive system
Hematological and Cardiovascular changes
Respiratory, Acid base balance, electrolyte changes
Urinary changes
GI changes
Metabolic changes
Skeletal and neurological changes
Skin changes
Endocrinal changes
Psychological changes
The menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is the series of changes that occur in a woman's reproductive system in preparation for pregnancy. It is controlled by hormones and typically lasts around 28 days, though the length can vary. The cycle involves three phases - the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases. During ovulation, an egg is released from the ovaries if pregnancy does not occur. The cycle then repeats each month until menopause, which usually occurs between ages 45-55.
The menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle involves four main phases:
1) Menstruation - the shedding of the uterine lining over 3-7 days.
2) The follicular phase - development of follicles and eggs stimulated by FSH until ovulation around day 14.
3) Ovulation - release of a mature egg around day 14.
4) The luteal phase - the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone and estrogen to thicken the uterine lining to prepare for potential implantation until menstruation begins again if implantation does not occur.
Pancreas.ppt
The pancreas is a J-shaped gland located behind the stomach that contains both exocrine and endocrine tissues. The exocrine tissues secrete digestive enzymes, while the endocrine tissues contain clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans. The main islet cell types are alpha cells which secrete glucagon, and beta cells which secrete insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells and inhibiting glucose production. Diabetes mellitus occurs when insulin production or function is inadequate, leading to high blood glucose levels. The two main types are type 1 caused by beta cell deficiency, and type 2 caused by insulin resistance.
Physiology of Menstrual Cycle.
These notes describes menstrual cycle changes includes endocrine changes, endometrial wall changes and changes follicles inside ovary.
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system comprises primary sex organs like the ovaries and accessory sex organs like the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. The ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones, while the accessory organs support reproduction. The uterus has three layers and is divided into the body and cervix. It is located between the bladder and rectum. The vagina is lined with mucous membrane and connects the cervix to the outside. The ovaries contain follicles that produce eggs and hormones to regulate the menstrual cycle.
Unit v physiology of mensturation
The document discusses the physiology of the menstrual cycle. It begins with an introduction to menstruation and the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis that regulates the cycle. It then describes the three phases of the ovarian cycle (follicular, ovulatory, luteal) and the corresponding four phases of the uterine cycle (menstrual, proliferative, secretory, ischemic). It also discusses cervical mucus changes, abnormalities in menstruation, and some comfort measures during menstruation.
Functions of Loop of Henle
Loop of Henle with its complex anatomy and even more complicated physiology has long remained an enigma to researchers all around the world. Here we discuss about the functional anatomy and the transport characteristics of Loop of Henle.
Physiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancy include increased blood volume, cardiac output, and respiration. The uterus grows significantly to accommodate the fetus, while other systems like renal and endocrine adapt to support the demands of pregnancy. Diagnosis involves tests to detect hCG in urine or blood from very early pregnancy, and ultrasound to visualize the developing fetus.
Menstrual cycle
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.
Physiological changes during pregnancy
Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations during pregnancy that a woman's body undergoes to accommodate the growing embryo or fetus. ... The pregnant woman and the placenta also produce many other hormones that have a broad range of effects during the pregnancy.
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptx
Physiological and Psychological changes during pregnancy
The document discusses the extensive anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes that occur throughout a woman's body during pregnancy. These changes prepare the mother's body to support the growing fetus and include increases in blood volume, cardiovascular function, temperature regulation, kidney and liver function, as well as changes in the skin, reproductive organs, breasts, and other systems. The purpose of these changes is to create a healthy environment for fetal development without compromising the mother's health.
More Related Content
What's hot
The female reproductive system
The female reproductive system has internal and external genitalia. The internal genitalia include the ovaries, which produce eggs and hormones, and the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina, which transport eggs and a fetus. The ovaries and uterus have three layers - outer, middle, and inner - and undergo changes controlled by hormones to release eggs and support pregnancy. The external genitalia include the vulva and sex organs that receive sperm and allow childbirth.
Menstrual cycle.pptx
The menstrual cycle occurs roughly every 28 days in fertile women and involves changes controlled by hormones. It includes menstruation where the uterine lining sheds, the follicular phase where an egg develops and estrogen rises, ovulation where an egg is released, and the luteal phase where progesterone rises in preparation for potential pregnancy. These precise hormonal changes are necessary for reproduction and involve the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, and uterus.
Menstrual cycle
DEFINITION OR MEANING OF MENSTRUAL (REPRODUCTIVE) CYCLE:-
Menstruation (Greek word, men-month) is monthly uterine bleeding out flowing through vagina into vulva for 4-5 days every 28 days (24-35 days)during reproductive life of a woman from menarche to menopause.
The Menstrual cycle of 28 days starts on day of onset of menstruation and ends at day 28 on start of next mens.
The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place concurrently in the ovaries and uterine lining, stimulated by changes in blood concentration of hormones.
Physiology of The Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle is regulated by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. It typically lasts 28 days and has two phases: the follicular phase where an egg is recruited and develops prior to ovulation on day 14, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus if pregnancy occurs. If implantation does not happen, progesterone and estrogen levels fall causing menstruation. The endometrium thickens and breaks down cyclically in response to changing hormone levels throughout the cycle.
Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle involves changes in the ovaries and uterus driven by hormones. It begins at menarche and typically repeats every 21-35 days until menopause. Each cycle can be divided into the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase. During the follicular phase, FSH stimulates follicle growth and estrogen production. Ovulation occurs when an LH surge causes an egg to be released. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone to thicken the uterine lining if implantation occurs. If not, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins, restarting the cycle.
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle describes the monthly changes women's bodies go through from the start of menstruation to ovulation and then back to menstruation. It involves both ovarian and uterine cycles controlled by hormones. The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase where an egg develops and is released at ovulation, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms. The uterine cycle involves changes to the endometrium driven by hormones, from proliferation to secretion to menstruation. Key events include the development and rupture of the ovarian follicle, formation and regression of the corpus luteum, and shedding of the uterine lining if implantation does not occur.
Fetal circulation
The document discusses fetal circulation. By 3 months, the major blood vessels are present and functioning. In the umbilical circulation, the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta while the umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. The placenta facilitates gas and nutrient exchange between maternal and fetal blood without mixing of the blood. In fetal circulation, blood is shunted from the right atrium to the left atrium through the foramen ovale and from the right ventricle to the aorta through the ductus arteriosus, bypassing the lungs. At birth, changes initiate with breathing and the foramen ovale
Edd calculation techniques
The estimated due date (EDD or EDC) is the date that spontaneous onset of labor is expected to occur. The due date may be estimated by adding 280 days ( 9 months and 7 days) to the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP). This is the method used by "pregnancy wheels"
Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy by Sunil Kumar Daha
Please find the power point on Sign and Symptoms of Pregnancy. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SURESH BABU EMANDI DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY Vikas Institute of Pharmaceutical scienes
The document provides information about the digestive system. It discusses the functions and components of the digestive system, including the mouth, salivary glands, stomach, and small and large intestines. It describes how the digestive system breaks down food into smaller particles for absorption and removal of waste. The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs that secrete enzymes to aid in digestion.Physiological changes during pregnancy
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
Deepa Mishra
Assistant Professor (OBG)
Pregnancy
Pregnancy usually occurs during 15-44 yrs of a woman.
Duration of pregnancy from LMP is 280 days or 40 weeks or 9 months and 7 days
Three trimester-
1st Trimester -0 -12 weeks
2nd trimester – 13-28 weeks
3rd trimester -29-40 weeks s
Physiological changes
Reproductive system
Hematological and Cardiovascular changes
Respiratory, Acid base balance, electrolyte changes
Urinary changes
GI changes
Metabolic changes
Skeletal and neurological changes
Skin changes
Endocrinal changes
Psychological changes
The menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is the series of changes that occur in a woman's reproductive system in preparation for pregnancy. It is controlled by hormones and typically lasts around 28 days, though the length can vary. The cycle involves three phases - the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases. During ovulation, an egg is released from the ovaries if pregnancy does not occur. The cycle then repeats each month until menopause, which usually occurs between ages 45-55.
The menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle involves four main phases:
1) Menstruation - the shedding of the uterine lining over 3-7 days.
2) The follicular phase - development of follicles and eggs stimulated by FSH until ovulation around day 14.
3) Ovulation - release of a mature egg around day 14.
4) The luteal phase - the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone and estrogen to thicken the uterine lining to prepare for potential implantation until menstruation begins again if implantation does not occur.
Pancreas.ppt
The pancreas is a J-shaped gland located behind the stomach that contains both exocrine and endocrine tissues. The exocrine tissues secrete digestive enzymes, while the endocrine tissues contain clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans. The main islet cell types are alpha cells which secrete glucagon, and beta cells which secrete insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells and inhibiting glucose production. Diabetes mellitus occurs when insulin production or function is inadequate, leading to high blood glucose levels. The two main types are type 1 caused by beta cell deficiency, and type 2 caused by insulin resistance.
Physiology of Menstrual Cycle.
These notes describes menstrual cycle changes includes endocrine changes, endometrial wall changes and changes follicles inside ovary.
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system comprises primary sex organs like the ovaries and accessory sex organs like the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. The ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones, while the accessory organs support reproduction. The uterus has three layers and is divided into the body and cervix. It is located between the bladder and rectum. The vagina is lined with mucous membrane and connects the cervix to the outside. The ovaries contain follicles that produce eggs and hormones to regulate the menstrual cycle.
Unit v physiology of mensturation
The document discusses the physiology of the menstrual cycle. It begins with an introduction to menstruation and the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis that regulates the cycle. It then describes the three phases of the ovarian cycle (follicular, ovulatory, luteal) and the corresponding four phases of the uterine cycle (menstrual, proliferative, secretory, ischemic). It also discusses cervical mucus changes, abnormalities in menstruation, and some comfort measures during menstruation.
Functions of Loop of Henle
Loop of Henle with its complex anatomy and even more complicated physiology has long remained an enigma to researchers all around the world. Here we discuss about the functional anatomy and the transport characteristics of Loop of Henle.
Physiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancy include increased blood volume, cardiac output, and respiration. The uterus grows significantly to accommodate the fetus, while other systems like renal and endocrine adapt to support the demands of pregnancy. Diagnosis involves tests to detect hCG in urine or blood from very early pregnancy, and ultrasound to visualize the developing fetus.
Menstrual cycle
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.
What's hot (20)
Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy by Sunil Kumar Daha
Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy by Sunil Kumar Daha
Similar to Physiology of pregnancy.pptx
Physiological changes during pregnancy
Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations during pregnancy that a woman's body undergoes to accommodate the growing embryo or fetus. ... The pregnant woman and the placenta also produce many other hormones that have a broad range of effects during the pregnancy.
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptx
Physiological and Psychological changes during pregnancy
The document discusses the extensive anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes that occur throughout a woman's body during pregnancy. These changes prepare the mother's body to support the growing fetus and include increases in blood volume, cardiovascular function, temperature regulation, kidney and liver function, as well as changes in the skin, reproductive organs, breasts, and other systems. The purpose of these changes is to create a healthy environment for fetal development without compromising the mother's health.
2. Physiological changes of pregnancy.ppt
Physiological changes of pregnancy involve changes to support fetal growth. The uterus expands greatly to accommodate the fetus. Other anatomical changes include increased blood volume, softening of ligaments, and breast enlargement. Metabolic changes store fat and protein for the fetus. Cardiovascular changes increase blood volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure. Respiratory changes elevate the diaphragm and increase ventilation. Renal changes increase creatinine clearance. Hormonal changes, like increased progesterone and estrogen, induce these anatomical, metabolic, and physiological adaptations in the mother.
Maternal anatomical, physiological and biomechanical changes during pregnancy
Maternal anatomical, physiological and biomechanical changes during pregnancySouth Valley University, Egypt and Queen's University, Ontario
Pregnancy causes many anatomical, physiological, and biomechanical changes in the body to support fetal development and birth. The uterus grows enormously over the course of pregnancy. Other systems like cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems also adapt to support increased demands on the mother. Hormonal changes induce physical changes in breasts, skin, ligaments and other tissues. Proper understanding of normal pregnancy changes helps healthcare providers manage common issues and risks.maternal adaptation during pregnancy
The document summarizes the anatomical, physiological, and psychological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. Key changes include increased size and blood flow to the uterus and breasts to support fetal growth. The hormonal changes of pregnancy impact many body systems like increasing blood volume, cardiac output, and metabolism. These adaptations enable the mother's body to nurture the fetus throughout gestation and support labor and lactation after delivery.
the discussion of the puerperium period.
The document discusses various anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the mother's body during the postpartum period known as the puerperium. It lasts between 4 to 6 weeks as the body returns to a non-pregnant state. This involves the involution of the uterus, cervix, breasts, ovaries, endometrium, and vagina. The uterus decreases in size, the cervix closes, lochia discharge occurs, and the breasts undergo mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactopoiesis, and galactokinesis to allow for breastfeeding. Keeping the mother and newborn together for 24 hours has benefits like promoting breastfeeding and protecting the infant's health.
Physiological changes in puerperium
Puerperium is the period following childbirth during which the body tissues, specially the pelvic organs revert back approximately to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and physiologically. puerperium begins as soon as the placenta is expelled and lasts for approximately 6 weeks when the uterus becomes regressed almost to the non-pregnant size.
Ob
The document provides an overview of physiological changes during pregnancy presented by Alemyehu T. It describes changes in various body systems including increased blood volume, cardiac output and relaxed smooth muscles. Key stages of development are defined, from fertilization to implantation of the embryo. Major organ changes are also summarized such as uterine enlargement and breast development in preparation for lactation.
Normal pregnancy notes
This document provides an introduction to normal pregnancy, including common terms used, maternal physiological changes during pregnancy, signs of pregnancy, and psychological adaptation to pregnancy. It discusses topics such as gravida, para, gestational age calculations, changes to the reproductive, cardiovascular, respiratory and other body systems, presumptive, probable and positive signs of pregnancy, and the developmental tasks involved in psychologically adapting to pregnancy.
Normal pregnancy notes
This document provides an introduction to normal pregnancy, including common terms used, maternal physiological changes during pregnancy, signs of pregnancy, and psychological adaptation to pregnancy. It discusses topics such as gravida, para, gestational age calculations, changes to the reproductive, cardiovascular, respiratory and other body systems, presumptive, probable and positive signs of pregnancy, and the developmental tasks involved in psychologically adapting to pregnancy.
Physiological changes during pregnancy
During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The cardiovascular system works harder - blood volume, heart rate, and cardiac output increase. Respiration also increases to supply more oxygen to the mother and fetus. Hormonal changes driven by the placenta result in further physical adaptations like skin pigmentation and breast development. These changes help create a healthy environment for the baby to develop over the 9 months of pregnancy.
physiologicalchangesduringpregnancy-140423000811-phpapp02.pdf
During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The cardiovascular system works harder - blood volume, heart rate, and cardiac output increase. Respiration also increases to supply more oxygen to the mother and fetus. Hormonal changes driven by the placenta result in further physical adaptations like skin pigmentation and breast development. These changes help create a healthy environment for the baby to develop over the 9 months of pregnancy.
5.2 Physiological changes in the female reproductive system during pregnancy.pdf
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. Key changes include increased hormone levels that support development of the uterus and fetus. The uterus increases dramatically in size to house the growing fetus. Other systems like cardiovascular and respiratory systems adapt to support increased demands. Changes in other areas like breasts, skin, digestive and urinary systems help the body meet the needs of pregnancy and fetal development.
Pregnancy, early signs, stages and key physiologic changes presentation 4.pptx
The document summarizes key aspects of pregnancy including early signs, stages, and physiological changes. It is divided into three trimesters, with the first involving implantation and development of major organs. In the second trimester, the fetus grows substantially and develops body fat. The third trimester involves further growth and maturation of organs as the fetus settles into position. Physiological changes include increased blood volume, cardiac output, and renal function as well as gastrointestinal changes like nausea and constipation. The placenta facilitates nutrient exchange between mother and fetus.
PREGNANCY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES.pptx
During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The uterus grows enormously and its shape changes from globular to spherical. Other changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, skin and cutaneous changes, weight gain, respiratory alkalosis, and hormonal changes mediated by the placenta and pituitary gland. These changes help provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and prepare the body for childbirth.
Objective week 1 physiology of breast
This document discusses the physiology of the breast. It describes how estrogen and progesterone affect breast growth and development. During pregnancy, the breasts enlarge significantly as the ducts and lobules grow and branch in preparation for lactation. By the second trimester, the breasts begin to produce colostrum. After birth, prolactin levels rise dramatically to promote milk secretion from the acini. Oxytocin released during suckling causes the myoepithelial cells to contract and expel milk from the alveoli into the ducts. During menopause, the lobules recede leaving mostly ducts, adipose, and fibrous tissue behind.
Physiological effects gynae
Hormonal changes during pregnancy cause physiological changes in multiple body systems. Progesterone, estrogen, and relaxin are the three main hormones. They cause increased blood volume, uterine growth accommodating the fetus, softening of tissues, and postural changes. Specific effects include relaxation of smooth muscles, increased temperature and breathing rate, breast growth in preparation for lactation, skin pigmentation, and softening of joints. These changes help support the developing fetus and prepare the mother's body for childbirth and nursing.
The physiological changes of pregnancy
This document discusses the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy to promote maternal health and support fetal development. It covers changes in various body systems including the reproductive, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal, endocrine, integumentary, and musculoskeletal systems. Key changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, skin pigmentation, weight gain, and adaptations in organs and tissues to accommodate the growing fetus. The document provides information on signs and symptoms of pregnancy and details nutritional needs that increase to support the demands of pregnancy.
Anatomy and Physiologycal Changes During Pregnancy
The document discusses several changes to various body systems during pregnancy. The cardiovascular system experiences increased blood volume, cardiac output, and heart rate. The gastrointestinal system sees decreased motility and increased constipation. The respiratory system has elevated oxygen levels and increased breathing capacity. The endocrine system is significantly impacted by placental hormones like hCG, progesterone, estrogen, and human placental lactogen which regulate metabolism and fetal growth. The thyroid and adrenal glands also exhibit changes to meet increased demands.
Physiological changes during pregnancy
Physiological changes during pregnancy include changes in the genital organs, breasts, skin, abdomen, blood, metabolism, cardiovascular and urinary systems. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix and breasts enlarge and the blood volume increases significantly. Metabolism increases to support the growth of the fetus. The heart enlarges and cardiac output increases. Kidney function is enhanced and urinary frequency rises, especially later in pregnancy. Respiration is also impacted with higher oxygen needs.
Similar to Physiology of pregnancy.pptx (20)
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptx
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptx
Maternal anatomical, physiological and biomechanical changes during pregnancy
Maternal anatomical, physiological and biomechanical changes during pregnancy
physiologicalchangesduringpregnancy-140423000811-phpapp02.pdf
physiologicalchangesduringpregnancy-140423000811-phpapp02.pdf
5.2 Physiological changes in the female reproductive system during pregnancy.pdf
5.2 Physiological changes in the female reproductive system during pregnancy.pdf
Pregnancy, early signs, stages and key physiologic changes presentation 4.pptx
Pregnancy, early signs, stages and key physiologic changes presentation 4.pptx
Anatomy and Physiologycal Changes During Pregnancy
Anatomy and Physiologycal Changes During Pregnancy
More from AimiJii
POM vs OTC drugs
Difference between Over-the-counter drugs and prescribed medications.
Examples of OTC and POM.
FDA regualtion over OTC and POM.
legionella Pneumophila
History, transmission, pathogenesis, symptoms, treatment and prevention of disease caused by legionella pneumophila bacteria...
cholinergic agents.docx
Properties, dosage forms in ophthalmic preparations.
Action mechanisms, uses & adverse effects of cholinergic agents used in ophthalmic preparation..
E_learning.docx
Computers have revolutionized education by playing an important role in student career development and making lessons more interactive. Schools now teach basic computer and internet skills, allowing students to create presentations, drawings and documents. Computer use supports lesson delivery and communication. As the world modernizes rapidly, teachers use computers to manage grades, attendance and student data, creating presentations to make lessons more understandable. E-learning through digital devices and the internet allows learning anywhere with an internet connection, though it can increase laziness and distract students from their academic paths if non-educational content is accessed.
Obesity.pptx
The document discusses obesity, its causes and health risks. It states that obesity is caused by consuming more calories than the body can use, which are then stored as fat. Obesity is linked to many health conditions like heart disease and diabetes and is the second leading cause of preventable death in the US. While not a psychiatric disorder, obesity can manifest psychological symptoms like low self-esteem. The document recommends lifestyle changes like healthy eating, exercise and medications as ways to manage obesity. Surgery may also be considered for severe cases.
Peptic ulcer.pptx
Peptic ulcer is caused mainly by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin. Symptoms include abdominal pain and discomfort. Risk factors include smoking, alcohol, family history, and certain illnesses. Complications can include internal bleeding, perforation of the stomach wall, or gastric outlet obstruction. Treatment involves eradicating H. pylori with antibiotics if present, reducing NSAID use, and medications to reduce acid production and promote healing. Prevention focuses on healthy lifestyle habits and protecting against infections.
Cell structures.docx
The document summarizes the structures and functions of the major cell organelles. It describes the cytosol, cell membrane, nucleus, cell cytoskeleton, ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, transport vesicles, and secretory vesicles. The cell membrane forms the boundary of the cell and is selectively permeable. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls cell functions. Other organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus work together to synthesize proteins and modify other molecules. Vesicles like lysosomes and peroxisomes perform digestive and detoxification roles within the cell.
Computer Generations.docx
The document describes the five generations of computers from 1940 to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and consumed a lot of electricity. The second generation introduced transistors which decreased the electricity used. Each generation brought improvements like increased storage, decreased costs, improved user interfaces, faster operating speeds and processing power, and smaller sizes. The latest fifth generation is based on artificial intelligence and can process data at femtosecond speeds and trillions of instructions per second.
Sudan Medical Council.pptx
The Sudan Medical Council is the regulatory body that grants medical licenses in Sudan. It was established in 1955 and monitors medical practice in the country. Some of its key roles include establishing standards for medical education, providing training for new doctors, administering licensing exams, accrediting medical schools, and enforcing codes of conduct for doctors. It aims to protect public health and safety by ensuring high professional standards.
Renal System Anatomy
The renal system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The ureters then transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, where it is stored. When full, the bladder empties through the urethra, which exits the body. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the abdominal cavity that contain millions of nephrons to filter blood. The ureters are muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder is a hollow organ in the pelvis that expands as it fills with urine before emptying through the urethra.
Heat In Medicine
This document discusses the use of heat in medicine. Thermal therapy uses heat for pain relief and health benefits. Hyperthermia raises body temperature to make cancer cells more vulnerable to other treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. Thermal ablation uses high heat to destroy tumors and abnormal tissues. Hyperthermia is often used with chemotherapy and radiation therapy to increase their effectiveness by damaging cancer cells and improving drug delivery. Heat therapies can precisely target tumors while minimizing harm to normal tissues. They are used to treat various conditions like cancer, heart arrhythmias, varicose veins, and more. Maintaining normal body temperature is also important for recovery from surgery.
Networks
The document discusses computer networks and internet security. It defines local and wide area networks and explains how the internet connects both computers and people globally. It lists benefits of the internet like knowledge, communication, and shopping. The final section outlines some key aspects of internet security including access control to minimize unauthorized access, using anti-virus software to detect and prevent malware, and securing email accounts and content.
More from AimiJii (12)
Recently uploaded
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Fallopian tube blockage may cause female infertility. For treatment, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
NARCOTICS- POLICY AND PROCEDURES FOR ITS USE
This document outlines policies and procedures for handling narcotic and controlled drugs in NABH accredited hospitals.
MERCURY GROUP.BHMS.MATERIA MEDICA.HOMOEOPATHY
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
This quiz was conducted as a promotional event for the 2024 Annual Meet of Kerala Chapter of API.
More than 20 participants took part everyday !
Cervical Disc Arthroplasty ORSI 2024.pptx
Indication and installation of a mobile cervical disc prosthesis. Benefits of the PRODISC C VIVO mobile disc prosthesis (Centinel Spine)
Cosmetology and Trichology Courses at Kosmoderma Academy PRP (Hair), DR Growt...
Cosmetology and Trichology Courses at Kosmoderma Academy PRP (Hair), DR Growt...Kosmoderma Academy Of Aesthetic Medicine
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Recently uploaded (20)
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
Cosmetology and Trichology Courses at Kosmoderma Academy PRP (Hair), DR Growt...
Cosmetology and Trichology Courses at Kosmoderma Academy PRP (Hair), DR Growt...
Physiology of pregnancy.pptx
- 2. Maternal physiological changes are the adaptations during pregnancy that a woman’s body undergoes to accommodate growing embryo or fetus. CVS changes during pregnancy: Blood volume increases by 30-50% Decrease in Blood pressure in 1st and 2nd trimesters but return to normal in 3rd. Increase in cardiac output Normal = 2.5 L/min Full term = 7 L/min
- 3. Respiratory changes: • Increased oxygen cosumption. • Rate of breathing (breaths per minute) increases slightly. • Diaphragm rises 4cm, reducing lung capacity. Women may feel short of breath as pregnancy progresses Urinary System Changes: • Growing uterus pushes on your bladder. • Kidneys work harder to filter mother’s as well as fetus waste products and get rid of them in her urine. Metabolic changes: •Basal metabolic rate increasesby 15-20%. •Energy requirement doesn’t increase significantly during 1st or 2nd trimesters, but increase by around 200 kcal per day in the 3rd trimester.
- 4. Weight Gain: •Normal weight gain in pregnancy is 11.4- 15.9 kg. •Around 5kg is fetus, placenta, membranes and amniotic fluid. •Rest is maternal stores of fat and protein and increased intra- and extra- vascular volume. GIT Changes: • Slow emptying of stomach. • Slow movement of food through gut allowing increased nutrient absorption. Constipation is common Hormonal changes leading to mood swings in 1st trimester. By 2nd trimester, have fewer mood swings and more energy
- 5. Intrauterine physiology that allows the fetus to survive. Intrauterine circulation ▪ It is the circulatory system of a human fetus, often including the entire fetoplacental circulation which comprises the umbilical cord and the blood vessels within the placenta that carry fetal blood
- 6. Thus relies on the placenta as the organ of gas exchange, nutrition, metabolism, and excretion in the fetoplacental circulation
- 8. 3 Stages of Labor 1st stage: (longest stage lasting for 18 hrs) Starts with the contractions and cervix dilation and ends when the cervix is fully open. 2nd stage: (last for 1 hr) When baby is pushed through birth canal. 3rd stage: (shortest stage lasting for 30 mins) Ends with delivery of placenta. A physiological process during which the fetus, membranes, umbilical cord and placenta are expelled from the uterus
- 9. Three main phases of lactation: Mammogenesis: Process of growth and development of mammary gland in preparation for milk production Begins at puberty (due to exposure to estrogen) and is completed during 3rd trimester Lactogenesis: Stage 1: Initiating of milk production, occurring by mid pregnancy. Stage 2: Starts with copious milk production after delivery. Withdrawal of progesterone and high levels of prolactin, cortisol and insulin at parturition stimulate this stage. Stage 3 (Galactopoiesis): Is the maintenance of lactation once lactation has been established. Contributed by Prolactin and removal of accumulated milk. By:Syeda Aiman