Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes refractive power to focus on objects at different distances. It involves changes in the shape of the elastic lens, controlled by the ciliary muscle. The amplitude of accommodation declines with age as the lens loses elasticity, causing presbyopia. Accommodation is measured using methods like push-up and minus lens, which determine the near and far points of clear vision. The range between these points indicates how much accommodation is available. Accommodation abilities normally decline with age according to established formulas.
The document provides information on the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the lens. It discusses the lens's biconvex shape and ability to change shape to accommodate. The lens is divided into an anterior and posterior epithelium, cortex, and nucleus. It maintains transparency through organized fiber structure, hydration, and antioxidants. The lens focuses light and accommodates through changes in shape mediated by the ciliary body and zonules. Aging and various diseases can impact the lens's structure and function.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and microscopic structure of the retina. Key points include:
- The retina is a thin, delicate membrane lining the back of the eyeball. It contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) and neuronal layers.
- Gross anatomical regions include the optic disc, macula lutea, and peripheral retina. The macula contains the fovea centralis, which provides high-acuity central vision.
- Microscopically, the retina contains layers including the retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor outer and inner segments, plexiform layers, and ganglion cell layer.
- Rod and cone photoreceptors contain light-
The document provides information on the physiology and biochemistry of the cornea. It discusses the cornea's structure, composition, function, metabolism, wound healing, and factors that affect transparency. The cornea's layers are composed primarily of water, collagen, and proteoglycans. It maintains transparency through its regular stromal spacing and metabolic pumps that regulate hydration. The cornea relies on limbal stem cells and tight epithelial/endothelial barriers to replenish and prevent edema.
The retina is the light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye. It contains 10 layers including the retinal pigment epithelium, rods and cones, bipolar and ganglion cells. The retina is thinnest near the center and thickens toward the periphery. Key structures include the optic disc, macula with fovea for sharp central vision, and ora serrata marking the edge. The retina contains over 120 million light receptors and ganglion cells whose axons converge at the optic disc to form the optic nerve.
Vitreous humour
1. Vitreous Humour
2. General features Vitreous humour is an inert ,transparent , colourless, jellylike, hydrophilic gel that serves the optical functions and also acts as important supporting structures for the eyeball. The vitreous cavity is bounded by anteriorly by the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the retina Its weighs nearly 4g Vitreous is an extacellular material composed of approximately 99 per cent water
3. Structure The vitreous body is the largest and simplest connective tissue present as a single piece in the human body Divided into three parts- 1. The hyaloid layer or membrane 2. The cortical vitreous and 3. The medullary vitreous
1. Vitreous humour is the jelly-like substance that fills the vitreous cavity behind the lens. It is composed of 99% water along with collagen, hyaluronic acid, and other proteins.
2. The vitreous humour can be divided into three parts - the outer hyaloid layer, the cortical vitreous, and the medullary vitreous. It attaches to structures around the eye including the retina, lens, and optic disc.
3. The biochemical composition of the vitreous humour allows it to maintain a high level of transparency and act as a viscoelastic gel within the eye.
(1) Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes refractive power by altering the shape of the lens to focus on objects at different distances.
(2) Theories of accommodation include the relaxation theory of Helmholtz which proposes that contraction of the ciliary muscle relaxes the suspensory ligaments of the lens allowing it to take on a more spherical shape.
(3) Accommodative anomalies include decreased accommodation seen in presbyopia and other conditions, as well as increased accommodation seen in conditions like accommodative excess or spasm.
Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes refractive power to focus on objects at different distances. It involves changes in the shape of the elastic lens, controlled by the ciliary muscle. The amplitude of accommodation declines with age as the lens loses elasticity, causing presbyopia. Accommodation is measured using methods like push-up and minus lens, which determine the near and far points of clear vision. The range between these points indicates how much accommodation is available. Accommodation abilities normally decline with age according to established formulas.
The document provides information on the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the lens. It discusses the lens's biconvex shape and ability to change shape to accommodate. The lens is divided into an anterior and posterior epithelium, cortex, and nucleus. It maintains transparency through organized fiber structure, hydration, and antioxidants. The lens focuses light and accommodates through changes in shape mediated by the ciliary body and zonules. Aging and various diseases can impact the lens's structure and function.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and microscopic structure of the retina. Key points include:
- The retina is a thin, delicate membrane lining the back of the eyeball. It contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) and neuronal layers.
- Gross anatomical regions include the optic disc, macula lutea, and peripheral retina. The macula contains the fovea centralis, which provides high-acuity central vision.
- Microscopically, the retina contains layers including the retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor outer and inner segments, plexiform layers, and ganglion cell layer.
- Rod and cone photoreceptors contain light-
The document provides information on the physiology and biochemistry of the cornea. It discusses the cornea's structure, composition, function, metabolism, wound healing, and factors that affect transparency. The cornea's layers are composed primarily of water, collagen, and proteoglycans. It maintains transparency through its regular stromal spacing and metabolic pumps that regulate hydration. The cornea relies on limbal stem cells and tight epithelial/endothelial barriers to replenish and prevent edema.
The retina is the light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye. It contains 10 layers including the retinal pigment epithelium, rods and cones, bipolar and ganglion cells. The retina is thinnest near the center and thickens toward the periphery. Key structures include the optic disc, macula with fovea for sharp central vision, and ora serrata marking the edge. The retina contains over 120 million light receptors and ganglion cells whose axons converge at the optic disc to form the optic nerve.
Vitreous humour
1. Vitreous Humour
2. General features Vitreous humour is an inert ,transparent , colourless, jellylike, hydrophilic gel that serves the optical functions and also acts as important supporting structures for the eyeball. The vitreous cavity is bounded by anteriorly by the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the retina Its weighs nearly 4g Vitreous is an extacellular material composed of approximately 99 per cent water
3. Structure The vitreous body is the largest and simplest connective tissue present as a single piece in the human body Divided into three parts- 1. The hyaloid layer or membrane 2. The cortical vitreous and 3. The medullary vitreous
1. Vitreous humour is the jelly-like substance that fills the vitreous cavity behind the lens. It is composed of 99% water along with collagen, hyaluronic acid, and other proteins.
2. The vitreous humour can be divided into three parts - the outer hyaloid layer, the cortical vitreous, and the medullary vitreous. It attaches to structures around the eye including the retina, lens, and optic disc.
3. The biochemical composition of the vitreous humour allows it to maintain a high level of transparency and act as a viscoelastic gel within the eye.
(1) Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes refractive power by altering the shape of the lens to focus on objects at different distances.
(2) Theories of accommodation include the relaxation theory of Helmholtz which proposes that contraction of the ciliary muscle relaxes the suspensory ligaments of the lens allowing it to take on a more spherical shape.
(3) Accommodative anomalies include decreased accommodation seen in presbyopia and other conditions, as well as increased accommodation seen in conditions like accommodative excess or spasm.
The eye receives its blood supply from two vascular systems - the retinal vessels and the ciliary (uveal) vessels. The retinal vessels include the central retinal artery and vein, which arise from the ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal carotid artery. The ciliary vessels include the anterior and posterior ciliary arteries. Both systems anastomose to form circulations in the retina and choroid. The choroid has a dense capillary network called the choriocapillaris that supplies the outer retina. The retina and optic nerve have autoregulatory mechanisms to maintain constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure, while the choroid has limited autoregulation.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the lens. It discusses the position, dimensions, surfaces, parts and zones of the lens. It describes the biochemistry of the lens including its water, protein, amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid content. It explains the metabolic activities of the lens such as glucose metabolism and protein synthesis and breakdown. It discusses permeability, transport mechanisms and the role of various components in maintaining lens transparency.
The cornea serves important functions including refracting light and protecting the internal structures of the eye. It has three main layers - an outer epithelium, a thick central stroma containing collagen fibrils, and an inner endothelium. The stroma maintains corneal transparency through the precise arrangement of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans which regulate hydration. The endothelium actively pumps fluid out of the stroma to prevent edema. Corneal epithelial cells migrate to heal wounds, while stromal keratocytes proliferate and synthesize new matrix after injury. The cornea receives nutrients from the aqueous humor and tear film and has a high metabolic rate to sustain its functions.
Accommodation anomalies can occur due to various causes and present with different symptoms. Assessment involves dynamic retinoscopy and measuring accommodation amplitudes. Accommodative fatigue can result from overuse and be treated by correcting refractive errors and discussing visual hygiene. Presbyopia is age-related and treated with near vision correction. Other failures of accommodation include insufficiency, paralysis, spasm, and sustained accommodation, each with different etiologies, signs, and treatments.
This document discusses anomalies of accommodation, including diminished or deficient accommodation (presbyopia, cycloplegia, insufficiency), and increased accommodation (excessive accommodation, spasm). Presbyopia is an age-related decrease in accommodation due to hardening of the lens or weakening of the ciliary muscles. Treatment includes optical corrections like glasses or surgery. Insufficiency of accommodation can be due to premature lens sclerosis or ciliary muscle weakness from various systemic or local causes. Treatment addresses the underlying cause and includes near vision corrections. Excessive accommodation can occur in young hyperopes or myopes doing excessive near work, while spasm of accommodation is an abnormal excessive accommodation outside voluntary control.
1. Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes its refractive power to focus on objects at different distances. It occurs when the ciliary muscle contracts, allowing the lens to become more curved and powerful.
2. Accommodation has two components - physical accommodation involving the actual deformation of the lens, and physiological accommodation involving the contractile power of the ciliary muscle. Terminologies like far point, near point, and amplitude of accommodation are used to describe accommodation.
3. Accommodation is assessed using tests like RAF rule, pushup test, and dynamic retinoscopy to measure the near point, amplitude, and accommodative response respectively. Assessment of dynamic accommodation involves testing accommodative facility using
INTRODUCTIONThe clear fluid filling the space in front of the eyeball between lens and cornea.The aqueous humour supplies nutrition and removes waste from the clear structure in the anterior eye(cornea and lens)The balance between aqueous production and outflow determines the intraocular pressure.
INTRODUCTION
The clear fluid filling the space in front of the eyeball between lens and cornea.
The aqueous humour supplies nutrition and removes waste from the clear structure in the anterior eye(cornea and lens)
The balance between aqueous production and outflow determines the intraocular pressure.
The document summarizes the blood and nerve supply of the eye and optic nerve. It discusses the arterial supply which comes from branches of the internal and external carotid arteries. It then describes the specific branches like the central retinal artery and posterior ciliary arteries. It provides details on the venous drainage and nerve supply including the trigeminal, oculomotor, trochlear and abducent cranial nerves. In summary, it provides an overview of the arterial blood supply, venous drainage and cranial nerve innervation of the eye and optic nerve.
The document discusses various topics related to binocular vision and visual perception, including retinal correspondence, sensory fusion, motor fusion, retinal rivalry, stereopsis, monocular cues to depth perception, visual illusions, and abilities related to 3D vision. It provides explanations and examples of these topics, along with illustrations of various optical phenomena and visual illusions. It also discusses factors that can lead to mistakes in binocular single vision and conditions affecting 3D vision abilities.
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that transmits and focuses light. It has 3 main layers - an outer epithelial layer, a thick middle stromal layer made of collagen, and an inner single-cell endothelial layer. The cornea derives its strength and curvature from the orderly arrangement of collagen in the stroma. It remains transparent due to its regular structure without blood vessels and the deturgescent properties maintained by the endothelial pump. The cornea has a high metabolic rate powered by glucose and oxygen and is innervated by nerves for vision and protection.
This document discusses the blood supply of the eye. It begins by outlining the main arteries involved - the ophthalmic artery, cerebral arteries, circle of Willis, and external carotid artery. It then provides detailed descriptions of each artery's origin, course, branches and clinical significance as they relate to supplying structures of the eye. This includes descriptions of the central retinal artery and its branches within the retina, as well as the conjunctival and episcleral arteries. It also briefly discusses the arteries of the brain including the internal and vertebral arteries, basilar artery, and circle of Willis.
The eye is an adaptive optical system with various elements that light passes through. It includes the cornea, anterior chamber, iris and pupil, crystalline lens, and retina. The cornea provides around 43 diopters of focusing power and has a curved meniscus shape. The anterior chamber contains aqueous humor. The iris and pupil regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The crystalline lens provides around 15-18 diopters of power and changes shape to focus on near and far objects. The retina is a light-sensitive concave surface that allows for a wide field of view.
This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the aqueous humor in the eye. It discusses how aqueous humor is formed by the ciliary body primarily through ultrafiltration, active transport, and diffusion. It is then drained from the anterior chamber through two pathways - the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal (conventional outflow) and the suprachoroidal space (unconventional outflow). Factors that influence aqueous humor formation and outflow are also described.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the extraocular muscles. It discusses the seven extraocular muscles, which can be divided into two groups: muscles responsible for eye movement (the four recti muscles and two oblique muscles) and the levator palpebrae superioris muscle responsible for eyelid elevation. For each muscle, the document outlines their origin, insertion point, blood supply, size, relationships to surrounding structures, and innervation. The recti muscles originate from the annulus of Zinn, while the oblique muscles take an angular path to the eyeball.
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal apparatus. It discusses the following key points:
- The lacrimal apparatus includes the lacrimal gland and associated drainage system for tear production and transport.
- The main structures are the lacrimal gland, puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. Tears drain from the puncta through these structures and into the nose.
- The lacrimal gland secretes tears in response to sensory nerve stimulation. Contraction of surrounding muscles aids in drainage and prevents backflow through the puncta.
- Obstruction at any point can cause excess tearing (epiphora) by
This document summarizes the development and structure of the vitreous humor in the eye. It discusses how the vitreous develops in three stages - primitive, secondary, and tertiary vitreous - beginning in the first month of gestation. It describes the layers and parts of the vitreous, including the hyaloid layer, cortical vitreous, and central vitreous. It also outlines the attachments and zones of the vitreous within the eye.
This document summarizes research on accommodation presented to the Ophthalmology Department at Al-Azhar University. It defines accommodation as the eye's ability to change refractive power and focus on objects at different distances by altering the shape of the lens. The document discusses the mechanism of accommodation, theories around how it functions including Helmholtz's relaxation theory, and types of accommodation like tonic, proximal, and reflex accommodation. It also examines anomalies of accommodation such as presbyopia, insufficiency of accommodation, and their treatment.
The document discusses accommodation and the mechanism by which the eye changes its focal power to maintain a clear retinal image. It describes the theories of Helmholtz and Young which propose that accommodation occurs via a change in the shape of the lens. The key anatomical structures involved are the ciliary muscle, zonules, and lens capsule. Contraction of the ciliary muscle relaxes the zonules, allowing the elastic lens to become more rounded, increasing its refractive power. Several changes in ocular dimensions occur with accommodation. The process is controlled via parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the ciliary muscle. Accommodative ability declines with age.
The eye receives its blood supply from two vascular systems - the retinal vessels and the ciliary (uveal) vessels. The retinal vessels include the central retinal artery and vein, which arise from the ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal carotid artery. The ciliary vessels include the anterior and posterior ciliary arteries. Both systems anastomose to form circulations in the retina and choroid. The choroid has a dense capillary network called the choriocapillaris that supplies the outer retina. The retina and optic nerve have autoregulatory mechanisms to maintain constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure, while the choroid has limited autoregulation.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the lens. It discusses the position, dimensions, surfaces, parts and zones of the lens. It describes the biochemistry of the lens including its water, protein, amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid content. It explains the metabolic activities of the lens such as glucose metabolism and protein synthesis and breakdown. It discusses permeability, transport mechanisms and the role of various components in maintaining lens transparency.
The cornea serves important functions including refracting light and protecting the internal structures of the eye. It has three main layers - an outer epithelium, a thick central stroma containing collagen fibrils, and an inner endothelium. The stroma maintains corneal transparency through the precise arrangement of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans which regulate hydration. The endothelium actively pumps fluid out of the stroma to prevent edema. Corneal epithelial cells migrate to heal wounds, while stromal keratocytes proliferate and synthesize new matrix after injury. The cornea receives nutrients from the aqueous humor and tear film and has a high metabolic rate to sustain its functions.
Accommodation anomalies can occur due to various causes and present with different symptoms. Assessment involves dynamic retinoscopy and measuring accommodation amplitudes. Accommodative fatigue can result from overuse and be treated by correcting refractive errors and discussing visual hygiene. Presbyopia is age-related and treated with near vision correction. Other failures of accommodation include insufficiency, paralysis, spasm, and sustained accommodation, each with different etiologies, signs, and treatments.
This document discusses anomalies of accommodation, including diminished or deficient accommodation (presbyopia, cycloplegia, insufficiency), and increased accommodation (excessive accommodation, spasm). Presbyopia is an age-related decrease in accommodation due to hardening of the lens or weakening of the ciliary muscles. Treatment includes optical corrections like glasses or surgery. Insufficiency of accommodation can be due to premature lens sclerosis or ciliary muscle weakness from various systemic or local causes. Treatment addresses the underlying cause and includes near vision corrections. Excessive accommodation can occur in young hyperopes or myopes doing excessive near work, while spasm of accommodation is an abnormal excessive accommodation outside voluntary control.
1. Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes its refractive power to focus on objects at different distances. It occurs when the ciliary muscle contracts, allowing the lens to become more curved and powerful.
2. Accommodation has two components - physical accommodation involving the actual deformation of the lens, and physiological accommodation involving the contractile power of the ciliary muscle. Terminologies like far point, near point, and amplitude of accommodation are used to describe accommodation.
3. Accommodation is assessed using tests like RAF rule, pushup test, and dynamic retinoscopy to measure the near point, amplitude, and accommodative response respectively. Assessment of dynamic accommodation involves testing accommodative facility using
INTRODUCTIONThe clear fluid filling the space in front of the eyeball between lens and cornea.The aqueous humour supplies nutrition and removes waste from the clear structure in the anterior eye(cornea and lens)The balance between aqueous production and outflow determines the intraocular pressure.
INTRODUCTION
The clear fluid filling the space in front of the eyeball between lens and cornea.
The aqueous humour supplies nutrition and removes waste from the clear structure in the anterior eye(cornea and lens)
The balance between aqueous production and outflow determines the intraocular pressure.
The document summarizes the blood and nerve supply of the eye and optic nerve. It discusses the arterial supply which comes from branches of the internal and external carotid arteries. It then describes the specific branches like the central retinal artery and posterior ciliary arteries. It provides details on the venous drainage and nerve supply including the trigeminal, oculomotor, trochlear and abducent cranial nerves. In summary, it provides an overview of the arterial blood supply, venous drainage and cranial nerve innervation of the eye and optic nerve.
The document discusses various topics related to binocular vision and visual perception, including retinal correspondence, sensory fusion, motor fusion, retinal rivalry, stereopsis, monocular cues to depth perception, visual illusions, and abilities related to 3D vision. It provides explanations and examples of these topics, along with illustrations of various optical phenomena and visual illusions. It also discusses factors that can lead to mistakes in binocular single vision and conditions affecting 3D vision abilities.
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that transmits and focuses light. It has 3 main layers - an outer epithelial layer, a thick middle stromal layer made of collagen, and an inner single-cell endothelial layer. The cornea derives its strength and curvature from the orderly arrangement of collagen in the stroma. It remains transparent due to its regular structure without blood vessels and the deturgescent properties maintained by the endothelial pump. The cornea has a high metabolic rate powered by glucose and oxygen and is innervated by nerves for vision and protection.
This document discusses the blood supply of the eye. It begins by outlining the main arteries involved - the ophthalmic artery, cerebral arteries, circle of Willis, and external carotid artery. It then provides detailed descriptions of each artery's origin, course, branches and clinical significance as they relate to supplying structures of the eye. This includes descriptions of the central retinal artery and its branches within the retina, as well as the conjunctival and episcleral arteries. It also briefly discusses the arteries of the brain including the internal and vertebral arteries, basilar artery, and circle of Willis.
The eye is an adaptive optical system with various elements that light passes through. It includes the cornea, anterior chamber, iris and pupil, crystalline lens, and retina. The cornea provides around 43 diopters of focusing power and has a curved meniscus shape. The anterior chamber contains aqueous humor. The iris and pupil regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The crystalline lens provides around 15-18 diopters of power and changes shape to focus on near and far objects. The retina is a light-sensitive concave surface that allows for a wide field of view.
This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the aqueous humor in the eye. It discusses how aqueous humor is formed by the ciliary body primarily through ultrafiltration, active transport, and diffusion. It is then drained from the anterior chamber through two pathways - the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal (conventional outflow) and the suprachoroidal space (unconventional outflow). Factors that influence aqueous humor formation and outflow are also described.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the extraocular muscles. It discusses the seven extraocular muscles, which can be divided into two groups: muscles responsible for eye movement (the four recti muscles and two oblique muscles) and the levator palpebrae superioris muscle responsible for eyelid elevation. For each muscle, the document outlines their origin, insertion point, blood supply, size, relationships to surrounding structures, and innervation. The recti muscles originate from the annulus of Zinn, while the oblique muscles take an angular path to the eyeball.
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal apparatus. It discusses the following key points:
- The lacrimal apparatus includes the lacrimal gland and associated drainage system for tear production and transport.
- The main structures are the lacrimal gland, puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. Tears drain from the puncta through these structures and into the nose.
- The lacrimal gland secretes tears in response to sensory nerve stimulation. Contraction of surrounding muscles aids in drainage and prevents backflow through the puncta.
- Obstruction at any point can cause excess tearing (epiphora) by
This document summarizes the development and structure of the vitreous humor in the eye. It discusses how the vitreous develops in three stages - primitive, secondary, and tertiary vitreous - beginning in the first month of gestation. It describes the layers and parts of the vitreous, including the hyaloid layer, cortical vitreous, and central vitreous. It also outlines the attachments and zones of the vitreous within the eye.
This document summarizes research on accommodation presented to the Ophthalmology Department at Al-Azhar University. It defines accommodation as the eye's ability to change refractive power and focus on objects at different distances by altering the shape of the lens. The document discusses the mechanism of accommodation, theories around how it functions including Helmholtz's relaxation theory, and types of accommodation like tonic, proximal, and reflex accommodation. It also examines anomalies of accommodation such as presbyopia, insufficiency of accommodation, and their treatment.
The document discusses accommodation and the mechanism by which the eye changes its focal power to maintain a clear retinal image. It describes the theories of Helmholtz and Young which propose that accommodation occurs via a change in the shape of the lens. The key anatomical structures involved are the ciliary muscle, zonules, and lens capsule. Contraction of the ciliary muscle relaxes the zonules, allowing the elastic lens to become more rounded, increasing its refractive power. Several changes in ocular dimensions occur with accommodation. The process is controlled via parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the ciliary muscle. Accommodative ability declines with age.
The document discusses accommodation and its anomalies. It begins by explaining how accommodation allows the eye to focus on near objects by increasing the curvature of the crystalline lens. It then discusses components of accommodation including reflex, vergence, proximal, and tonic accommodation. Various conditions that can affect accommodation are explained such as presbyopia, insufficiency of accommodation, paralysis of accommodation, spasm of accommodation, and inertia of accommodation. Treatment options for these conditions include lenses, vision therapy, exercises, and in some cases surgery.
This document provides an overview of modern options for correcting presbyopia. It discusses both static and dynamic correction techniques. Static techniques include glasses, contact lenses, corneal procedures like inlays/onlays, and intraocular lenses using monovision or being multifocal. Dynamic techniques aim to restore accommodation and include accommodating intraocular lenses, lens refilling procedures, and scleral expansion techniques. The document provides details on many of these specific procedures.
This document discusses accommodation, or the ability of the eye to focus on near objects. It defines accommodation and describes the three adjustments made: convergence of the eyeballs, constriction of the pupil, and an increase in the anterior curvature of the lens. The mechanism of accommodation involves the ciliary muscle contracting to relax the suspensory ligaments and allow the lens to become more spherical for focusing on near objects. The pathway for the accommodation reflex involves visual signals traveling from the retina to the visual cortex and frontal lobe, where efferent signals are sent to the ciliary muscle, sphincter pupillae, and medial rectus to enact the adjustments for accommodation. Presbyopia is described as the age-related loss
There are 6 extraocular muscles that control eye movement. The recti muscles rotate the eye in different directions while the oblique muscles cause torsional movement. Heterophoria is a latent misalignment of the eyes that is corrected by fusion. It can become manifest as a true strabismus. Comitant strabismus is when the eye deviation remains constant in all gazes, while incomitant strabismus involves restricted eye movement as well. Esotropia is inward eye turning and can be accommodative, non-accommodative, or secondary in nature.
The document provides information on the structure and anatomy of the human eye. It discusses:
- The three layers that make up the eyeball: external fibrous coat, middle vascular coat, and internal nervous coat.
- The main parts of the human eye including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, vitreous humour, retina, sclera, and optic nerve.
- Additional details are provided on the anterior and posterior chambers, blind spot, field of vision, and extraocular muscles that control eye movement.
Introduction to accommodative and binocular anomaliesHammed Sherifdeen
This document discusses accommodation and binocular anomalies. It defines accommodation as the eye's ability to change optical power to focus on objects at different distances. The components involved are the ciliary muscle, crystalline lens, zonules, and vitreous. Accommodation is stimulated by increasing object vergence through proximity or minus lenses. The amplitude of accommodation is the eye's total focusing range, measured using the RAF rule by finding the near point where a target first blurs and becomes clear again. It declines with age from about 14D at age 10 to 0.5D at age 60.
This document contains solved past papers questions from 2004-2012 on physiology for the UHS Physiology subject. It includes 12 questions on topics like accommodation mechanism, visual cycle, light reflex pathway, causes of night blindness, functions of CSF, tactile receptors, analgesia system, functions of cerebellum and features of cerebellar diseases. The questions are answered in detail explaining the concepts involved. Key diagrams are included from references like Guyton's Medical Physiology.
Chapter 14 The Human Eye Lesson 3 - The 2 Mechanisms of the Eye 1) Accommodat...j3di79
The document summarizes two key mechanisms of the eye: 1) the pupil reflex which controls the amount of light entering the eyes by enlarging or constricting the pupil in response to light intensity, and 2) accommodation, where the lens becomes more or less convex to focus on near or distant objects by contracting or relaxing the ciliary muscles. It also discusses stereoscopic vision and includes some optical illusions to demonstrate how perception is not always reality.
It is one of the most viewed document from Pgblaster India website: Disorders of ocular motility with an emphasis on squint. In this document I have tried to give some important concepts of the different types of squints in simple words.At a glance, it is a much harder and complex topic of ophthalmology but I had made it as simpler as I could. Hope it will help you..
The document discusses neuroplasticity and its implications for optometry. It begins by defining neuroplasticity as the brain's ability to change its structure and function through experience. It reviews evidence that the adult brain remains plastic. It then discusses how neuroplasticity relates to vision disorders like amblyopia and binocular vision anomalies, and how vision therapy can harness neuroplasticity to improve function. Factors that influence neuroplasticity like repetition and intensity are also examined. The document concludes by exploring lifestyle factors that may enhance neuroplasticity.
this PPT summarizes the echanism, theories, components of Accommodation as well as the physiological decline of it giving rise to Presbyopia. It aims to deliver the clinical features, developmental theories and evidence based trend of correcting Presbyopia.
Accommodation is the process by which the eye focuses on near objects. It occurs through changes in the shape and thickness of the elastic lens, induced by contraction of the ciliary muscle. The amplitude of accommodation is the difference between the near point and far point, measured in diopters. Accommodative ability peaks at around 10 years old and gradually declines with age. Presbyopia is the age-related loss of accommodation, causing difficulty with near vision. Other anomalies include insufficiency, spasm, paralysis and excessive accommodation, which can be caused by factors like refractive error, drugs, trauma or ocular disease. Assessment of accommodation involves measuring the near point, amplitude and facility of accommodation using tools like lenses, rulers and
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment Md. Shakil Sarker
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy | Assignment
Special Senses: Eye | Physiology and Anatomy
Irregular Astigmatism after DSAEK in case of Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Distrophy with Intrastromal Vacuolization - L. Avoni, L. Cappuccini, M. Busin
This document introduces standardized terminology for describing features of the periorbital region. It defines several key anatomical structures such as the eyebrow, eyelid, lacrimal punctum, and palpebral fissure. The document then alphabetically defines and provides illustrations for over 20 morphological terms for describing characteristics of the periorbital region, such as blepharophimosis, ectropion, epicanthus, and telecanthus. The goal is to standardize terminology to improve communication and comparisons among clinicians and researchers studying human morphology and dysmorphology.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the visual system for postgraduate students. It describes the main parts of the eye including the retina, rods and cones, lens, iris, and other structures. It explains how light is focused on the retina through refraction and the process of accommodation. Common vision conditions like myopia, hyperopia and presbyopia are also discussed. The document concludes with descriptions of the photoreceptor mechanism and how light triggers electrical responses in rods and cones that are transmitted to the brain.
The document summarizes the key parts and functions of the human sense organ of vision. It describes that photoreceptors in the eyes detect light and how stereoscopic vision allows for depth perception. It outlines the three main layers of the eye - outer, middle, and inner layers. The inner layer contains rods and cones for vision and the fovea for high visual acuity. The document also discusses accommodation, visual disorders like myopia and hypermetropia, and how lenses can correct refractive errors.
Embryology of eye- Anatomical ConsiderationsTanvi Gupta
The eye develops rapidly during gestation and in the first years of life. During the 4th-8th week of gestation, the optic vesicle forms and invaginates to become the optic cup, which later develops into the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium. The lens placode also forms during this time. After birth, the eye continues growing, with the axial length increasing most in the first year of life. The retina and visual cortex also continue developing postnatally. Proper development of the eye and visual system during these critical periods is required for normal visual function.
The document summarizes several ocular reflexes:
1. The oculocardiac reflex is triggered by stimulation of sensory receptors in the eye and surrounding tissues, leading to a decrease in heart rate through vagus nerve stimulation. It is a risk during eye surgeries and procedures.
2. The corneal reflex protects the eye from injury by triggering eye blinking through a trigeminal-facial nerve loop.
3. The pupillary light reflex mediates pupillary constriction in response to light through a pathway involving the optic nerves, brainstem, and parasympathetic innervation of the iris. Lesions can cause afferent or efferent pupillary defects.
Embryoloical basis of RD, Factors that keep retina attached, Mechanism of Detachment, Causes of Exudative RD
Presented as DNB Resident at Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati
Involutional Entropion-mechanism, evaluation and management (lower lid)Tanvi Gupta
References and pictures- Collins Manual of Systematic Eyelid Surgery, Collins Color Atlas, Kanski, DOS articles
Presented as DNB Resident at Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
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Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
2. PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
Q. a) Mechanism of accommodation (4)
b) Anomalies of accommodation and their management (3+3) (Dec2017)
Q. a) Physiology of accommodation with diagrams. (April 2016)
Q. a) What is amplitude of accommodation? (3)
b) What is spasm of accommodation? Name two conditions in which this is commonly seen. (3+2)
c) How do you treat this condition? (2) (Dec 2016)
Q. What is accommodation. Explain its clinical importance with the help of diagram(s). 2+3+5 (Dec 2103)
Q. Describe clinical features and management of partially accommodative esotropia. (Dec 2012)
Q. Define range and amplitude of accommodation.
Q. Describe the principles of management of accommodative anomalies by surgery. (June 2011)
Q. Management of accomodative esotropia. (Dec 2009)
Q. Define accommodation and convergences (Dec 2009)
3. Accommodation is the process by which the eye focuses on a near target, by altering the
curvature of the crystalline lens.
Simultaneously, the eyes converge, in order to fixate bifoveally on the target.
Both accommodation and convergence are quantitatively related to the proximity of the
target, and have a fairly constant relationship to each other which we measure as AC/A
ratio.
4. Accomodation begins to develop by 2 months of age
Well developed by 8th month of life
2 years -> 20 D
20 years -> 10D
60 years -> 1 D
5. There are two factors that control efficiency of accommodation
1. Ability of lens to alter its shape -> substance of lens inelastic – no
accommodation (presbyopia)
2. Power of the ciliary muscle -> weak or paralysed ciliary muscle – no
accommodation (debility, cycloplegia)
Sustained and exaggerated ciliary effort to overcome the muscular
deficiency-> asthenopia, eye strain
Physical accommodation- actual physical deformation of lens (measured in
dioptres)
Physiological component- contractile power of ciliary muscle required to
raise refractive power of lens by 1D (measured in myodioptre)
6. If the refractive power of an emmetropic eye were fixed and
unalterable, only objects at infinity would be clearly seen.
Light from nearer objects would be brought to a focus beyond the
second principal focus, F2 and no clear image would be formed on the
retina.
7. Variable states of emmetropia
This problem is overcome by the ability of the eye to increase its dioptric power.
8. Synkinesis
Three components
Convergence (Medial rectus)
Distant object- eyes directed straight forwards. Parallel rays of light fall upon both the macula
Near object- eyes should turn inwards so that both the visual axes are directed upon it
Nearer the object, greater the convergence needed
Pupil constriction (Sphincter Pupillae)
Cuts off the outer part of lens to decrease optical aberrations
Also cuts off the relative increase of light entering from near objects
Accomodation (Ciliary muscle)- the main stimulus for accommodation is image blur
All three muscles are controlled by the 3rd cranial nerve
NEAR TRIAD
11. Modern version of Helmhotz theory
During accommodation
1. Ciliary muscles contract
2. Suspensory ligament relaxes
3. Elastic capsule of lens acts unrestrainedly to deform the lens substance into more spherical,
perhaps conoidal accommodated state that its own natural elasticity resists.
Mechanism of Presbyopia
With increasing age, changes in lens capsule -> leave it with less ability to alter the increasingly
resistant lens substance.
Ciliary muscle power is however, unimpaired.
Physical accommodation is impaired
12. GULLSTRAND MECHANICAL MODEL OF ACCOMODATION
It is based on Helmhotz hypothesis.
Gullstrand devised a mechanical model to explain
accommodation.
It shows in unaccommodated state, elasticity of choroid is
stronger than lens. When accommodation comes into play,
ciliary muscles contract to overcome elasticity of choroid.
It helps lens to take accommodated state.
In Adie’s syndrome damage to ciliary ganglion causes loss of accommodation and hence the initial symptom is image blur.
Synkinesis (phenomena acting in concert) with a change in the distance of viewing are known as the ‘near triad’. No component is dependent on the other two for it appearance. If we give a plus lens, and the eye converges to a near point, the pupil will still constrict.
Accomodation slowest reaction (0.56, 0.64)
Pupillar response is slower than the reaction to light (0.2-0.26 s)
The crystalline lens is held suspended under tension by the suspensory ligament which attaches it to the ring of ciliary muscle. Ciliary muscle contraction reduces the tension on the suspensory ligament and lens, allowing the lens to assume a more globular shape. The curvatures of the lens
surfaces and the lens thickness are increased and thus the dioptric power is increased. Most of the change in curvature occurs at the anterior lens surface, which moves forwards slightly