Physiology
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Erythropoiesis requires several key factors: stimulating factors like hypoxia and erythropoietin which promote the production of red blood cells from stem cells; maturation factors that guide the development of red blood cells; and factors for hemoglobin formation. Erythropoietin is stimulated by hypoxia and acts on bone marrow to produce proerythroblasts which mature through several stages into reticulocytes that are then released into the bloodstream. Certain vitamins are also necessary to prevent anemia from vitamin deficiencies that can impact erythropoiesis.
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Adrenal Glands.ppt
The document discusses the adrenal glands and their hormones. It describes that the adrenal glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids like mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgens. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels while cortisol regulates carbohydrate and protein metabolism and helps in stress response. The secretion of aldosterone and cortisol is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis respectively.
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The document summarizes the thyroid gland and its hormone production. It discusses:
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- The three hormones it produces: thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.
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- Storage of hormones in thyroglobulin vesicles and their release into blood circulation.
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The adrenal glands sit above the kidneys and are composed of an inner medulla and outer cortex. The cortex secretes corticosteroids like mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, and androgenic hormones. Mineralocorticoids regulate sodium and potassium levels while glucocorticoids increase blood glucose and promote fat mobilization. The medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenal insufficiency can cause severe renal disorders and electrolyte imbalances due to lack of mineralocorticoid production. Dental management of patients with adrenal insufficiency requires consideration of their corticosteroid needs and risk of stress.
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The adrenal glands are located above each kidney and are vital organs that produce hormones. They have two parts - the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids like mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones. It synthesizes these hormones from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic reactions in the mitochondria. The medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine which assist the sympathetic nervous system. Corticosteroids are transported through the bloodstream bound to carrier proteins and degraded mainly in the liver before excretion.
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The adrenal glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids like mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone), glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol), and androgens. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body. Cortisol increases blood glucose levels and has anti-inflammatory effects. The secretion of cortisol and aldosterone is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through ACTH and angiotensin II. Diseases of the adrenal cortex can result in either hypoadrenalism like Addison's disease or hyperadrenal
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The adrenal glands are located above each kidney and are vital organs that produce hormones. They have two parts - the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids like mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones. It synthesizes these hormones from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic reactions in the mitochondria. The medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine which assist the sympathetic nervous system. Corticosteroids are transported through the bloodstream bound to carrier proteins and degraded mainly in the liver before excretion.
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is a glycoprotein produced by the anterior pituitary gland that regulates the thyroid gland and increases production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. TSH binds to receptors on thyroid cells and activates cyclic AMP, which causes phosphorylation within the cell and increases both immediate and prolonged thyroid hormone secretion and growth. TSH production is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus in a feedback loop, where high thyroid hormone levels decrease TSH secretion.
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The adrenal glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids like mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone), glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol), and androgens. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body. Cortisol increases blood glucose levels and has anti-inflammatory effects. The secretion of cortisol and aldosterone is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through ACTH and angiotensin II. Diseases of the adrenal cortex can result in either hypoadrenalism like Addison's disease or hyperadrenal
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The adrenal cortex comprises three main zones, or layers that are regulated by distinct hormones as noted below. This anatomic zonation can be appreciated at the microscopic level, where each zone can be recognized and distinguished from one another based on structural and anatomic characteristics
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This document discusses abnormalities of adrenocortical secretion, including Cushing's syndrome caused by hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex or pituitary gland, and Addison's disease caused by hypoadrenalism and deficiency of corticosteroids. Cushing's syndrome results in obesity, high blood sugar, and other signs. It is diagnosed through tests of blood cortisol and urine steroids. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include drugs, surgery, or radiation. Addison's disease causes weakness, dehydration, low blood pressure, and pigmentation due to excess ACTH, and is treated with glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement therapy.
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Adrenal cortex 1
The adrenal cortex consists of three layers that secrete different hormones. The zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone that regulate sodium and potassium levels. The zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids like cortisol that regulate carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and help the body respond to stress. The zona reticularis secretes small amounts of sex hormones. Diseases can result from too much or too little secretion of these hormones, causing symptoms like high blood pressure, muscle weakness, and changes in fat and sugar levels.
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The adrenal glands are located above each kidney and have two main parts - the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones like cortisol and aldosterone. It is divided into three zones that produce different hormone types. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine. Cushing syndrome occurs when high cortisol levels are present for a long time, while Addison's disease is caused by insufficient cortisol production. Their symptoms and management were described.
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The adrenal gland consists of an outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla. The cortex contains three zones that each secrete different hormone types: the zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, the zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids like cortisol, and the zona reticularis secretes androgens. The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine which modulate stress response. Hormone production is tightly regulated by feedback mechanisms like the HPA axis to maintain homeostasis.
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The document summarizes adrenal hormones and their functions. It discusses that the adrenal glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex produces steroid hormones like cortisol, aldosterone and androgens. The medulla produces catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine. It describes the synthesis, regulation and effects of these hormones. It also discusses adrenal disorders like Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency.
Structure and function of adrenal glands
Structure and function of adrenal glands
• Anatomically, the adrenal glands (suprarenal) are located in the thoracic abdomen situated 'on' top of the kidneys one on each side, specifically on their anterosuperior aspect.
• They are surrounded by the adipose capsule and the renal fascia
• They consist of two parts,
The outer cortex
The inner medulla.
Adrenal Cortex
• The adrenal cortex is devoted to the synthesis of corticosteroid hormones from cholesterol.
It completes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
The source of cortisol and corticosterone hormones
• The cortex is divided into three zones, or layers.
• This division is sometimes referred to as ‘functional zonation”
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Adrenal Medulla
• The adrenal medulla is the core of the adrenal gland, and is surrounded by the adrenal cortex.
• The chromaffin cells of the medulla are the body's main source of the circulating catecholamines, adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine
Blood supply to Adrenal Gland
• Although variations of the blood supply to the adrenal glands (and indeed the kidneys themselves) are common, there are usually three arteries that supply each adrenal gland:
The superior suprarenal artery is provided by the inferior phrenic artery.
The middle suprarenal artery is provided by the abdominal aorta.
The inferior suprarenal artery is provided by the renal artery
• Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the suprarenal veins:
The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava.
The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the left inferior phrenic vein
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The pituitary gland has two lobes - the posterior and anterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary stores and secretes neuropeptides like oxytocin and ADH. The anterior pituitary is controlled by the hypothalamus via releasing and inhibiting hormones and secretes tropic hormones that control other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary and target tissues through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
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This document provides an overview of the endocrine system and its glands. It discusses the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal gland and thymus gland. For each gland it describes the hormones produced and their functions in regulating processes like growth, metabolism, and sexual development. The mechanisms of hormonal secretion and action are also summarized.
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The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and have two parts - the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in extracellular fluids by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. Cortisol regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism to increase blood glucose levels and help the body respond to stress.
adrenal cortex
The adrenal cortex comprises three main zones, or layers that are regulated by distinct hormones as noted below. This anatomic zonation can be appreciated at the microscopic level, where each zone can be recognized and distinguished from one another based on structural and anatomic characteristics
Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands are paired organs located near the kidneys that are composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, glucocorticoids like cortisol, and androgens. The medulla secretes catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine that prepare the body for fight or flight. Both layers contain cells grouped in cords around capillaries that secrete hormones which regulate electrolyte balance, immune response, and metabolism.
Adrenal cortex
The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and each consists of an inner medulla and outer cortex. The medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, while the cortex is divided into three layers that produce different hormones: the zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids like aldosterone; the zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoids like cortisol; and the zona reticularis produces weak androgens. These hormones work together to regulate fluid balance, metabolism, and other critical bodily functions.
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The document summarizes key information about endocrine glands and hormones. It discusses the adrenal gland, which has an outer cortex that produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens, and an inner medulla that produces catecholamines. It also describes the regulation and functions of growth hormone, sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen, and the roles of the thymus and pineal glands. Measurement of hormone concentrations can provide information about endocrine physiology and diagnose endocrine diseases.
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The document summarizes key aspects of renal and urinary system anatomy and physiology. It describes the basic unit of the kidney, the nephron, and its components including the glomerulus and tubules. It explains renal circulation and the mechanisms of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion. Specific topics covered include regulation of sodium, water, glucose, potassium and urea, as well as the roles of diuretics and hormones like vasopressin and erythropoietin. The document concludes with descriptions of urine transport through the ureters and bladder filling and emptying during urination.
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Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are abnormalities in thyroid hormone secretion. Hyperthyroidism occurs when there is increased secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. Common causes include Graves' disease, toxic goiter, and thyroid adenomas. Hypothyroidism occurs when there is decreased secretion of thyroid hormones. Cretinism refers to hypothyroidism in infants while myxedema refers to hypothyroidism in adults. Both can be caused by autoimmune disorders, iodine deficiency, or genetic defects. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the age of onset but include changes to metabolism, growth, and development.
5. the thyroid gland
The document summarizes key aspects of the thyroid gland and its functions. It discusses that the thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and calcium levels. The primary hormones secreted are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis and is taken up by the thyroid and kidneys. Within the thyroid, iodine is added to thyroglobulin which is then degraded, releasing T4 and T3 into circulation. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates thyroid function by stimulating hormone synthesis and secretion.
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This document summarizes oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone or ADH). It describes that oxytocin is secreted by the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary and acts on mammary glands to cause milk ejection and on the uterus to facilitate birth and transport of sperm. ADH is also secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary and has two main actions - retaining water in the kidneys by increasing water reabsorption and vasoconstriction. Conditions of inappropriate hypersecretion and hyposecretion of each hormone are also summarized.
Steroid hormones 300718
The document summarizes three types of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex:
1) Aldosterone is produced in the zona glomerulosa and regulates sodium and potassium levels in the kidneys. It causes sodium retention and potassium secretion.
2) Cortisol is produced in the zona fasciculata and helps regulate metabolism and resistance to stress through gluconeogenesis and anti-inflammatory actions.
3) Androgens like testosterone are produced in the zona reticularis and are sex hormones, including estrogens produced in females and androgens in males. Cholesterol is the basic structure for steroid hormones, which are synthesized through a series of steps in the adrenal cortex.
Abnormalities of Adrenocortical.ppt
This document discusses abnormalities of adrenocortical secretion, including Cushing's syndrome caused by hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex or pituitary gland, and Addison's disease caused by hypoadrenalism and deficiency of corticosteroids. Cushing's syndrome results in obesity, high blood sugar, and other signs. It is diagnosed through tests of blood cortisol and urine steroids. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include drugs, surgery, or radiation. Addison's disease causes weakness, dehydration, low blood pressure, and pigmentation due to excess ACTH, and is treated with glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement therapy.
Adrenal Medulla.ppt
The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. These hormones are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Catecholamines act through intracellular mediators and have various effects, such as increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels. Their secretion increases during stress, exposure to cold, and hypoglycemia to mobilize energy stores and restore homeostasis.
Anti Diuretic Hormone(ADH).ppt
Vasopressin, also known as anti diuretic hormone (ADH), is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It acts to conserve water in the body by increasing the permeability of collecting tubules and ducts in the kidneys to water absorption. ADH also causes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure. Its secretion is regulated by factors like sodium concentration, blood volume, and blood pressure in order to maintain fluid homeostasis. Disorders of ADH secretion can cause diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive urine production and thirst.
Adrenal cortex 1
The adrenal cortex consists of three layers that secrete different hormones. The zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone that regulate sodium and potassium levels. The zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids like cortisol that regulate carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and help the body respond to stress. The zona reticularis secretes small amounts of sex hormones. Diseases can result from too much or too little secretion of these hormones, causing symptoms like high blood pressure, muscle weakness, and changes in fat and sugar levels.
Humoral control
The document discusses humoral control of blood flow through various vasoactive substances. It describes vasoconstrictors like norepinephrine, angiotensin II, vasopressin, and endothelin that constrict blood vessels. It also discusses vasodilators like bradykinin, histamine, and atrial natriuretic peptide that dilate blood vessels. It provides details on how substances like vasopressin, aldosterone, and angiotensin II regulate blood pressure and fluid balance through actions in the kidneys and blood vessels. The role of the vasopressin-aquaporin 2 pathway in water balance disorders is also summarized.
Posterior pitutary
The posterior pituitary gland, also called the neurohypophysis, contains nerve endings from the hypothalamus that secrete two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called vasopressin). These hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary. ADH controls water conservation in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Oxytocin aids milk ejection from the breasts during nursing and helps stimulate contractions during childbirth. Both ADH and oxytocin secretion are stimulated by increased extracellular fluid osmolarity and decreased blood volume or pressure.
Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands are located above each kidney and have two main parts - the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones like cortisol and aldosterone. It is divided into three zones that produce different hormone types. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine. Cushing syndrome occurs when high cortisol levels are present for a long time, while Addison's disease is caused by insufficient cortisol production. Their symptoms and management were described.
Adrenal gland physiology
The adrenal gland consists of an outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla. The cortex contains three zones that each secrete different hormone types: the zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, the zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids like cortisol, and the zona reticularis secretes androgens. The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine which modulate stress response. Hormone production is tightly regulated by feedback mechanisms like the HPA axis to maintain homeostasis.
Adrenal hormones
The document summarizes adrenal hormones and their functions. It discusses that the adrenal glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and medulla. The cortex produces steroid hormones like cortisol, aldosterone and androgens. The medulla produces catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine. It describes the synthesis, regulation and effects of these hormones. It also discusses adrenal disorders like Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency.
Structure and function of adrenal glands
Structure and function of adrenal glands
• Anatomically, the adrenal glands (suprarenal) are located in the thoracic abdomen situated 'on' top of the kidneys one on each side, specifically on their anterosuperior aspect.
• They are surrounded by the adipose capsule and the renal fascia
• They consist of two parts,
The outer cortex
The inner medulla.
Adrenal Cortex
• The adrenal cortex is devoted to the synthesis of corticosteroid hormones from cholesterol.
It completes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
The source of cortisol and corticosterone hormones
• The cortex is divided into three zones, or layers.
• This division is sometimes referred to as ‘functional zonation”
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Adrenal Medulla
• The adrenal medulla is the core of the adrenal gland, and is surrounded by the adrenal cortex.
• The chromaffin cells of the medulla are the body's main source of the circulating catecholamines, adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine
Blood supply to Adrenal Gland
• Although variations of the blood supply to the adrenal glands (and indeed the kidneys themselves) are common, there are usually three arteries that supply each adrenal gland:
The superior suprarenal artery is provided by the inferior phrenic artery.
The middle suprarenal artery is provided by the abdominal aorta.
The inferior suprarenal artery is provided by the renal artery
• Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the suprarenal veins:
The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava.
The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the left inferior phrenic vein
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This document provides an overview of the endocrine system and its glands. It discusses the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal gland and thymus gland. For each gland it describes the hormones produced and their functions in regulating processes like growth, metabolism, and sexual development. The mechanisms of hormonal secretion and action are also summarized.
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The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
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The document discusses the structure and function of the thyroid gland. It describes the gland's lobes and isthmus, as well as the follicles that contain colloid and thyroid hormones like T3 and T4. The process of thyroid hormone production, secretion, and regulation by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is explained in detail. The actions of thyroid hormones on metabolism, growth, and various organ systems are also outlined.
Patho2 chapter39 student
The document discusses the endocrine system and hypothalamic-pituitary regulation. It defines the endocrine system as composed of cells and organs that synthesize and secrete hormones into the bloodstream to act on distant target cells. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, noting that the hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary by secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones via the portal system. The anterior pituitary then secretes six hormones that target various endocrine glands.
Growth hormone
The pituitary gland located at the base of the brain secretes several hormones that control other glands. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes hormones like growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone under control of the hypothalamus. The posterior lobe secretes anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin under control of the hypothalamus. Growth hormone promotes growth of tissues, increases protein synthesis and breaks down fat. It is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin from the hypothalamus.
1. BLOOD Part 2.pptx
The document discusses blood cells and hematopoiesis. It describes the three main blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It details their production rates, lifespans, and the process of hematopoiesis where they are formed in the bone marrow. The document also discusses erythropoiesis, the formation of red blood cells, and the factors that regulate and influence red blood cell production including erythropoietin and iron metabolism. It concludes by covering red blood cell properties and functions, as well as causes and types of anemia.
Endocrine system pharm D.pdf
Human anatomy and physiology
Pharm d first year
For education purpose
For easy learning
complete study
Lecture 8 regulatory mechanisms part 1
The document discusses regulatory mechanisms in the endocrine and nervous systems. It covers several topics:
1) Intercellular communication mechanisms like endocrine signaling, paracrine signaling, autocrine signaling, synaptic signaling, and neuroendocrine signaling.
2) Signaling molecules that act as local regulators including growth factors, cytokines, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, neurotransmitters, neurohormones, pheromones, and hormones.
3) The hypothalamus integrates endocrine and nervous functions by producing hormones that stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland.
Lecture 8 regulatory mechanisms part 1
The document discusses regulatory mechanisms in the endocrine and nervous systems. It covers different types of intercellular communication including endocrine signaling through hormones, paracrine signaling through locally acting molecules, autocrine signaling where cells secrete molecules that act on themselves, and synaptic signaling through neurotransmitters. It then describes various signaling molecules involved in local and long-distance regulation, as well as different endocrine glands and hormones, and examples of endocrine disorders.
Thyroid Gland.pptx
The document discusses the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. Some key points:
- The thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 makes up 90% of thyroid output while T3 is responsible for most tissue actions.
- The thyroid takes up iodine from the bloodstream and uses it to produce T4 and T3 through a process of iodination and coupling of thyroglobulin proteins within its follicles.
- T4 and T3 levels are regulated by a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and thyroid itself. An imbalance can result in hyperthyroidism or hypothyroid
Endocrinology introduction, hypothalamus and pituitary gland.pptx
Endocrinology introduction, hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Physiology
Adrenal Gland- Basic.
The document provides information on the embryology, anatomy, histology, physiology and functions of the adrenal glands. It discusses that the adrenal cortex and medulla develop from different embryonic origins and produce different hormones. The adrenal cortex consists of three zones that secrete mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex steroids. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines. The hormones regulate sodium balance, stress response, growth and sexual development.
Cortisol and adrenal androgens
This document discusses cortisol and adrenal androgens. It describes that the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces cortisol and corticosterone, which regulate carbohydrate metabolism and help resist long-term stressors in response to ACTH. Cortisol has effects on carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. It also plays roles in stress resistance, inflammation, blood cells, and immunity. Cortisol secretion is regulated by ACTH from the pituitary gland and CRF from the hypothalamus, and follows a circadian rhythm. The zona reticularis produces adrenal androgens like DHEA and androstenedione, which have weak effects but contribute to development and puberty.
Endocrine physiology.pptx
The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. Key glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas and gonads. Hormones control processes like metabolism, growth, development, reproduction and mood. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to control hormone release from other glands and maintain homeostasis.
anatomyphysiologyparttwoallinone_compressed.pdf
This document provides an overview of key concepts from a college-level anatomy and physiology course on the endocrine system. It introduces the course and instructor, notes supplemental instruction available, and outlines chapters covering general characteristics and functions of the endocrine system, specific endocrine glands including the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas and others, as well as how hormone secretions are controlled. Key concepts are presented on each major endocrine gland, the hormones they secrete, and examples of endocrine disorders.
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Endocrinology introduction, hypothalamus and pituitary gland.pptx
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MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
Rodents, Birds and locust_Pests of crops.pdf
Mole rat or Lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicotabengalensis
•Head -round and broad muzzle
•Tail -shorter than head, body
•Prefers damp areas
•Burrows with scooped soil before entrance
•Potential rat, one pair can produce more than 800 offspringsin one year
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Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Discovery of Merging Twin Quasars at z=6.05
We report the discovery of two quasars at a redshift of z = 6.05 in the process of merging. They were
serendipitously discovered from the deep multiband imaging data collected by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC)
Subaru Strategic Program survey. The quasars, HSC J121503.42−014858.7 (C1) and HSC J121503.55−014859.3
(C2), both have luminous (>1043 erg s−1
) Lyα emission with a clear broad component (full width at half
maximum >1000 km s−1
). The rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) absolute magnitudes are M1450 = − 23.106 ± 0.017
(C1) and −22.662 ± 0.024 (C2). Our crude estimates of the black hole masses provide log 8.1 0. ( ) M M BH = 3
in both sources. The two quasars are separated by 12 kpc in projected proper distance, bridged by a structure in the
rest-UV light suggesting that they are undergoing a merger. This pair is one of the most distant merging quasars
reported to date, providing crucial insight into galaxy and black hole build-up in the hierarchical structure
formation scenario. A companion paper will present the gas and dust properties captured by Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations, which provide additional evidence for and detailed measurements of
the merger, and also demonstrate that the two sources are not gravitationally lensed images of a single quasar.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Double quasars (406); Quasars (1319); Reionization (1383); High-redshift
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一比一原版美国佩斯大学毕业证如何办理
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Post translation modification by Suyash Garg
overview of PTM helps to the students who wants to clear their basics about it.
Hariyalikart Case Study of helping farmers in Bihar
Helping farmers all across India through our latest technologies of modern farming like drones for irrigation and best pest control For more visit : https://www.hariyalikart.com/case-study
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Explainable Deepfake Image/Video Detection
Presentation of our paper, "Towards Quantitative Evaluation of Explainable AI Methods for Deepfake Detection", by K. Tsigos, E. Apostolidis, S. Baxevanakis, S. Papadopoulos, V. Mezaris. Presented at the ACM Int. Workshop on Multimedia AI against Disinformation (MAD’24) of the ACM Int. Conf. on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR’24), Thailand, June 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3643491.3660292 https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18649
Software available at https://github.com/IDT-ITI/XAI-Deepfakes
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ABSTRACT
The J'BaFofi, or "Giant Spider," is a mainly legendary arachnid by reportedly inhabiting the dense rain forests of
the Congo. As despite numerous anecdotal accounts and cultural references, the scientific validation remains more elusive.
My study aims to proper evaluate the existence of the J'BaFofi through the analysis of historical reports,indigenous
testimonies and modern exploration efforts.
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I am the PhD scholar of FND department, Assam down town University
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Physiology
- 1. FACTORS NACESSARY FOR ERYTHROPOIESIS : • Stimulating factors • Maturation factor • Factors necessary for hemoglobin formation • Stimulating factors : 1) Hypoxia : • Reduced availability of oxygen which stimulates the erythropoietin secretion that involves to induce the hypoxia inducible factor which activates the transcription of genes to produce substances from proteins. 2) Erythropoietin : • Stimulated by hypoxia , glycoprotein with 165 amino acids , secreted by peritubular capillaries from kidney & liver & brain.
- 2. • Actions : • Production of proerythroblasts from CFU- E of bone marrow • Development of proerythroblasts into matured RBC by different stages early normoblast into intermediate and late normoblasts and reticulocytes • Release of mature RBC into blood. 3) Thyroxine : • It accelerates the erythropoiesis. 4) Hematopoietic Growth Factors : • These are interleukins , glycoproteins and belongs to cytokines family. • It induces the production of PHSCs. • Interleukins involve in erythropoiesis. 1) Interleukin 3 secreted by t –cells . 2) Interleukin 6 secreted by t cells , macrophages , endothelial . 3) Interleukin 11 secreted by osteoblast .
- 3. 5) Vitamins : • Vitamin B3 : deficiency causes anemia & pellagra ( characterized by skin lesions, diarrhea, weakness, nervousness and dementia). • Vitamin B6 : deficiency causes anemia and peripheral neuropathy (condition causing damage or disease of nerves) • Vitamin C : deficiency leads to anemia and scurvy (impaired collagen synthesis resulting in rough skin, bleeding gums, loosening of teeth). • Vitamin D : deficiency results in anemia and rickets. • Vitamin E : deficiency leads to anemia and malnutrition
- 4. Thank you