This document discusses hormones and related drugs. It begins by defining hormones and describing their classification and sites of action. The major hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland are then discussed in detail, including growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. The mechanisms of action, regulation, and clinical uses of growth hormone are summarized. Somatostatin and its analogs octreotide and lanreotide, which inhibit growth hormone secretion, are also described.
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a small gland located at the base of the brain that produces several important hormones. It has two lobes - the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe regulates processes like growth, metabolism, stress responses and reproduction by producing hormones that stimulate other glands. The posterior lobe helps control water balance and milk production. The pituitary is often called the "master gland" as it controls many other glands in the body.
This document discusses drugs used in reproductive health, including estrogens, progestins, and oral contraceptives. It provides details on:
1) Estrogens like estradiol that are responsible for female pubertal changes and progesterone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
2) Oral contraceptives that contain estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation and thickening of cervical mucus to inhibit sperm penetration.
3) Different types of combined oral contraceptives including triphasic pills that mimic the hormonal cycle, and progestin-only mini pills.
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system, including:
1) It discusses the differences between the nervous and endocrine systems in their communication methods, target organs, and effects.
2) It describes the major endocrine glands and hormones, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and their functions.
3) It explains disorders that can occur when endocrine gland secretions are abnormal, such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and goiter.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
Delve into valuable content elucidating the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, in line with the PCI syllabus for pharmacy and PharmD students.
The document provides an overview of the female reproductive system, including its major organs and their functions. It describes how the ovaries and uterus change during puberty and the menstrual cycle. It also details the external female genitalia, such as the labia, clitoris, and breasts. The reproductive system's primary functions are to produce eggs and sex hormones, support embryo development, and allow for sexual intercourse and childbirth.
Autacoids are endogenous compounds that act as local hormones near their site of synthesis. They have short half-lives and include substances like histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and kinins. Autacoids are involved in processes like inflammation, allergic reactions, neurotransmission, and gastric acid secretion. Histamine promotes smooth muscle contraction and gastric acid secretion by interacting with H1 and H2 receptors. Serotonin is derived from tryptophan and is found in the GI tract, blood platelets, and CNS, where it contributes to feelings of well-being. H1 receptor antagonists are used to treat allergic reactions while H2 receptor antagonists reduce gastric acid secretion and treat ulcers.
This document discusses hormones and related drugs. It begins by defining hormones and describing their classification and sites of action. The major hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland are then discussed in detail, including growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. The mechanisms of action, regulation, and clinical uses of growth hormone are summarized. Somatostatin and its analogs octreotide and lanreotide, which inhibit growth hormone secretion, are also described.
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a small gland located at the base of the brain that produces several important hormones. It has two lobes - the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe regulates processes like growth, metabolism, stress responses and reproduction by producing hormones that stimulate other glands. The posterior lobe helps control water balance and milk production. The pituitary is often called the "master gland" as it controls many other glands in the body.
This document discusses drugs used in reproductive health, including estrogens, progestins, and oral contraceptives. It provides details on:
1) Estrogens like estradiol that are responsible for female pubertal changes and progesterone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
2) Oral contraceptives that contain estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation and thickening of cervical mucus to inhibit sperm penetration.
3) Different types of combined oral contraceptives including triphasic pills that mimic the hormonal cycle, and progestin-only mini pills.
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system, including:
1) It discusses the differences between the nervous and endocrine systems in their communication methods, target organs, and effects.
2) It describes the major endocrine glands and hormones, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and their functions.
3) It explains disorders that can occur when endocrine gland secretions are abnormal, such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and goiter.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
Delve into valuable content elucidating the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, in line with the PCI syllabus for pharmacy and PharmD students.
The document provides an overview of the female reproductive system, including its major organs and their functions. It describes how the ovaries and uterus change during puberty and the menstrual cycle. It also details the external female genitalia, such as the labia, clitoris, and breasts. The reproductive system's primary functions are to produce eggs and sex hormones, support embryo development, and allow for sexual intercourse and childbirth.
Autacoids are endogenous compounds that act as local hormones near their site of synthesis. They have short half-lives and include substances like histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and kinins. Autacoids are involved in processes like inflammation, allergic reactions, neurotransmission, and gastric acid secretion. Histamine promotes smooth muscle contraction and gastric acid secretion by interacting with H1 and H2 receptors. Serotonin is derived from tryptophan and is found in the GI tract, blood platelets, and CNS, where it contributes to feelings of well-being. H1 receptor antagonists are used to treat allergic reactions while H2 receptor antagonists reduce gastric acid secretion and treat ulcers.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
Explore the fundamentals of the human reproductive system in this concise presentation, suitable for medical students and professionals alike. Covering anatomy, physiology, and Pregnancy, it offers essential knowledge for understanding reproductive health.
Pituitary gland one of the most important glands for health and normal biological functions inside the body.
This is a very influential gland releases hormones that affect your growth as well as influencing the activities of other glands. For this reason the pituitary gland is often referred to as the master gland.Pituitary secretion is controlled by either hormonal or nervous signals from hypothalamus.
Division in Two Lobes
1-Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
- cells secrete peptide/protein hormones
2-Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
- is an extension of the hypothalamus
- is composed largely of the axons of the hypothalamic neurons
The document summarizes several pituitary hormones including prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). It describes the structure, functions, regulation, and pathological involvement of each hormone. Prolactin stimulates breast development and milk production. TSH stimulates thyroid hormone production. ACTH stimulates steroid production in the adrenal cortex. FSH and LH stimulate gamete production and secretion of gonadal hormones. The document also discusses inhibitors and preparations used for certain hormones.
Here is detailed description of pituitary gland, its hormone and its functions in human body. Pituitary gland is also called master gland. This assignment will tell you about the location, size, principle, weight and different lobes of hormones. The study is taken from different internet sources and published paper. Hope it will help you and will give you the knowledge which you want.
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system. It describes how the endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target cells. The endocrine and nervous systems are both regulatory systems that utilize different mechanisms - the endocrine system provides longer-term control of things like metabolism and development through hormones, while the nervous system provides faster responses. The major glands of the endocrine system and their hormones are also outlined.
This document summarizes the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and their functions. It notes that the anterior pituitary contains five types of cells that secrete important hormones: somatotrophs that secrete growth hormone, thyrotrophs that secrete TSH, gonadotrophs that secrete FSH and LH, lactotrophs that secrete prolactin, and corticotrophs that secrete ACTH. It describes the roles of key hormones like growth hormone, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin, and ACTH. It also explains that the secretions of these hormones are regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus through negative feedback mechanisms.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the PNS that regulates involuntary body functions like heart rate and digestion. The ANS has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that originate in the CNS and synapse in peripheral ganglia. The sympathetic division originates from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord and the parasympathetic from cranial and sacral regions. Together with the endocrine system, the ANS coordinates essential bodily functions.
The male reproductive system produces sperm and seminal fluid. It consists of internal organs like the testes and external organs like the penis. The testes produce sperm and testosterone. During ejaculation, sperm and seminal fluid containing nutrients are released from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and other structures through the penis. The sperm must undergo maturation and capacitation before being able to fertilize an egg. The male sexual act involves erection, lubrication and ejaculation controlled by the nervous system.
The endocrine system is made up of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to exert chemical control over the body and maintain homeostasis. The hypothalamus acts as the control center of the endocrine system by secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production and secretion by the pituitary gland, which then controls other endocrine glands. Examples of releasing hormones include thyrotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, oxytocin, and vasopressin. Inhibiting hormones include growth hormone inhibiting hormone and prolactin release inhibiting hormone.
The document discusses the endocrine system and its functions. It describes that the endocrine system regulates body activities through hormones released into the bloodstream. It then lists and describes several important endocrine glands and their hormone functions, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and others. The pituitary gland is described as the "master gland" that regulates other endocrine glands and produces several important hormones.
Testosterone's effects occur through binding to androgen receptors or by aromatization to estradiol. It stimulates protein synthesis in target tissues like the prostate. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to secrete LH and FSH, controlling testosterone and sperm production. Negative feedback loops regulate these processes. Abnormalities can include prostate diseases and hypogonadism.
The document discusses the hypothalamic factors and anterior pituitary hormones. It begins by describing the structure and functions of the anterior pituitary gland and its connection to the hypothalamus. It then summarizes the six main hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary - growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. It explains how these hormones control various target glands and metabolic functions throughout the body. Finally, it discusses how the hypothalamus controls pituitary secretion through releasing and inhibitory hormones, and provides examples of anterior pituitary hyperactivity and hypoactivity disorders.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant tissues and organs. The major glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands. The hypothalamus and tissues like the pancreas also secrete hormones. Hormones travel through the bloodstream and bind to target cells. The pituitary gland and hypothalamus regulate other endocrine glands through feedback mechanisms. The endocrine system maintains homeostasis through processes like glucose regulation and calcium balance.
These slides contain the information about Estrogen, its basic pharmacology, its synthesis in human body, Functions of estrogen, role in female puberty, Agonists of estrogen and antagonists of estrogen, also contain detail of the receptors associated with the estrogen functioning.
The document discusses various aspects of pregnancy including fertilization, maternal physiological changes during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and pregnancy testing. It describes the transport of gametes during fertilization, the process of capacitation and formation of the zygote. It outlines various hematological, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and other changes in the body to accommodate the growing fetus. Key events of labor and delivery and how pregnancy tests work are also summarized.
Class anterior pituitary hormones 15 th march 2014 2Raghu Prasada
The anterior pituitary gland secretes several hormones in response to regulatory signals from the hypothalamus. These hormones include growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and gonadotropins such as follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. The hypothalamus produces releasing or inhibiting hormones that stimulate or suppress hormone production and secretion by the anterior pituitary. Imbalances in anterior pituitary hormones can lead to various disorders.
This document discusses growth hormone, its functions, regulation, and abnormalities. Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and causes growth of tissues, increases protein synthesis, and affects metabolism. It works through intermediary proteins called somatomedins. Insulin is required for growth hormone's growth effects. Abnormally low growth hormone causes dwarfism in children, while excess causes gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults. The document provides details on growth hormone's roles, requirements, regulation, and pathological conditions.
A power point presentation on thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors on subject of pharmacology suitable for reading by undergraduate medical students.
The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" because:
8. It controls and regulates the functions of other endocrine glands like the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testes through the hormones it secretes.
9. The pituitary gland is regulated by the hypothalamus which controls hormone synthesis and secretion from the pituitary through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
10. Damage or dysfunction of the pituitary gland can lead to disorders in other glands and various body processes since it plays a central role in the endocrine system.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
Explore the fundamentals of the human reproductive system in this concise presentation, suitable for medical students and professionals alike. Covering anatomy, physiology, and Pregnancy, it offers essential knowledge for understanding reproductive health.
Pituitary gland one of the most important glands for health and normal biological functions inside the body.
This is a very influential gland releases hormones that affect your growth as well as influencing the activities of other glands. For this reason the pituitary gland is often referred to as the master gland.Pituitary secretion is controlled by either hormonal or nervous signals from hypothalamus.
Division in Two Lobes
1-Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
- cells secrete peptide/protein hormones
2-Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
- is an extension of the hypothalamus
- is composed largely of the axons of the hypothalamic neurons
The document summarizes several pituitary hormones including prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). It describes the structure, functions, regulation, and pathological involvement of each hormone. Prolactin stimulates breast development and milk production. TSH stimulates thyroid hormone production. ACTH stimulates steroid production in the adrenal cortex. FSH and LH stimulate gamete production and secretion of gonadal hormones. The document also discusses inhibitors and preparations used for certain hormones.
Here is detailed description of pituitary gland, its hormone and its functions in human body. Pituitary gland is also called master gland. This assignment will tell you about the location, size, principle, weight and different lobes of hormones. The study is taken from different internet sources and published paper. Hope it will help you and will give you the knowledge which you want.
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system. It describes how the endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target cells. The endocrine and nervous systems are both regulatory systems that utilize different mechanisms - the endocrine system provides longer-term control of things like metabolism and development through hormones, while the nervous system provides faster responses. The major glands of the endocrine system and their hormones are also outlined.
This document summarizes the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and their functions. It notes that the anterior pituitary contains five types of cells that secrete important hormones: somatotrophs that secrete growth hormone, thyrotrophs that secrete TSH, gonadotrophs that secrete FSH and LH, lactotrophs that secrete prolactin, and corticotrophs that secrete ACTH. It describes the roles of key hormones like growth hormone, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin, and ACTH. It also explains that the secretions of these hormones are regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus through negative feedback mechanisms.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the PNS that regulates involuntary body functions like heart rate and digestion. The ANS has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that originate in the CNS and synapse in peripheral ganglia. The sympathetic division originates from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord and the parasympathetic from cranial and sacral regions. Together with the endocrine system, the ANS coordinates essential bodily functions.
The male reproductive system produces sperm and seminal fluid. It consists of internal organs like the testes and external organs like the penis. The testes produce sperm and testosterone. During ejaculation, sperm and seminal fluid containing nutrients are released from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and other structures through the penis. The sperm must undergo maturation and capacitation before being able to fertilize an egg. The male sexual act involves erection, lubrication and ejaculation controlled by the nervous system.
The endocrine system is made up of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to exert chemical control over the body and maintain homeostasis. The hypothalamus acts as the control center of the endocrine system by secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production and secretion by the pituitary gland, which then controls other endocrine glands. Examples of releasing hormones include thyrotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, oxytocin, and vasopressin. Inhibiting hormones include growth hormone inhibiting hormone and prolactin release inhibiting hormone.
The document discusses the endocrine system and its functions. It describes that the endocrine system regulates body activities through hormones released into the bloodstream. It then lists and describes several important endocrine glands and their hormone functions, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and others. The pituitary gland is described as the "master gland" that regulates other endocrine glands and produces several important hormones.
Testosterone's effects occur through binding to androgen receptors or by aromatization to estradiol. It stimulates protein synthesis in target tissues like the prostate. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to secrete LH and FSH, controlling testosterone and sperm production. Negative feedback loops regulate these processes. Abnormalities can include prostate diseases and hypogonadism.
The document discusses the hypothalamic factors and anterior pituitary hormones. It begins by describing the structure and functions of the anterior pituitary gland and its connection to the hypothalamus. It then summarizes the six main hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary - growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. It explains how these hormones control various target glands and metabolic functions throughout the body. Finally, it discusses how the hypothalamus controls pituitary secretion through releasing and inhibitory hormones, and provides examples of anterior pituitary hyperactivity and hypoactivity disorders.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant tissues and organs. The major glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands. The hypothalamus and tissues like the pancreas also secrete hormones. Hormones travel through the bloodstream and bind to target cells. The pituitary gland and hypothalamus regulate other endocrine glands through feedback mechanisms. The endocrine system maintains homeostasis through processes like glucose regulation and calcium balance.
These slides contain the information about Estrogen, its basic pharmacology, its synthesis in human body, Functions of estrogen, role in female puberty, Agonists of estrogen and antagonists of estrogen, also contain detail of the receptors associated with the estrogen functioning.
The document discusses various aspects of pregnancy including fertilization, maternal physiological changes during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and pregnancy testing. It describes the transport of gametes during fertilization, the process of capacitation and formation of the zygote. It outlines various hematological, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and other changes in the body to accommodate the growing fetus. Key events of labor and delivery and how pregnancy tests work are also summarized.
Class anterior pituitary hormones 15 th march 2014 2Raghu Prasada
The anterior pituitary gland secretes several hormones in response to regulatory signals from the hypothalamus. These hormones include growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and gonadotropins such as follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. The hypothalamus produces releasing or inhibiting hormones that stimulate or suppress hormone production and secretion by the anterior pituitary. Imbalances in anterior pituitary hormones can lead to various disorders.
This document discusses growth hormone, its functions, regulation, and abnormalities. Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and causes growth of tissues, increases protein synthesis, and affects metabolism. It works through intermediary proteins called somatomedins. Insulin is required for growth hormone's growth effects. Abnormally low growth hormone causes dwarfism in children, while excess causes gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults. The document provides details on growth hormone's roles, requirements, regulation, and pathological conditions.
A power point presentation on thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors on subject of pharmacology suitable for reading by undergraduate medical students.
The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" because:
8. It controls and regulates the functions of other endocrine glands like the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testes through the hormones it secretes.
9. The pituitary gland is regulated by the hypothalamus which controls hormone synthesis and secretion from the pituitary through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
10. Damage or dysfunction of the pituitary gland can lead to disorders in other glands and various body processes since it plays a central role in the endocrine system.
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is divided into two lobes - the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe secretes hormones that control major body functions in response to releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. These hormones include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which are produced in the hypothalamus and regulate milk letdown and fluid balance. Together, the hormones of the pituitary gland help maintain homeostasis by regulating metabolism, organ functions, reproduction, and other bodily processes.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system. It describes the main endocrine glands and hormones they secrete, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. It provides details on hormones like growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and antidiuretic hormone. It also discusses disorders of the pituitary gland such as gigantism and acromegaly.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ENDOCRINE,#GLANDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
The document discusses various hormones produced by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone. It describes the targets and functions of these hormones in regulating processes like growth, metabolism, reproduction, lactation, water balance, and stress response. The hormones act through feedback loops between the hypothalamus and pituitary to control hormone release from other endocrine glands.
The document provides information about the endocrine system. It discusses the hypothalamus and pituitary gland as the main control centers. The hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate or inhibit the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes hormones like growth hormone, TSH, and LH that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe secretes ADH and oxytocin which are synthesized in the hypothalamus. Other glands discussed include the thyroid gland which produces T3 and T4 to regulate metabolism.
The pituitary gland regulates many important body functions through the hormones it produces and secretes. It is located at the base of the brain and has anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe produces growth hormone and hormones that regulate other glands like the thyroid. The posterior lobe stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus that regulate fluid balance and milk release. The hypothalamus controls pituitary hormone secretion through releasing and inhibitory factors. Abnormalities in pituitary hormone production can cause diseases like dwarfism or gigantism.
ENDOCRINOLOGY NOTES BY KELVIN KEAN.........kkean6089
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. It works closely with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis. Key glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries and testes. Hormones travel through the blood and act on target organs. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and regulates other glands via feedback mechanisms. Major hormones include growth hormone, thyroid hormones, insulin, estrogen and testosterone.
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that is known as the "master gland" because it controls many other glands. It produces hormones that stimulate cell growth and the growth of muscles and bones. The pituitary gland is divided into two lobes - the anterior pituitary produces and releases hormones that control chemical and metabolic processes and growth, while the posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones that regulate water balance and stimulate growth and maturation of the gonads.
The document summarizes the key endocrine glands and hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland, known as the "master gland", which controls other endocrine glands and many body functions through releasing hormones like growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone. It also describes the hypothalamus role in controlling pituitary secretions. Other glands covered include the thyroid, which releases thyroid hormones regulating metabolism; the parathyroid which controls calcium levels; the adrenals which secrete hormones regulating stress response; and the pancreas's islets of Langerhans which secrete insulin and glucagon regulating blood sugar.
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system and its major components. It discusses how the endocrine system regulates bodily functions through hormones and works with the nervous system. It describes the major endocrine glands - the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands and pancreas. It explains the hormones produced by each gland and their roles in processes like growth, metabolism, stress response, and reproduction.
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain and is divided into anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe secretes hormones that control growth, metabolism, mammary glands and reproduction. These hormones include growth hormone, adrenocorticotropin, thyroid stimulating hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. The posterior lobe secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin which regulate water balance and milk letdown. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus, which stimulates or inhibits hormone secretion from the anterior lobe and transports hormones to the posterior lobe.
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that controls many other endocrine glands. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe produces hormones that control growth and metabolism, while the posterior lobe secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. Some of the key hormones produced by the anterior lobe and their functions include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. The pituitary gland plays an important role in regulating many bodily processes as the "master gland" of the endocrine system.
Classification of hormones, mechanism of hormone action, structure
and functions of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus and their disorders.
The endocrine system regulates body activities through hormone secretion. The major glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pancreas. The pituitary gland, located in the brain, is called the "master gland" as it controls other glands by producing hormones. Its hormones include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and gonadotropins. The thyroid gland produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate metabolism. The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone which regulates calcium levels. The adrenal glands sit above the kidneys and produce corticosteroids and catecholamines.
The document discusses the endocrine system in humans and other chordates. It describes the major endocrine glands and hormones, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, gonads, and others. It explains how the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland to regulate hormone release, and the functions of key hormones like growth hormone, thyroid hormones, insulin, estrogen, and testosterone.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
Endocrine system pharm D.pdf
1. Endocrine system
a) Pituitary gland
b) Adrenal gland
c) Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
d) Pancreas and gonads
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Endocrine system consists of glands secreting hormones essential for maintenance of
homeostasis throughout the body.
A hormone is chemical messenger that is released in one part of the body but regulates the
activity of cells in other parts of the body.
Endocrine glands / Ductless gland -- Release their products directly into blood stream and
are carried to their target cells.
Exocrine glands -- Secrete their products into the ducts, which then acts on local area
Endocrinology -- The branch of science that deals with the study of anatomy, physiology
and disorders related to endocrine system
Major endocrine glands
1. Pituitary gland (Master gland) 2. Thyroid gland 3. Parathyroid gland 4. Thymus gland 5.
Pineal gland 6. Adrenal gland 7. Pancreas islets 8. Sex gland (Gonads)
2. PITUITARY GLAND
• Pituitary gland or hypophysis was called the “master” endocrine gland because it
secretes several hormones that control other endocrine glands
• 1-1.5 cm
Anatomy
• Pea shaped structure that measures 1–1.5 cm in diameter
• Located in the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone.
3. • It attaches to the hypothalamus by a stalk called infundibulum and has two
anatomically and functionally separate portions: the anterior pituitary and the
posterior pituitary.
• Both hypothalamus and pituitary gland function as a unit to regulate all endocrine
glands
• Grow upto 40 years and then size get reduced
The anterior pituitary (anterior lobe):
• Also called the adenohypophysis, and is composed of epithelial tissue.
• Forms total 75% of pituitary gland
• All the hormones released are regulated by hormones from hypothalamus
• Anterior pituitary consists of three parts: The pars distalis, Pars intermedia and
pars tuberalis.
• Pars distalis is the larger portion, and pars tuberalis forms a sheath around
infundibulum.
• Pars intermedia- third region that lies between pars distalis and pars tuberalis,
degenerate during human fetal development.
Characters of ant. Pit hormones
4. • 1. proteinaceous in nature
• 2. Being water soluble effect exert via second messengers
• 3. released in response to hormonal stimuli and their regulation is done by negative
feedback mechanism
• 4. all the hormones from ant pituitary regulate the hormone release of other glands
• 5. all the ant pit hormone release is regulated by releasing or inhibiting hormone by
hypothalamus
HORMONES OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• Anterior pituitary releases seven hormones.
• The release of all these hormones is regulated by releasing hormones and by
inhibiting hormones released by the hypothalamus.
• Anterior pituitary hormones are: Growth hormone, Thyroid- stimulating hormone,
Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Prolactin, Adrenocorticotropic
hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone.
Types of Anterior Pituitary Cells: Five types of anterior pituitary cells—somatotrophs,
thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs, lactotrophs, and corticotrophs— all together secrete seven
hormones.
1) Somatotrophs secrete human growth hormone (hGH) or somatotropin.
2) Thyrotrophs secrete TSH or thyrotropin.
3) Gonadotrophs secrete two gonadotropins: FSH and LH
4) Lactotrophs secrete prolactin
5) Corticotrophs secrete ACTH or corticotropin
Corticotrophs of pars intermedia, also secrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
The posterior pituitary (posterior lobe):
• Also called the neurohypophysis
• composed of neural tissue.
• Consists of two parts: the pars nervosa (larger bulbar portion) and the
infundibulum.
• Posterior pituitary also consists of axons and axon terminals with more than 10,000
neurons.
• Axon terminals in the posterior pituitary are associated with specialized neuroglia
called pituicytes, which stores 2 hypothalamic hormones, oxytocin and
vasopressin.
5. 1. HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE
• Somatotrophs produce human growth hormones which stimulate skeletal muscles,
cartilage, bones and other tissues to produce insulin like growth factors/
somatomedins.
Functions of IGFs
• 1. Helps in the growth and proliferation of cells and thymus gland
• 2. Maintain the mass of muscle and bones.
• 3. Promote wound healing
• 4. Enhance lipolysis in adipose tissue and release fatty acid (used for energy)
• 5. Regulation of glucose level
• 6. Enhance protein and carbohydrate metabolism
• 7. Increase growth of long bones and increase blood level of Na, K, PO4, Cl, Mg
etc…
Hormonal imbalance
• Both over production and under production of GH may lead to structural
abnormalities.
a.Pituitary dwarfism: Deficiency of hGH in children during growing years causes stunted
growth.
• Results in Premature closure of epiphyseal plate
Symptoms: Arms and legs become shorter, protruding forehead, flat nasal bridge, large head,
constrained elbow movement, delayed puberty
Treatment- hGH in childhood before closure of epiphyseal plate
b. Gigantism: Abnormal increase in the secretion of growth hormones in children during
growing year
• characterized by abnormal increase in the length of bones.
• caused by an adenoma, a tumor of the pituitary gland.
Treatment – administration of inhibiting hormone before closure of epiphyseal plate
c. Acromegaly: Abnormal increase in the secretion of growth hormones in adults after closure
of epiphyseal plate
Symptoms:
• Enlarged hands and feet, enlarged facial features, including the facial bones, eyelids,
lips, nose and tongue, increased blood glucose level, size of metabolic organs,
sweating
• No further increase in height
6. Regulation
• Secretion is regulated by 2 hypothalamic hormones
• 1. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
• 2. Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
2. THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE
• A glycoprotein hormone, secreted by thyrotrophs of anterior pituitary gland.
• regulate the growth and functioning of the thyroid gland.
• TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of the two thyroid hormones, thyroxin
(T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) by the thyroid gland.
• Thryotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus control TSH secretion.
• Release of TRH in turn depends on the blood levels of T3 and T4
• high levels of T3 and T4 inhibit secretion of TRH via negative feedback.
Functions:
1. It stimulates growth and activity of the thyroid gland which secretes the hormones T4 &T3
that regulates the metabolic activities and brain development.
2. Regulates the body temperature
3. Detection of imbalances and abnormal functioning of the thyroid gland
3. GONADOTROPINS
a. FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
• It is a gonadotropic hormone ie, its target site are the gonads.
• It is produced by gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary
Functions:
• 1. In male, stimulates spermatogenesis, a process of sperm production in the testes
• 2. In females, induces maturation of graafian follicles therefore facilitate ovulation
• 3. It also stimulates the follicular cells to secrete the female sex hormones.
b. LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
• A glycoprotein made up of one α-subunit and one β-subunit.
• also a gonadotropin and is secreted by gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary.
Functions:
1. In males: Initially stimulates the growth and development of interstitial (Leydig) cells of
testes and then stimulates them to release testosterone.
7. 2. In females: responsible for complete development of ovarian follicles and thus ovulation.
3. Like FSH, it also stimulates the ovarian cells to secrete estrogens.
4. It initially stimulates the formation of corpus luteum and subsequently induces it to release
progesterone.
Gonadotropin releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus induce release of LH and
FSH from the anterior pituitary
No inhibiting hormones are there and so sex hormones through negative feedback mechanism
inhibit the release of FSH and LH
Hormonal imbalance
1) Hyposecretion of FSH and LH:
• As these gonadotropins are essential for fertility, their hyposecretion results in
reduced fertility in both the genders.
2) Hypersecretion of FSH and LH
• This condition has not been associated with any disorders.
• But when women with reduced fertility are administered certain drugs that increase
the release of these hormones, they usually results in multiple births. This is due to
multiple ovulation which occurs at the same time
4. PROLACTIN
• A single chain polypeptide hormone.
• also known as luteotrophic hormone/ mammotrophin hormones.
• Produced by lactortrophs in anterior pituitary, immune cells, brain and pregnant
uterus.
Functions
1. Stimulates the development of mammary gland and ducts and so milk production after
delivery.
2. Also cause Amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea
3. No role in males, but in some hypersecretion results in erectile dysfunction
Regulation -Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH), from hypothalamus induce release of
prolactin.
In non-pregnant women lactation is inhibited by prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) or
dopamine
5. ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE (ACTH)/ CORTICOTROPIN
• A polypeptide hormone released from the corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary.
8. • controls the production and secretion of cortisol and other glucocorticoids by the
cortex of the adrenal glands
Functions
• 1. Responsible for promoting the growth of cortex
• 2. Stimulates the secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.
• 3. Facilitates the uptake of lipoproteins into the cortical cells.
Regulation: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates
secretion of ACTH by corticotrophs.
• Stress-related stimuli, such as low blood glucose or physical trauma etc. also stimulate
release of ACTH.
• Inhibition is done by adrenal hormone by negative feedback mechanism
6. MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH)
• A peptide hormone, secreted by pars intermedia of pituitary gland
• MSH increases skin pigmentation by stimulating melanocytes.
• Excessive levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) can stimulate MSH
release;
• dopamine inhibits MSH release.
• Group of melanocytes on the skin are called moles.
Functions:
• 1. Stimulates the release and distribution of melanin
• 2. Presence of MSH receptors in the brain influence brain activity.
• 3. Melanocytes present on the skin and eye produce melanin pigments
HORMONES OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY
• Also called neurohypophysis, does not produce hormones but acts as their storage
site.
• The two hormones, oxytocin and ADH are actually synthesized by the neurosecretory
cells of the hypothalamus.
1. OXYTOCIN:
• The 2 main target organs of oxytocin are the uterus of the pregnant women and
mammary glands of the lactating mothers.
• During child birth, oxytocin facilitates the expulsion of the child by inducing the
contractions of the uterus and increased stretching of the uterine cervix.
9. • After delivery, the suckling induces the release of oxytocin which inhibits the release
of prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) thereby prolonging prolactin secretion and
lactation.
Functions:
1. Stimulates the contraction of smooth muscles in uterus during child birth.
2. Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands.
3. In non-pregnant uterus-facilitate the transport of sperms through female genital tract up to
the fallopian tube
4. Have some antidiuretic action
Regulation
• By two positive feedback mechanism
• 1. cervical distension during delivery- stimulate hypothalamus
• 2. suckling by baby- stimulate hypothalamus
2. ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES
• Peptide hormone, which decrease urine output.
• ADH is packed in secretory vesicles.
Functions:
1. Decrease urine output
2. Absorption of water by kidney
3. Maintain fluid electrolyte balance.
4. It stimulates the smooth muscles of the urinary bladder and ureters.
Hormonal imbalance
• Diabetes incipidus (DI): It occurs due to inappropriate secretion of ADH which leads
to increased urinary output. It is of 2 types
• i. Neurogeneic DI: occurs due to decreased secretion of ADH due to brain tumour or
head trauma that damages posterior pituitary.
• ii. Nephrogenic DI: Kidneys don’t respond to ADH due to its damage or due to non
functioning of the ADH receptors.
Symptoms: increased urinary output, dehydration, intense thirst, bed wetting which is
common in children.
Treatment-
Neurogenic DI- with analogues of ADH as s.c injection or nasal spray
Nephrogenic DI- reduce consumption of salt in diet along with some antidiuretic drugs
10. Regulation
• Regulated by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
• The variation in osmotic pressure of blood is sensed by osmoreceptors in
hypothalamus
• Decrease or increase ADH synthesis by hypothalamus
THYROID GLAND
• Highly vascularized
• About 20-25g located at the base of throat just inferior to the larynx.
• It is brownish red in colour, butterfly shaped
• Anatomically divided into two lobes- right and left lateral lobes
• Right lobe is little larger than left
• They are connected by a middle lobe called isthmus which is anterior to the trachea.
• An additional third lobe called the pyramidal lobe which extends from the isthmus to
neck
• Thyroid artery and thyroid veins are responsible for blood flow
• This rich blood flow provide adequate supply of Iodine
• Up on microscopic examination, thyroid gland is composed of follicles or vesicles.
• It consist of follicular cells
• These follicles are filled with sticky, proteinaceous material called colloid.
• Colloid contains thyroglobulin
• T3 and T4 are synthesized by follicular cells and stored as thyroglobulin
• Thyroid gland also contains parafollicular cells or C cells
• C cells synthesis calcitonin
• The special feature of thyroid gland is that it store large quantity of preformed thyroid
hormones
11. •
•
Thyroid hormones
• Ratio of T4 and T3 in blood is 20:1
• Both are responsible for the proper growth and functioning of the body cells
• T4 is the major hormone
• Formation, Storage, and Release of Thyroid Hormones
• 1. Iodide trapping: Thyroid follicular cells trap iodide ions (I) from the blood
• 2. Synthesis of thyroglobulin: Follicular cells are also synthesize a protein called
thyroglobulin (TGB) and stored in secretory vesicles.
• The vesicles then undergo exocytosis, which releases TGB into the lumen of the
follicle.
• 3. Oxidation of iodide: Negatively charged iodide ions cannot bind to tyrosine, they
undergo oxidation in presence of peroxidase and they pass through the membrane into
the lumen of the follicle.
• 4. Iodination of tyrosine: Combination of iodine with tyrosine is known as
iodination.
12. • It is catalysed by iodinase.
• Iodination of tyrosine occurs in several stages.
• Tyrosine is iodinated into monoiodotyrosine (MIT), then to di-iodotyrosine (DIT).
• 5. Coupling: Iodotyrosine residues get coupled with one another.
• One molecule of DIT and one molecule of MIT combine to form tri-iodothyronine
(TID or T3).
• Two molecules of DIT combine to form tetraiodothyronine (TIT or T4).
• 6. Pinocytosis and digestion of colloid and release of hormones: Digestive
enzymes in the lysosomes break down colloid and therefore TGB and release T3 and
T4 into blood as per need.
• T4 normally is secreted in more quantity than T3
• But T3 is several times more potent.
13. Regulation
• Two major hormones that regulate thyroid hormones are
• 1. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH from hypothalamus)
• 2. Thyrotropin stimulating hormone or thyrotropin (TSH from anterior pituitary)
• Positive feedback mechanism
• Low blood level of thyroid hormone or low metabolic rate stimulate hypothalamus to
release TRH
• TRH then stimulate anterior pituitary to release TSH
• TSH stimulate thyroid gland to release more amount of T4 and T3
• Negative feedback mechanism
• High level of thyroid hormone or high metabolic rate inhibit hypothalamus and
anterior pituitary
• It reduce the hormone release by thyroid gland
Function
• Calorigenic effect : Increase cellular oxygen uptake, ATP production and basal
metabolic rate (BMR)
• Increase body temperature
14. • Increase protein metabolism
• Increase lipolysis
• Osteoporosis as they stimulate removal of calcium and phosphorous from bones
• Responsible for general growth and development of nervous and skeletal system
• Carbohydrate metabolism
• Increase glucose absorption
• Convert glycogen to glucose
• Gluconeogenesis
• Increase action of adrenaline and nor adrenaline- so increase heart rate and BP
• Increase milk ejection and protein content in milk
• Renal effects
• Increase renal excretion of nitrogen and creatinine
• Diuretic effect – excrete water and electrolytes
Calcitonin:
• It is a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells or C-cells of the thyroid gland
• CT (Calcitonin) can decrease the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the action
of osteoclasts.
• It is regulated by the levels of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the blood.
• High blood Ca2+ levels increase the production of calcitonin whereas decreases Ca2+
levels in blood decrease the production of calcitonin.
Functions
• 1. calcium homeostasis along with parathyroid hormone
• 2. maintain phosphate level in blood
• 3. improve bone strength