PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF VEGETABLES

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
OF VEGETABLES
Submitted by MOHAMMED ANFAS K T
anfasnellikuth@gmail.com
https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohd-anfas-5409431a0

VEGETABLE
CONTENTS
TOMATO
01
BRINJAL
02
CHILLI AND CAPSICUM
03
CARROT
04

VEGETABLE
CONTENTS
BEETROOT
05
RADISH
06
CAULIFLOWER
07
CABBAGE
08

VEGETABLE
CONTENTS
BROCCOLI
09
CUCURBITS
10

Fruit Cracking
Symptoms:
Cracking on the surface of the fruit at the stem end is a common occurrence. It
is developed mostly in fully ripe fruit than in mature green or breaker
stage.Sudden water availability causes rapid fruit expansion leading to fruit
cracking.
Causes:
High temperature and high light intensity
Excessively rapid fruit growth cracking.
Some cultivars crack more than other because of genotypic differences.
boron deficiency (especially calcareous soil)
Fruit exposed to sunlight leads to more concentric cracking.

Fruit Cracking
Management:
Soil application Borax @ 15-20 kg/ha.
Spraying of borax 0.25% 2-3 times fruiting stage to ripening
stage.
Maintaining plants at low to medium soil moisture so preferable
to grow in the greenhouse.

Blossom end rot
Symptoms:
The water soaked area near the bottom or blossom end of the fruit. The area
usually develops rapidly eventually resulting in a blackened, dry, sunken
leathery spot.BER affects the blossom end of the placenta and adjacent locular
contents as well as the outer wall. It can most easily be identified by a
discolored, sunken spot at the blossom end of the fruit.
Causes:
BER is not caused by any single factor but a combination of one or more
factors intensifying the effect it includes high salinity high MgSO4, NH4 and/ or
K concentration. Accelerated growth rate, unfavorable moisture relationships.

Blossom end rot
Management:
Cultural practices, such as the use of polyethylene mulch maintain
adequate soil moisture, and avoiding varieties that are most
susceptible to BER will help reduce the incidence.
Misting or fogging inside the greenhouse reduces the incidence.
Foliar spray of CaCl2 solution 0.5%@time of fruit developed was an
effective control.

PUFFINESS
Symptoms:
Puffiness refers to the existence of open cavities between the outer walls and
the locular content in one or more locules and is also known as hollowness or
boxiness.
Causes:
Nonfertilization of ovules
Embryo abortion after normal fertilization
High temperature and high soil moisture are predisposing factors.
Management:
Maintenance of normal temperature.
Spraying of Borax or Solubor 10-15 ppm at the peak flowering time.

SUNSCLAD
Symptoms:
Green fruits exposed to direct sunlight ripen unevenly so that yellow patches
appear on the side of the tomato fruit when it ripens. Symptoms are most likely
to appear at the mature green to breaker stage of development. The lesions are
infected by secondary infection of fungus which shows black dark spots making
tomatoes units for consumption
Causes:
High fruit pericarp temperature 40.C
In bright sunlight, surface temperature may be more then10 c highest then the
air temperature.

SUNSCLAD
Management:
The best protection against sunscald is to utilize cultivars with
enough foliage to cover the fruit and to provide enough water and
pest protection to maintain the healthy foliage
Crop are planted at higher densities are less susceptible
Cultivation of indeterminate /semi-determinate varieties without
staking

Blotchy Ripening
Symptoms:
This disorder also known as the gray wall is recognized as grayish appearance
caused by partial collapse of the wall tissue hence the term gray wall. The
affected area remain green or yellow are usually found nearly at the stem end of
the tomato fruit
Causes:
K deficiency
Management:
Use of balanced fertilizer dose (after soil testing) in the crop prevents the
occurrence of blotchy ripening
Adjust planting date to achieve favorable light intensity for good fruit
development.

Cat Face
Symptoms:
Cat face is a disorder characterized by gross deformity of tomato fruit, which
usually renders them unmarketable. The defect is usually located on the
blossom end of the fruit cat face is a commonly observed in first harvest.
Causes:
In the field air temperature of 17/10c for a weak are sufficient to induce
abnormal flower development Low temperature during the sensitive period
increases the no. of locales in the fruit. The time of greatest sensitivity for an
individual flower is well before anthesis.

Cat Face
Control:
Maintenance of sufficient soil moisture balance
Recommended cultural practices should be adopted

GOLD FLECK
Symptoms:
Gold speck or flecks are often observed around the calyx and should of mature
fruit particularly in a summer season. In green fruit, the speck is white and less
abundant. The specks decrease the attractiveness of the fruit and significantly
shorten its shelf life. Cells containing a granular mass of tiny calcium salt
crystals, probably calcium oxalate appears as a golden color.
Causes:
These specks are considered to be symptoms of excess calcium in the fruit.
Increasing the P level also increased calcium uptake rate and increased
speckling. As temperature increases during the growing season, the incidence
of gold spot also increases particularly when average temperatures are higher
than usual.

GOLD FLECK
Control:
Cultivars resistant to BER tend to be more susceptible to gold
spots. Increasing the electrical conductivity of the nutrient
solution reduced the gold speck incidence

BLOOSOM END ROT
Blossom end rot isn't a disease caused by fungi or bacteria,
but is instead a physiological disorder caused by a calcium
deficiency in the fruit.

FRUIT CRACKING
In the field, wide differences in day and night temperatures or
heavy rain or water availability promote cracking. During periods
of rapid fruit expansion, high relative humidity at night in
greenhouse production systems can also cause fruit cracking

SUN SCLAD
Sunscald isn't an infectious disease, it occurs when a fruit
(usually a tomato or pepper) is directly exposed to sunlight
and high temperature. The side of the fruit facing the sun
becomes whitish, blistered and papery and the damage may
eventually lead to infection by rot-causing organism

BLOSSOM END ROT
This is mainly a problem on the fruit of tomatoes and
peppers and manifests itself as sunken brown and leathery
patches on the blossom end of the first few fruit of the
season. These patches may eventually turn black and rot, as
the damaged skin facilitates the entrance of rot-causing
organisms.

FLOWER DROP
Chilli Flower Drop. ... Flower drop (known to some as
“blossom drop”) is a relatively common problem faced not
only by chilli growers but by gardeners growing all kinds
of fruit and vegetables. It happens when your
plant flowers then each flower falls off without
any fruit forming

CRACKING
Cracking is generally associated with rapid fruit growth or
could be associated with recent pruning. Fine cracks appear in
the skin of the fruit. Fruit splitting is the development of
large cracks in the fruit. Fluctuations in water supply may
promote this condition

CAVITY SPOT
cavity spot disease of carrots is caused by the soil-borne
fungus Pythium sulcatum. Cavity spots are small elliptical
lesions (usually less than 10mm across) often surrounded
by a yellow halo. Infection can take place anywhere along
the carrot root and lesions start as pinhead-size spots

CRACKING
If your carrots are cracking, the malady is likely the result of
inadequate environmental preferences; water needs to be
exact. Carrot roots need moist soil, but don't like to be
waterlogged. Moisture stress not only results in cracking in
carrot crops, but may also cause underdeveloped, woody, and
bitter roots

PHENOLIC BROWNING
It can develop when carrots are washed and stored in cool
rooms for long periods before packing. Abrasion caused by
mechanical washing often removes the epidermal layer (outer
skin), exposing the carrot tissue to oxidation
of phenolic compounds, which turn brown, or black in severe
cases

INTERNAL
BLACK SPOT
Internal black spot (Brown heart or Breakdown of beet)
It is caused due to deficiency of Boron in neutral or alkaline
soils. Boron deficient plants remain dwarf and stunted. The
leaves remain smaller than normal and may assume a
variegated appearance

FORKING
It is a common disorder in radish and carrots. It generally
occurs due to excessive moisture during root
development. Forking generally occurs in heavy soil due to
compactness of soil. Use of undecomposed organic matter
also causes forking

PITHINESS
Pithiness in radish tubers ( Raphanus sativus L.) is a
syndrome where xylem parenchyma cells die and are filled
with air. Features associated with rapid tuber growth such
as large cells, great distances between strands of vascular
tissue and rupture of xylem vessels have been suggested
to induce pithiness.

WHIPTAIL
Whiptail disorder is caused due to deficiency of
molybdenum. In young plants the deficiency symptoms are
chlorosis of leaf margins and the whole leaves may turn
white. The leaf blades do not develop properly. ... The
deficiency of molybdenum generally occurs in acid soils
when the soil pH is below 5.5

RICEYNESS
Riceyness : It manifests in the elongation on peduncle
wearing flower buds, rendering curds, granular, loose and
somewhat velvety. A premature initiation of floral bud is
characterized by riceyness in cauliflower and is considered
to be of poor quality for marketing.

BLIND
CAULIFLOWER
Blind cauliflower plants are those without terminal buds.
The leaves which develop are large, thick leather and dark
green. Blindness is supposed to be due temperature or
injury due to cultural operation, insect and pest disease.
Pinking of the curd occurs due to deposition of
anthocyanin in high intensity of light

HOLLOW STEM
The occurrence of hollow stems in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea
var. botrytis) forms a serious quality problem for
Dutch cauliflower growers. The presence of cavities in
the stem results in quality declassification, or worse, in the
occurrence of bacterial rot in the stem, resulting in complete loss
of the plant

CURD
SEGMENTATION
Loose and leafy curds of cauliflower. When bracts (small green
leaves) grow between the curd segments in a head of cauliflower,
the heads are said to be suffering from leafy curds. This
condition is usually associated with high temperatures and low
soil moisture levels (drought) at the time of head formation.

LEAFINESS
Leafiness : This disorder is commonly seen by formation of small
thin leaves from the curd which reduces quality of curd.
Extremely small green leaves appear in between the curd
segment due to inheritable or non-heritable factors. Prevalence of
high temperatures during curding phase aggravates leafiness.

INTERNAL
BROWNING
Brassicas, Tip Burn. Tipburn and internal browning are
physiological disorders related to calcium uptake and
transport. The inner leaves of heads of cabbage and Brussels
sprouts are affected, often without external symptoms.

BLACK SPECK
Black speck is a non-parasitic disorder of
mature cabbage and Chinese cabbage. Lesions are discrete,
dark brown or black, and up to 2 mm (1/16 in.) ... Lesions may
coalesce, resulting in large, dead areas of leaf tissue. Minute
specks occur on heart leaves.

BURSTING
The first cause of cracking is an uneven growth tempo due to
dry conditions and starting from a smaller, tight head.
conditions suddenly change and rain or adequate irrigation
becomes available close to maturity, the internal water
pressure causes the cabbage to burst.

MULTIPLE HEAD
Vegetable fields is usually indicated by the appearance
of multiple cabbage heads per plant (Figure 73), and large
quantities of frass produced by the caterpillars in between leaf
surfaces. The presence of frass is usually the first noticeable
sign of infestation.

INTERNAL
TIP BURN
In cauliflower and broccoli, tipburn shows up on the margins
of the younger leaves. Internal browning in Brussels sprouts
and tipburn in white, red and
Chinese cabbage. Tipburn symptoms are caused by a
breakdown of the plant tissue

HEAT INJURY
The unusual high temperature has caused problems on early-
planted broccoli. Broccoli is a heat-sensitive crop. ...
Temperatures above 90°F during the critical period
cause injury on the flower buds. As the crown continues to
grow, an uneven head becomes noticeable, and these heads
are inclined to be affected by pathogens

BRUSSELS
SPROUT
LOOSE SPROUT
Loose-leaved sprouts: Sprouts, like all brassicas, require to
be firmly planted. A leaf should tear if tugged before the plant
can be dislodged form the soil. However, loose planting is not
a direct cause of fluffy sprouts. The usual cause is poor soil,
lack of growth and especially the use of non-hybrid cultivars

BLOSSOM
END ROT
Symptoms:
The blossom end of the fruit develops a dark leathery
appearance. Symptoms may progress until the entire end of
the fruit turns black and rots.
Conditions for Disease Development:
This disorder is associated with insufficient calcium uptake
and alternating periods of wet and dry soil. Damage to the root
system may also account for decreased calcium uptake and
the development of blossom-end rot.

HOLLOW
HEART
Cracks in internal watermelon fruit flesh can occur due to
accelerated growth in response to ideal growing conditions.
There is a genetic component to this disorder, but growing
conditions can account for much of the variation observed. It
appears to be associated with conditions that result in poor
pollination (enough pollination to set the fruit but not enough
to fertilize a high percentage of the ovules) followed by rapid
fruit growing conditions (too much fertility, water and high
temperatures).

LIGHT BELLY
COLOUR
This disorder is characterized by the undersurface of
cucumber fruit remaining light in color instead of turning
dark green.
Commonly occurs on fruit lying on cool, moist soil.
Control:
Can be partially controlled by avoiding luxuriant vine
growth. Avoid excessive nitrogen.

MEASLES
Symptoms:
Symptoms are most evident on smooth-skinned melons and cucumbers.
Small brown spots are scattered over the surface of the fruit. The spots are
superficial and do not penetrate beyond the outer epidermal layers of the
fruit. These spots also may occur on leaves and stems.
Associated with environmental conditions favoring guttation. The guttation
droplets develop high concentrations of salts which burn the epidermis.
Measles spots occur where a guttation droplet had formed.

RIND NECROSIS
Symptoms:
Generally occurs in either cantaloupe or watermelon as dead, hard, dry reddish-brown to brown
spots or patches of tissue in the fruit rind. Affected areas vary in size from 3mm (1/8″) spots to
extensive dead areas throughout the entire rind. In watermelon, symptoms are not visible from
the outside and are rarely found in the flesh. In cantaloupe, dead tissue may extend into the flesh
of the fruit. Circular, water-soaked depressions also develop on the cantaloupe fruit surface.
Not well understood. However, it is thought that environmental conditions which place stress on
the plants may trigger the onset of this disorder. Susceptibility to rind necrosis varies among
varieties. The disorder occurs sporadically and is thought to be associated with bacteria that
may be present in fruit, but the reasons for symptom development are not understood. Drought
stress also is reported to predispose melons

LEAF SILVERING
Leaf silvering is an important physioiogical disorder of summer
squash (Cucurbita pepo) grown in Israel. The symptom, in mild
cases, is a silvering parallel to the veins in the upper surface of
leaves, but in severe cases silvering includes the entire upper
leaf surface and the bleaching of stems, petioles, flowers and
fruits. Leaf silvering was distinguished from silver mottling, a
genetically controlled characteristic, by differences in
distribution of silver over the leaf surface, the developmental
reversibility of silvering and the bleaching effect of severe
silvering on various plant parts

MISHAPPEN
FRUITS
Poor pollination can cause cucumbers (Cucurbita) to
be misshapen and stunted. Plants in the cucurbitaceae family
such as squash, melons, and cucumbers fail to
produce fruit when pollination does not occur.

THANK YOU
Submitted by MOHAMMED ANFAS K T
anfasnellikuth@gmail.com
https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohd-anfas-5409431a0

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF VEGETABLES

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