This document discusses static electricity and current electricity. It explains that static electricity is built up through contact or friction between surfaces, which can result in sparks or shocks. It also discusses how static electricity can be controlled. It then explains the differences between static and current electricity, defining current as the flow of electrons. Key factors that determine current are potential difference, conducting pathway, resistance, and electromotive force. The document also covers other topics like magnetism, electromagnetic induction, types of radiation, resistors, transformers, capacitors, thermionic valves, semiconductors, and rheostats.

2. Electromagnetic Radiation

5. Insulators & Conductors

6. Static electricity is the buildup of electric charge on the surface of an object. This charge is
typically created by the transfer of electrons between two surfaces that are in contact or
when two surfaces are rubbed against each other. The buildup of charge can result in an
electric shock or spark when the object comes into contact with another surface that is
conductive, such as metal or water. This phenomenon is commonly observed when
walking across a carpeted floor and then touching a doorknob or when removing clothes
from a dryer on a dry day. Static electricity can be controlled or prevented through a
variety of methods, including using humidifiers, wearing special clothing, and grounding
conductive materials.
Static Electricity

9. Difference of Potential
• A difference of potential exists between similar bodies charged with
different quantities of electricity. If a conducting connection is made
between the two bodies, electrons will flow from the more negative
body to the less negative one. The force producing this movement is
called an electromotive force (EMF).
• Electron flow continues until both objects are at the same potential.
• The greater the potential difference, the greater the EMF.

10. Current Electricity
• An electric current occurs when there is a flow of charged particles
(generally electrons) in a conductor.
• The factors essential for the production of an electric current are a
difference of potential (PD), and a conducting pathway between the
points of potential difference.
• Electrons will flow only for as long as the potential difference & the
pathway exist.

11. Current Electricity

12. Magnitude of Current
• The intensity, or magnitude, of current (I) is the rate of flow of electrons
through the conductor per second. Electric current is measured in
amperes, one ampere being a rate of flow of one coulomb (6.26 x 1018
electrons) per second.
• The greater the EMF applied, the greater is the flow of electrons. (Direct
Relationship)
• The greater the resistance, the more difficult it is for electrons to move
through the conductor (produce a low current: inverse relationship).

13. Resistance

14. Resistance

15. Resistance in Series
• Connected in Series. One possible way.
• Total Resistance is equal to sum of individual resistance

16. Resistance in Parallel
• Current is offered number of alternatives routes.
• Current divides in 3 parts at A & unites again at B.
• Larger the resistance, carries the smallest current.

17. Electrical Energy & Power
W (work done) = E * C
• with an electric current, the amount of work done (W – joules)
depends upon the force (E - EMF) & the quantity of electricity
moved (C – coulombs)
Power (watts) = EMF (volts) * Current (amps)
• Power is rate of doing work, time is also considered.
• Used in calculating electricity bills.

18. Electrical Watts

19. Magnetism
 Revolving electrons produce a North & South pole for each
molecule
 No matter how many times magnet is divided, it will represent
North & South pole.
 Arrangement of molecular magnets

20. Magnetism
 Properties:
• Setting in North South direction
• Unlike poles Attract, while like poles shall Repel
• Transmission of properties
 Magnetization by Contact
 Magnetic Induction
• Attraction of suitable materials
• A magnetic field

21. Magnetization by Contact

22. Electromagnetic Induction

25. Laws of Governing Radiation
• Reflection
• Refraction
• Absorption

27. Resistor

28. Transformer

29. Capacitor

30. Capacitor

31. Capacitor

32. Capacitor

33. Capacitor

34. Capacitor

35. Capacitor

36. Thermionic Valves

37. Thermionic Valves

38. Thermionic Valves

39. Thermionic Valves

40. Semi Conductors

41. Semi Conductors

42. Rheostat

43. Rheostat

44. Rheostat

45. Rheostat