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1. E L E C T R I C I T Y &
M AG N E T I S M

2. Introduction
AG E N DA
01 03 04
02 05
06 07 08 09 10
What is
Electricity?
Law of
Electric
Charges
Static
Electricity
Electric
Currents
Conductors &
Insulators
Electric
Circuits
What is
Magnetism?
Magnetic
Fields
Electro-
magnets

3. MAGNETISM CAN CREATE ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY &
MAGNETISM
ELECTRICITY CAN PRODUCE MAGNETISM
When charges from one piece of matter
interact with those from another piece of
matter, they produce both electric and
magnetic forces.

4. ELECTRICITY IS THE INTERACTION OF ELECTRIC
CHARGES.
WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?
Electric charges are a fundamental property of protons
and electrons, which make up every atom. Positive
and negative charges are the two types of electric
charges. Protons possess a positive charge, whereas
electrons carry a negative charge.

5. LAW OF
ELECTRIC
CHARGES
LIKE CHARGES REPEL
UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT
THE ELECTRIC FORCE IS THE
ATTRACTION OR REPULSION
BETWEEN CHARGED OBJECTS.
The size of charges and the distance between
them are both key factors in determining the
strength of the electric force between charged
objects.
COULOMB'S LAW

6. STATIC
ELECTRICITY
THE BUILD UP OF ELECTRIC CHARGES ON AN OBJECT
When you rub a balloon against your hair, electrons
from the atoms that make up your hair transfer to
the balloon, which makes your hair positively
charged due to electron loss. The balloon becomes
negatively charged due to electron gain. When you
hold the balloon several centimeters from your
head, your hair stands up due to the attraction
between the two opposite charges.

7. ELECTRIC DISCHARGE
Have you ever received a shock when you touch a metal doorknob
after shuffling your feet on the carpet? That is an example of
electric discharge on a small scale.
Can you think of an example of electric discharge on a larger
scale?
Here's a hint
(insert clip of lightning)
The charges that build up on an object do eventually
move off the object. This sudden and brief flow of
electrons is called:

8. ELECTRIC CURRENT
CURRENT ELECTRICITY IS A CONTINUOUS FLOW OF ELECTRIC CHARGE
Current is defined as the quantity of charge that flows past a given point
per unit of time. The standard unit of measurement for current is the
ampere (A).
DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
ALTERNATING CURRENT
(AC)
A type of electric current where the charges flow in one direction
only. Batteries are an example of a direct current source.
A type of electric current that flows in one direction, then the reverse
direction, repeatedly. The electric current supplied by power companies
to homes is an example of AC.

9. CONDUCTORS
&
INSULATORS
Conductors are materials that allow
an electric current to flow through
them easily, while insulators are
materials that resist the flow of
electric current.
• Metals such as copper, aluminum, silver, and gold
• Water (when it contains dissolved salts or other
charged particles)
• Graphite (found in pencils)
• Human body (can conduct small amounts of electric
current)
Examples of Conductors:
• Rubber
• Glass
• Plastic
Examples of Insulators:
• Air
• Wood
• Paper

10. ELECTRIC
CIRCUITS
ENERGY SOURCE
LOAD
SWITCH
WIRES
PARTS OF A CIRCUIT
• Energy source: An electric field created by a battery's
positively and negatively charged terminals attracts
and repels charges, providing the push to keep them
moving through a closed circuit.
• Load: A component in a circuit that consumes electrical
energy to perform a function, such as generating light
or motion, and resists the flow of electric current,
causing a voltage drop.
• Wires: A low-resistance conductor that carries current in
a circuit, connecting components. Material and
thickness are selected based on distance, current, and
voltage for efficient and safe operation.
• Switch: A switch controls a circuit by connecting or
disconnecting two metal pieces. When the pieces touch,
the circuit closes; when they separate, the circuit opens.

11. TYPES OF
CIRCUITS
CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH A CLOSED
CIRCUIT, A LOOP WITH NO BREAKS, BUT AN
OPEN CIRCUIT HAS A BREAK AND STOPS THE
CURRENT FLOW.
There are several options for connecting multiple loads
in a circuit. Here are the two of the most common
approaches:
• Series circuit: This involves connecting the loads in
a line or series, allowing the current to flow from
one load to the next in a single path.
• Parallel circuit: Here, the loads divide the current
amount of the different devices, creating a parallel
connection.
S
E
R
I
E
S
PA
RA
L
L
E
L

12. V
I R
OHM'S LAW
Ohm's Law describes the relationship between
electric current and voltage in a conductor,
stating that the amount of electric current
flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the voltage that is causing the
current to flow.
• I is the current (measured in
amperes)
• V is the voltage (measured in volts)
• R is the resistance of the conductor
(measured in ohms)
Divide V by R to find the current.
Divide V by I to find resistance.

13. A force that can attract or repel certain
materials, such as iron, and is caused by the
movement of electric charges within certain
objects, like magnets or electric currents.
WHAT IS MAGNETISM?
Magnets attract iron and have two poles, a
negative and a positive pole, where the magnetic
force is strongest. All magnets share these
properties.
LIKE CHARGES REPEL
UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT
N S
N N
N
N
N
S
S
S
S
S

14. MAGNETIC FIELD
THE REGION AROUND A MAGNET THAT IS AFFECTED BY MAGNETIC
FORCES.
N
S
WHAT DO YOU THINK IT MIGHT LOOK LIKE?

15. N
S
MAGNETIC FIELD
THE REGION AROUND A MAGNET THAT IS AFFECTED BY MAGNETIC
FORCES.

16. Earth's magnetic field is what makes compasses
work? The needle of a compass is a tiny magnet
that aligns with the Earth's magnetic field,
pointing north-south. This is possible because
the Earth itself acts as a giant magnet thanks
to its magnetic core, which generates a
magnetic field that extends far into space. This
field is what protects us from the solar wind
and other harmful particles that constantly
bombard our planet. Without it, life on Earth as
we know it would not be possible.
DID YOU KNOW?

17. To produce a strong magnetic field, wrap coils of wire around an
iron rod. Current passing through the coils of wire magnetizes
the rod, producing a powerful magnet, called an electromagnet.
The more loops in the coil the stronger the magnetic field.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Physicist Hans Christian Oersted was the first to discover
that electric current produces a magnetic field around a
wire.
Electromagnets are used in
electric motors, loudspeakers,
television sets, doorbells, trains,
and many other devices.
The process of creating an electric
current by moving a conductor
through a magnetic field or by
varying the magnetic field around
it.
The majority of the electricity
supplied to homes is generated
using electromagnetic induction.
Faraday's
Electromagnetic
Induction

18. U N I T T E S T O N