The document defines electricity as the flow of electrical power or charge, which can be either static or dynamic depending on whether electrons are at rest or in motion. It then discusses several electrical components like cells, batteries, bulbs, and switches. The rest of the document defines key electrical concepts such as electric current, types of current (direct and alternating), conductors and insulators, heating and magnetic effects of current, electrical potential, potential difference, Ohm's law, resistance, electric circuits, types of magnets including electromagnets, magnetic field lines, and rules for determining magnetic field direction.

2. What Is Electricity?
E l e c t r i c i t y i s t h e f l o w o f e l c t r i c a l p o w e r o r c h a rg e
E l e c t r i c i t y i s o f t e n d e s c r i b e d a s b e i n g e i t h e r s t a t i c o r
d y n a m i c .
T h e d i f fe re n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o i s b a s e d s i m p l y o n w h e t h e r
t h e e l e c t ro n s a re a t re s t ( s t a t i c ) o r i n m o t i o n ( d y n a m i c ) .

3. Some of the electrical components
ELECTRIC CELL BATTERY
BULB
SWITCH OR PLUG KEY
FUSE

4. Electric current
• It is rate of flow of electric charge (electrons) through a conductor.
i.e. I = Q/ t ; I stands for current, Q stands for charge and t is for
time.
• It is a scalar quantity.
• Its SI unit is ampere ( A )
• It is measured by a device called ammeter.

5. Types of electric Current
There are two types of current electricity as follows:
1] Direct Current(DC)
• The current electricity whose direction remains the same is known as direct
current.
• Direct current is defined by the constant flow of electrons from a region of
high electron density to a region of low electron density.
• DC is used in many household appliances and applications that
involve a battery.
2] Alternating Current(AC)
• The current electricity that is bidirectional and keeps changing the direction
of the charge flow is known as alternating current.
• The bidirectionality is caused by variation in voltage that reverses , creating a
periodic back and forth motion for the current.
• The electrical outlets at our home and industries are supplied with alternating
current.

6. CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
Any material that allows the
electric current to pass
through it is called as the
conductor.
Materials that do not allow the free flow
of current through it are known as bad
conductors or insulators
silv
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7. Heating effects of electric current
• A current carrying wire gets hot whenever electricity passes through it. This
is due to heating effect of electric current.
• The amount of heat produced in the wire depends on the material,
thickness and length of the conductor.
• If a large amount of electric current passes through the wire, the wire may
become so hot that it may melt and break.
• Heating effects of electricity are applied for many household appliances
such as electric heaters, toasters, water heaters.
• They are also used in bulbs and used as safety devices(fuses).

8. Magnetic effects of electric current
When electric current flows through a current carrying conductor, it produces a
magnetic field around it. This can be seen with the help of a magnetic needle,
which shows deflection.
The more the current, the higher the deflection.
If the direction of current in the circuit is reversed, the direction of deflection of
the magnetic needle is also reversed.
The magnetic needle experiences deflection only if there is an electric current
flowing through the wire.

9. ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL
• It is the amount of work done in bringing a unit positive charge from
infinity to a given point in the electric field.
• It is a scalar quantity.
• Its S.I unit is joules per coulomb or volts (V)

10. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
• It is the amount of work done in bringing a unit positive charge
from one point to another point in an electric field.
• It is a scalar quantity
• Its S.I unit is joules per coulomb or volt (V)
• It is responsible for the flow of current in a conductor
• Measured by a device voltmeter

11. OHM’S LAW
Ohm’s Law Statement: Ohm’s law states
that the voltage across a conductor is
directly proportional to the current
flowing through it, provided all physical
conditions and temperature, remain
constant.
16 March 1789 to 6
July 1854
Georg Simon Ohm

12. Ohm’s Law Equation: V = IR, where V is the voltage across
the conductor, I is the current flowing through the
conductor and R is the resistance provided by the
conductor to the flow of current.

13. Resistance
• It is defined as the hindrance to the flow of current.
• It is the ratio of potential difference to current i.e. R = V/ I
• Its S.I. unit is volts per ampere or ohm
• Reciprocal or resistance is called conductance (c) S.I. unit ohm inverse.

14. FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE
• Resistance is directly proportional to the Length
• Resistance is inversely proportional to the Area of cross section of
conductor.

15. Electric circuit
A closed-loop path, which the current takes is known as an electric circuit.
When the path of the circuit is closed, current flows through it.
When there is a break in the path (switch is open) then, the circuit is open and not
conducting so the current does not flow.

16. WHAT ARE MAGNETS ?
A magnet is defined as. An object which is capable of producing
magnetic field and attracting unlike poles and repelling like poles.

17. What are Natural Magnets?
• The naturally occurring materials which have the property of attracting iron.
• These are weak magnets.
What are Artificial Magnets?
• They are made of materials like iron, cobalt and nickel which can be easily magnetized.
• They are strong magnets.
• They can be made in different shapes and sizes.
What is magnetism?
• Magnetism is a force of attraction or repulsion that acts at a distance. It is due to magnetic
field, which is caused by moving electrically charged particles or is inherent in magnetic
objects such as a magnet

18. TYPES OF MAGNETS

19. Electromagnet
• An electromagnet is a solenoid with a soft iron core.
• The strength of an electromagnet depends on: Number of turns
in its coils & Amount of current passing through the coil
USES OF ELECTROMAGNET
•They are used in appliances such as electric motors, electric fans and electric bells.
•They are used in lifting heaving loads of iron and scrap and are also used in cranes to lift
vehicles.
• They are used to deflect beams of electrons in TVs.
• They are used to separate iron ores from impurities in mining industries.
• They are used in relays in telephone exchanges and in computers.
• They are used by doctors to cure certain diseases

21. Magnetic field lines
•Magnet’s magnetic field lines result in the formation of continuous/running closed
loops.
•The tangent to the field line at any given point indicates the direction of the total
magnetic
field at that point.
•The greater the number of field lines crossing per unit area, the higher the intensity, the
stronger the magnitude of the magnetic field.
•There is no intersection between the magnetic field lines.

22. Right-hand thumb rule
If a straight conductor is held in the right hand in such a way that the
thumb points along the direction of the current, then the tips of the
fingers or the curl of the fingers show the direction of magnetic field
around it.

23. FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE
When a current-carrying conductor is placed in an external
magnetic field, the conductor experiences a force perpendicular
to both the field and the current flow’s direction. Fleming’s left-
hand rule is used to find the direction of the force acting on the
current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field.