Physical bioelectrochem presentation pamela
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This document discusses bioelectrochemistry and membrane potentials. It introduces how electrochemistry studies ions and electrodes in biological systems. Cells are surrounded by membranes made of phospholipids that contain uneven distributions of ions like potassium, sodium, and chloride. This ion gradient across the cell membrane generates a resting membrane potential. Ions can cross the membrane through permeability or active transport via sodium-potassium pumps. The difference in ion concentrations, not the ions themselves, cause the membrane potential. Protein adsorption on metal electrodes is also examined as a model for interfacial electron transfer in biological systems.
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Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and small ions based on their differing migration rates in an electric field. It works by applying a voltage across a medium containing the molecules to induce migration. Capillary electrophoresis improved on traditional electrophoresis by allowing higher voltages without overheating samples and enabling detection of separated molecules, providing faster, more efficient separations. Key factors like the molecules' charge, size, shape and the buffer composition influence migration rates and separation in electrophoretic techniques.
Molecular Mean Field Theory of ions in Bulk and Channels
Life and most of chemistry occurs in ionic solutions, but ionic solutions have only recently been recognized as the complex fluids that they are. The molecular view shows ions interacting with surrounding water and nearby ions. Everything is correlated in a complex way because ions and water have diameters comparable to their interaction length. The molecular scale shows only a small part of the correlation enforced by electrodynamics. Current defined as Maxwell did to include the ethereal current is exactly conserved, and therefore correlated, over all scales reaching to macroscopic boundary conditions some 10^9× larger than atoms crucial in batteries and nerve cells.
Jinn Liang Liu and I have built a molecular field theory PNPB Poisson Nernst Planck Bikerman that deals with water as molecules and describes local interactions with a steric potential that depends on the volume fraction of molecules and voids between them. The correlations of electrodynamics are described by a fourth-order differential operator that gives (as outputs) ion-ion and ion-water correlations; the dielectric response (permittivity) of ionic solutions; and the polarization of water molecules, all using a single correlation length parameter. The theory fits experimental data on activity and differential capacitance in ionic solutions of varying composition and content, including mixtures. Potassium channels, Gramicidin, L-type calcium channels, and the Na/Ca transporter are computed in three dimensions from structures in the Protein Data Bank.
Numerical analysis faces challenges
Geometric singularities of molecular surfaces
strong electric fields (100 mV/nm) and resulting exponential nonlinearities, and the
enormous concentrations (> 10 M) often found where ions are important, for example, near electrodes in batteries, in ion channels, and in active sites of proteins.
Wide ranging concentrations of Ca^(2+) in (> 10M) and near (10^(-2) to 10^(-8)M) almost every protein in biological cells make matters worse.
Challenges have been overcome using methods developed over many decades by the large community that works on the computational electronics of semiconductors.
Designing synthetic photosynthetic systems
this presentation is just an introduction to the vast field of photoelectrochemical cells and it's constituents.
Potentiometry
Potentiometry is an electrochemical method of Analysis deals with the measurement of electric potential or emf of an electrolyte solution under the condition of constant current.
Potentiometry is the measurement of electrical potential of an electrolyte solution to determine its concentration.
The principle is based on the fact that the potential of the given sample is directly proportional to the concentration of its electro active ions or its activity (pH)
When the pair of electrodes is placed in the sample solution it shows the potential difference by the addition of the titrant or by the change in the concentration of the ions.
The theory of potentiometry is based on the nernst equation.It gives the basic relationship between the potential generated by an electrochemical cell and the concentration of the ions.
The potential E ( Half cell potential) of any electrode is given by nernst equation
ECG graduation project
This document provides an introduction to electrocardiography (ECG) and the electrical properties of the human heart. It discusses the structure and function of the heart chambers and valves. It describes how electrical impulses are generated in the sinoatrial node and propagated through the heart muscle to coordinate contractions. Recording these electrical signals noninvasively with electrodes on the skin is the basis of ECG. Key events in the cardiac cycle such as depolarization and repolarization are also summarized.
Electrophoresis
This document discusses electrophoresis techniques and is presented by A Vamsi Kumar from Loyola College. It begins with an introduction to electrophoresis theory, principles, and types. It defines electrophoresis as the migration of charged particles under the influence of an electric field. It discusses how biological molecules like proteins exist as electrically charged species. It also discusses molecular sieving and classification of electrophoresis techniques into free and zone electrophoresis based on the presence or absence of a supporting medium like starch, agar, or polyacrylamide. The document highlights pioneering work on electrophoresis by Tiselius and how supporting media minimize convection currents and allow for separation of molecules into sharp zones.
Molecular structure and bonding
Introduction to bonding theories in molecules - ionic and covalent bonds, Lewis Structures, VB Theory, VSEPR, Hybridization
Similar to Physical bioelectrochem presentation pamela (20)
Ion selective electrodes ISE (potentiometery) PH meter
Ion selective electrodes ISE (potentiometery) PH meter
Molecular Mean Field Theory of ions in Bulk and Channels
Molecular Mean Field Theory of ions in Bulk and Channels
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LinkedIn for Your Job Search June 17, 2024
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一比一原版英国伦敦南岸大学毕业证（LSBU学位证）如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：WP101A】【英国伦敦南岸大学毕业证（LSBU学位证）学位证）成绩单】【微信：WP101A】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
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三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理英国伦敦南岸大学毕业证（LSBU学位证）学位证）学位证【微信：WP101A 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理英国伦敦南岸大学毕业证（LSBU学位证）学位证）学位证【微信：WP101A 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理英国伦敦南岸大学毕业证（LSBU学位证）学位证）学位证【微信：WP101A 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
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Community Skills Building Workshop | PMI Silver Spring Chapter | June 12, 2024
Community Skills Building Workshop | PMI Silver Spring Chapter | June 12, 2024Hector Del Castillo, CPM, CPMM
We recently hosted the much-anticipated Community Skill Builders Workshop during our June online meeting. This event was a culmination of six months of listening to your feedback and crafting solutions to better support your PMI journey. Here’s a look back at what happened and the exciting developments that emerged from our collaborative efforts.
A Gathering of Minds
We were thrilled to see a diverse group of attendees, including local certified PMI trainers and both new and experienced members eager to contribute their perspectives. The workshop was structured into three dynamic discussion sessions, each led by our dedicated membership advocates.
Key Takeaways and Future Directions
The insights and feedback gathered from these discussions were invaluable. Here are some of the key takeaways and the steps we are taking to address them:
• Enhanced Resource Accessibility: We are working on a new, user-friendly resource page that will make it easier for members to access training materials and real-world application guides.
• Structured Mentorship Program: Plans are underway to launch a mentorship program that will connect members with experienced professionals for guidance and support.
• Increased Networking Opportunities: Expect to see more frequent and varied networking events, both virtual and in-person, to help you build connections and foster a sense of community.
Moving Forward
We are committed to turning your feedback into actionable solutions that enhance your PMI journey. This workshop was just the beginning. By actively participating and sharing your experiences, you have helped shape the future of our Chapter’s offerings.
Thank you to everyone who attended and contributed to the success of the Community Skill Builders Workshop. Your engagement and enthusiasm are what make our Chapter strong and vibrant. Stay tuned for updates on the new initiatives and opportunities to get involved. Together, we are building a community that supports and empowers each other on our PMI journeys.
Stay connected, stay engaged, and let’s continue to grow together!
About PMI Silver Spring Chapter
We are a branch of the Project Management Institute. We offer a platform for project management professionals in Silver Spring, MD, and the DC/Baltimore metro area. Monthly meetings facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and professional development. For more, visit pmissc.org.体育博彩论坛-十大体育博彩论坛-体育博彩论坛|【网址🎉ac55.net🎉】
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一比一原版(dmu毕业证书)英国德蒙福特大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(dmu毕业证书)英国德蒙福特大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(dmu毕业证书)英国德蒙福特大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(dmu毕业证书)英国德蒙福特大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(dmu毕业证书)英国德蒙福特大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(dmu毕业证书)英国德蒙福特大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Learnings from Successful Jobs Searchers
Are you interested to know what actions help in a job search? This webinar is the summary of several individuals who discussed their job search journey for others to follow. You will learn there are common actions that helped them succeed in their quest for gainful employment.
一比一原版(EUR毕业证)鹿特丹伊拉斯姆斯大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：95270640】【鹿特丹伊拉斯姆斯大学毕业证EUR学位证成绩单】【微信：95270640】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理鹿特丹伊拉斯姆斯大学毕业证毕业证offerEUR学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理鹿特丹伊拉斯姆斯大学毕业证EUR学位证毕业证offer【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理鹿特丹伊拉斯姆斯大学毕业证毕业证offerEUR学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理鹿特丹伊拉斯姆斯大学毕业证毕业证offerEUR学位证【微信：95270640 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Switching Careers Slides - JoyceMSullivan SocMediaFin - 2024Jun11.pdf
Joyce M Sullivan, Founder & CEO of SocMediaFin, Inc. shares her "Five Questions - The Story of You", "Reflections - What Matters to You?" and "The Three Circle Exercise" to guide those evaluating what their next move may be in their careers.
Tara E Browne, DTM - Administrative Manager (Resume)
I am an accomplished and driven administrative management professional with a proven track record of supporting senior executives and managing administrative teams. I am skilled in strategic planning, project management, and organizational development, and have extensive experience in improving processes, enhancing productivity, and implementing solutions to support business objectives and growth.
一比一原版(surrey毕业证书)英国萨里大学毕业证成绩单修改如何办理
原版定制【微信:741003700】《(surrey毕业证书)英国萨里大学毕业证学位证成绩单》【微信:741003700】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份毕业证【Q微信741003700】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【Q微信741003700】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
按照学校原版(ArtEZ文凭证书)ArtEZ艺术学院毕业证快速办理
官方原版办理【(ArtEZ毕业证书)ArtEZ艺术学院毕业证】【176555708微信号】海外认证成绩单、外壳、offer、留信学历认证（永久存档真实可查）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路），我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Recently uploaded (20)
Community Skills Building Workshop | PMI Silver Spring Chapter | June 12, 2024
Community Skills Building Workshop | PMI Silver Spring Chapter | June 12, 2024
Switching Careers Slides - JoyceMSullivan SocMediaFin - 2024Jun11.pdf
Switching Careers Slides - JoyceMSullivan SocMediaFin - 2024Jun11.pdf
Tara E Browne, DTM - Administrative Manager (Resume)
Tara E Browne, DTM - Administrative Manager (Resume)
Physical bioelectrochem presentation pamela
- 1. BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY PAMELA LOBO PSCH 101 (UNIT-4) M.Sc. SEM-1 (2017-2018)
- 2. INTRODUCTION: - • Electrochemistry study of ionic solutions and electrodes where ions and electrons combine and separate. • Biology is all about flesh and blood and bone. • Becker in his book The Body Electric said-electrochemical events going on in living systems. • Bioelectrochemistry helps to uncover all undiscovered factsto open our minds.
- 3. CELLS AND MEMBRANES: - • Robert Hooke in 1665-honeycomblike structures called cells. • Gordon and Grendell,1925-Cells contained in bags called membranes of phospholipids. mitochondrion
- 4. MEMBRANE POTENTIALS: - • (Eg. of dead frog) what would happen if we apply electrical stimulus to the nerve that feeds the frogs legs? • How do neuron in a living organisms produce electrical signals? • How does permeability work in resting potential? • Permeability also comes in degrees.
- 7. • Resting membrane potential comes from-uneven distribution of ions. • Types of ions present: - cations-Na+ , K+and anions Cl- • Potassium ions-higher conc. –inside the cell. • Sodium and chloride ions –higher conc. –outside the cell.
- 9. HOW IONS CROSS THE MEMBRANE: -
- 10. If only K+ crosses the membrane: -
- 11. If only Na+ crosses the membrane: -
- 13. Na+ K+ PUMPS: -
- 14. THEORY OF MEMBRANE POTENTIAL: - • Descended from the concept of liquid junction potential. • Some membranes affected by light-photo electrodes. • Albert Szent-Gyorgyi-regarded as semiconductors. • Also raised the idea of electron transfer. • Jahn (1962)-bielectrode reactions(redox reactions)a
- 15. The difference in concentration are not the cause of potential. The cause is the electron transfer reaction taking place at the two interfaces.
- 16. INTERFACIAL ELECTRON TRANSFER IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: - • On the electrode side that is surface of protein is more complex than that of a metal. • The ions in solution for electron exchange are very large compared to ions in electrochemistry.
- 17. ADSORPTION OF PROTEIN ONTO METALS FROM SOLUTION: - • Cytochrome c is the model protein used in surface studies. • Szucs et al. (1991) experiment on adsorption of biomolecules on metal surface. • Gold electrode, solution of enzyme glucose oxidase. • Voltagrams measured-(3 different stages)
- 18. • Szucs et al. proved that adsorption of enzyme on metal surface maybe disastrous for the enzyme structure. • Much information about protein absorption can be obtained by measuring the electrochemical isotherm, the θ – c soln relation at constant temperature for a series of fixed potentials. • One takes the protein (P) as absorbing fast upon the metal, and transferring n electrons, corresponding to n carbonyl interactions. The dissociation reaction is taken to be rate determining. Then (Roscoe, 1996):
- 20. REFERENCES:- • Modern electrochemistry, Vol 2B, J.O.M Bokris and A.K.N Reddy • https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human- biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-membrane-potential • https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092777651 7302734