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etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
A common disease of cattle and may also in dog, cat, sheep, goat, mare, Buffalo. The slides contain an introduction, causes of torsion, clinical signs and symptoms, torsion causes, treatment.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
A common disease of cattle and may also in dog, cat, sheep, goat, mare, Buffalo. The slides contain an introduction, causes of torsion, clinical signs and symptoms, torsion causes, treatment.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Class Monogenea
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoidea
Characteristics
Reproduction and Development
Presentation
Best of Luck
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surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and control of disease, personal
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training, transport of lab animals.
Introduction The Gastropods - Phylum Mollusca - Second largest class.
Includes - sea snails and slugs, as well as freshwater snails, freshwater limpets, and land snails and slugs.
The most highly diversified class in the phylum, with 65,000 to 80,000 living snail and slug species.
Older classification of the gastropods
Opisthobranchia (gills to the right and behind the heart).
Gymnomorpha (no shell).
Prosobranchia (gills in front of the heart).
Pulmonata (with a lung instead of gills).
A presentation delivered on the 15/3/2023 to the department of Paediatrics Delsuth which focused on emergency management, detailed and easy to understand.
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Zoology As Part of Biology
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Branches of Zoology related to the medical science
Importance in daily life
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Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
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The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
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IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
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Slides from:
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https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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Physical and Chemical Restraints in Alligators and Gharials
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
RESTRAINTS IN MUGGERS AND
GHARIALS
ANAESTHESIOLOGY TRACKING
(DEPT. OF VETERINARY SURGERY & RADIOLOGY)
OMKAR SUNIL PHADTARE
V/15/191
FOURTH YEAR (2018-19)
5. CROCODILES IN INDIA
Saltwater Crocodile
(Crocodylus porosus)
Mugger Crocodile
(Crocodylus palustris)
Gharial
(Gavialis gangeticus)
6. • Inhabits lakes, rivers, marshes and artificial ponds (slow-
moving, shallow water bodies).
• Broadest snout among living crocodilians.
• Acute visual, hearing and smelling senses.
• Has a powerful tail and webbed feet.
• Preys on fish, reptiles, birds and mammals.
• Average size - 3 to 3.5 meter (Male), 2 to 2.5 meter
(Female).
• Average weight - around 100 kg (220 lb)
MUGGER CROCODILE (CROCODYLUS PALUSTRIS)
7. GHARIAL (CROCODYLUS PALUSTRIS)
• Males develop a hollow bulbous nasal protuberance at the tip of the snout upon sexual
maturity which resembles an earthenware pot known in Hindi as ghara. The gharial's
common name is derived from this similarity.
• Native to the northern part of the Indian subcontinent (deep rivers).
• Average size of an adult – 3-6 meter (Male), 2.5-4 meter (Female)
• Average adults weigh 150-250 Kg.
• Critically Endangered on IUCN Red List.
9. Ectotherm or cold blooded animal.
Dorsum is keeled or ridged.
Head is flattened with adaptation to float on surface of water.
No bony ossicles are present in the sclera of the eye.
External ear is not conspicuous.
Tongue is not protrusible in nature.
Teeth grows continuously through out life and in case of crocodiles, teeth are visible well when the mouth is kept
in the closed position unlike alligators.
Four chambered heart is present but a ‘Foramen of Panizza’ is present in between the ventricles.
Diaphragm is present and the large lung is divided into many chambers.
Urinary bladder is absent.
Oviparous in nature.
Shedding of skin occurs but in pieces unlike serpentines.
Renal portal system is an important component of venous system in any reptile.
IMPORTANT BASELINE FEATURES
10. WHAT IS A RESTRAINT?
A restraint is a device or medication used to restrict or control an
animal’s movement or behaviour.
TYPES OF RESTRAINTS
1. Physical restraints that restrict or control movement or behaviour. They may be attached
to an animal’s body or create physical barriers.
eg. drop nets, net gun, squeeze cages , trap cages etc.
2. Chemical restraints that are medications used to modify or restrict behaviour.
eg. Tranquilizers, sedatives, anaesthetics, etc.
3. Environmental restraints that change or modify an animal’s surroundings to restrict or
control movement.
eg. a locked door.
11. PURPOSES OF RESTRAINT
Disease diagnostic purpose
Therapeutic purpose
Vaccination purpose
Examination of highly excitable species
Biological research purposes
Veterinary research purposes
Translocation
Transfer
Transport
Wild animal conflicts related events (herbivore and
carnivore and omnivore may get associated with these
conflicts)
Random health assessment in free ranging areas
Rescue purposes
Management purposes
14. PHYSICAL RESTRAINT
CAPTURING AND HANDLING BASICS
Strike Zones – Head, Tail
Roping
Neck noosing
Top-Jaw noosing
Securing the Jaws
Tape
Cable Straps
Eye Coverage
Go to the Bathroom
15. ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT
Where are the escape routes?
What is physically possible?
Is the animal trained to shift?
Will the animal be caught in water
or land?
Where will be the animal
restrained?
Are other animals present?
ANIMAL
ASSESSMENT
Knowledge of the Animal
Temperament
Individual animal
differences
Morphology
“Toothiness”
Planning
Communication
Caution
Knowledge of the
animals
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS
OF A SUCCESSFUL CAPTURE
PHYSICAL RESTRAINT
16. PHYSICAL RESTRAINT - PROCEDURE
Take utmost care in the physical restraint of crocodiles.
Use a longer pole with a snare at the end.
Carefully catch the crocodile with the snare and bring it to the ground by dragging in
water.
Better to have this near a tree or wooden plank that is strongly grounded vertically.
Close the eyes of the crocodile with a gunny bag or thick cloth.
Experienced persons will immediately hold on the head and tie the mouth with a
rubber tube.
Crocodiles may be handled with many persons. The tail has to be secured and then the
legs have to be secured (forelimbs separately and hindlimbs separately).
Reptile’s head needs to be controlled in addition to the control of limbs.
Now, you can undertake the clinical inspection.
17. CHEMICAL RESTRAINT
DRUG DELIVERY INJECTION SITES
Intramuscular - The base of the
tail just caudal to the hind legs.
Intravenous – Ventral
Coccygeal Vessels
Hand Syringe Pole Syringe
18. ANALGESICS
Morphine 0.8 mg/kg
Meperidine (Pethidine) 2 mg/kg
Meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg
SEDATIVES
Diazepam Hydrochloride (0.22-0.62
mg/kg) & Succinylcholine (0.37 mg/kg)
Ketamine & Diazepam
IMMOBILIZING DRUGS
1. MUSCLE RELAXANTS
Gallamine Triethiodide
Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, flaccid
paralysis
Recovery within 12-24 hrs
Succinylcholine Chloride
0.4-1 mg/kg or 3-5 mg per Kg
Recovery 3 hrs
2. OPIODS
Etorphine HCl
Very Variable Dose rate within species
Recovery 1-3 hrs
LOCAL ANAESTHETICS
2% Mepivacaine @ 1 mg/kg
Lidocaine is toxic
DISSOCIATIVE ANESTHETICS
Ketamine Hydrochloride
(22-44 mg / Kg; I/M)
Recovery depends on dosage
CLASSES OF THE DRUGS USED
20. DRUG DOSAGE
ANALGESIA
Morphine 0.8 mg/kg IM
Meperidine 1-2 mg/kg IM
Meloxicam 0.1-0.2 mg/kg IM
ANAESTHESIA
Ketamine 11-110 mg/kg IM
Ketamine & Medetomidine 10 mg/kg IM & 0.1 mg/kg IM
Ketamine & Xylazine 7.5-10mg/kg IM & 1-2 mg/kg IM
Propofol 3-10 mg/kg IV
Diazepam 0.22-0.62 mg/kg IM
REVERSAL AGENTS
Yohimbine 0.1 mg/kg IM
INHALENT AGENTS
Isoflurane 1-5 %
PARALYTICS
Succinylcholine 0.33-5 mg/kg IM
Gallamine 1-2 mg/kg IM
21. CHARACTERS OF DRUGS FOR RESTRAINT OF WILD ANIMALS
Low cost
No side effects
Rapid absorption and rapid action
Need of concentrated form (small quantity for injection via dart syringe is convenient for field usage)
Permitted for use in animals for human consumption
Effective immobilization - effects
Reversible by the injection of an antidote
Safe for the handler as well as to the targeted wild animal species
Wide safety margin
Should not irritate the muscle
Capable of remaining stable in solution for long periods of time at room temperature
Short induction period
