Controlled release drug delivery systems can help address challenges in veterinary medicine by reducing stress from repeated dosing and lowering costs. Ruminal, ocular, intravaginal, injectable, and microsphere delivery systems provide controlled release over periods from days to months. Key considerations for veterinary formulations include differences in metabolism, weight variations, and acceptance across species. The FDA regulates veterinary drugs and food products through the Center for Veterinary Medicine.
Introduction to Crystal Morphology & Variations,
Classification of Chemical Compounds, Amorphous Forms, Polymorphs, Solvates, Clathrates, Crystal Habit, Crystal Habit Modification Methods, Crystallization, Importance of Crystallization in Preformulation
Presented by
A.Siddartha Tharun Teja
Department of Industrial Pharmacy
This document discusses floating drug delivery systems (FDDS). It defines FDDS as systems that have sufficient buoyancy to float over gastric contents and remain in the stomach for a prolonged period of time. This results in increased gastric retention and better control of drug concentrations. The document covers the importance of FDDS, factors affecting performance, classifications, suitable drugs, evaluation tests, and examples of marketed products. It provides details on the preparation and functioning of various FDDS types including non-effervescent, effervescent, raft forming, and hollow microspheres.
This presentation includes the detail information about the physics of tablet compression and compaction, Compression, Effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profiles,solubility.
Design and fabrication of Oral-CRDDS....2 - Copy.pptxSumant Saini
This document discusses various mechanisms for oral controlled drug delivery systems (CRDDS), including dissolution controlled, diffusion controlled, and combined dissolution/diffusion controlled systems. It describes different technologies for producing tablets with controlled release profiles, such as multilayer tablets from Geomatrix, Sodas, Smartrix, and VersaTab. System parameters that can affect drug release from these systems include the polymer properties, coating thickness, surface area, and loading dose. Overall, controlled release oral delivery can improve dosing efficiency and patient compliance.
This document provides an introduction to sustained release and controlled release drug formulations. It defines sustained release as slowly releasing a drug over 8-12 hours, while controlled release delivers a drug at a predetermined rate for a specified time period. Some key advantages of these formulations are improved patient compliance, better drug utilization, and decreased side effects. Physicochemical drug properties like solubility, permeability and stability can impact whether a drug is suitable for these delivery systems. The document discusses various approaches for sustained and controlled release based on these physicochemical factors.
Improved and Novel Excipients – Need, sources of new excipients-co-processing and particle engineering, benefits of co-processed excipients, characterization, examples, regulatory aspects
Introduction to Crystal Morphology & Variations,
Classification of Chemical Compounds, Amorphous Forms, Polymorphs, Solvates, Clathrates, Crystal Habit, Crystal Habit Modification Methods, Crystallization, Importance of Crystallization in Preformulation
Presented by
A.Siddartha Tharun Teja
Department of Industrial Pharmacy
This document discusses floating drug delivery systems (FDDS). It defines FDDS as systems that have sufficient buoyancy to float over gastric contents and remain in the stomach for a prolonged period of time. This results in increased gastric retention and better control of drug concentrations. The document covers the importance of FDDS, factors affecting performance, classifications, suitable drugs, evaluation tests, and examples of marketed products. It provides details on the preparation and functioning of various FDDS types including non-effervescent, effervescent, raft forming, and hollow microspheres.
This presentation includes the detail information about the physics of tablet compression and compaction, Compression, Effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profiles,solubility.
Design and fabrication of Oral-CRDDS....2 - Copy.pptxSumant Saini
This document discusses various mechanisms for oral controlled drug delivery systems (CRDDS), including dissolution controlled, diffusion controlled, and combined dissolution/diffusion controlled systems. It describes different technologies for producing tablets with controlled release profiles, such as multilayer tablets from Geomatrix, Sodas, Smartrix, and VersaTab. System parameters that can affect drug release from these systems include the polymer properties, coating thickness, surface area, and loading dose. Overall, controlled release oral delivery can improve dosing efficiency and patient compliance.
This document provides an introduction to sustained release and controlled release drug formulations. It defines sustained release as slowly releasing a drug over 8-12 hours, while controlled release delivers a drug at a predetermined rate for a specified time period. Some key advantages of these formulations are improved patient compliance, better drug utilization, and decreased side effects. Physicochemical drug properties like solubility, permeability and stability can impact whether a drug is suitable for these delivery systems. The document discusses various approaches for sustained and controlled release based on these physicochemical factors.
Improved and Novel Excipients – Need, sources of new excipients-co-processing and particle engineering, benefits of co-processed excipients, characterization, examples, regulatory aspects
Optimization Techniques In Pharmaceutical Formulation & ProcessingAPCER Life Sciences
Optimization techniques are used in pharmaceutical formulation and processing to improve quality while reducing costs. Various methods like evolutionary operation, simplex lattice, and Lagrangian methods can be used to optimize multiple variables. Optimization helps identify the ideal levels of factors like concentration, temperature, and mixing time to achieve the desired response. The techniques allow for more efficient development and large-scale production of drugs.
Physics of Tablet compression is very useful during study of the tablet. It contains the mechanism of tablet compression. It also contains the process of tablet compression.
This document discusses rate controlled drug delivery systems. It begins by defining sustained release and controlled release. It then classifies rate controlled drug delivery systems into four categories: 1) rate-preprogrammed, 2) activation-modulated, 3) feedback-regulated, and 4) site-targeting. The document focuses on describing various types of rate-preprogrammed and activation-modulated drug delivery systems, providing examples and explaining how drug release is controlled in each system.
The document discusses drug delivery to the colon and various approaches for targeted colon drug delivery systems. It provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the colon, factors influencing drug absorption in the colon, and diseases associated with the colon. Various primary and new approaches for colon targeted drug delivery are described, including pH sensitive polymers, time controlled systems, and microbiologically triggered systems. Evaluation methods for these systems include in vitro and in vivo testing.
This document summarizes pulmonary drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the lungs and factors that affect drug deposition. It describes advantages like direct delivery to the site of action that reduces needed doses. Current technologies discussed include nebulizers, pressurized metered-dose inhalers, and dry powder inhalers. Challenges from mucus, clearance and barriers are addressed. The conclusion is that pulmonary delivery directly targets lungs for local and systemic effects, though modifications are still needed to overcome physiological limitations.
This document discusses mechanical and pH activated drug delivery systems. Mechanical systems include metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers which deliver drugs through physical activation. pH activated systems target drug delivery based on pH ranges in different body regions. They are classified as hydrogels, nanoparticles, microspheres, and microgels which protect drugs from gastric conditions and release them in the intestines based on pH changes. The advantages are site-specific delivery and protection of drugs, while disadvantages include non-biodegradability of polymers and lack of specificity between similar pH regions.
Liposomal drug delivery involves encapsulating drugs within liposomes, which are spherical vesicles composed of phospholipid bilayers, to improve drug targeting and reduce toxicity. Liposomes can be classified based on lamellarity, size, and method of preparation. Drugs are encapsulated within the aqueous interior or phospholipid bilayer of liposomes. Liposomes protect drugs, control drug release, and can be targeted to specific tissues. Applications include cancer therapy, antimicrobial delivery, ophthalmic delivery, and topical delivery to improve treatment.
This document discusses oral drug delivery systems, specifically oral controlled release systems and gastroretentive drug delivery systems. It defines continuous and pulsatile release oral controlled release systems. Matrix systems and reservoir systems are described as the two main types of continuous release systems. Gastroretentive drug delivery systems are designed to prolong gastric residence time to allow for sustained drug release in the stomach. Approaches for prolonging gastric retention time include high density, floating, swelling/expanding, and mucoadhesive systems. Specific technologies like osmotic pumps, hollow microspheres, and alginate beads are also summarized.
Liposomes-Classification, methods of preparation and application Vijay Hemmadi
liposome preparation and application
A liposome is a tiny bubble (vesicle), made out of the same material as a cell membrane. Liposomes can be filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases. Membranes are usually made of phospholipids, which are molecules that have a head group and a tail group
The document discusses the effect of various parameters on drug dissolution. It describes how agitation, pH, viscosity, temperature and other properties of the dissolution medium influence the dissolution rate. The amount of dissolution medium and maintenance of sink conditions are also important. Various dissolution models like Hixson-Crowell are presented.
permeation enhancers by Hemant Chalaune ist M pharm Gaule Jeevan
This document discusses skin as a drug delivery route and permeation enhancers. It begins with an overview of skin structure and properties that create a barrier to drug delivery. It then discusses permeation enhancers, classifying them as chemical or physical and describing examples from each class. The document explains several specific permeation enhancers in depth, including their proposed mechanisms of action, such as disrupting lipid packing or increasing hydration. It concludes that permeation enhancers are crucial components for improving drug bioavailability through the skin.
DIffusion, Dissolution and Pharmacokinetic Parameters.pptxKailas Mali
This document discusses various parameters used to study drug release and dissolution from pharmaceutical dosage forms, including diffusion parameters, dissolution parameters, pharmacokinetic parameters, and models like Higuchi and Peppas plots. It defines key terms like diffusion, flux, Fick's first law, and discusses how factors like agitation, pH, surfactants, viscosity, and temperature can influence dissolution. Key drug release mechanisms and models are also summarized.
In this slide contains Effect of Force Displacement profile and Die wall force profile on Tablet on Compression.
Presented by: VENKATESH BATTULA (Department of pharmaceutics).
RIPER, anantapur
WHAT IS COMPRESSION ?
Compression means reduction of bulk volume of material as a result of the removal of gaseous phase (air) by applied pressure
WHAT IS CONSOLIDATION?
Consolidation is an increase in mechanical strength of material resulting from particle - particle interactions.
This document discusses the physics of tablet compression. It defines key terms like compression, consolidation, and defines the stages involved in bulk reduction of powder during compression. It describes different types of tablet formulations and manufacturing methods. It discusses the components and process of single-punch and rotary tablet presses. It explains concepts like interparticulate friction, die wall friction, and their effects. It also describes relationships like axial balance of forces and discusses force-volume relationships like the Heckel equation that can evaluate the deformation behavior of materials during compression.
This document provides information on different types of buccal drug delivery systems including buccal bioadhesive tablets, films, semisolid dosage forms, and powder dosage forms. It also describes various evaluation methods for these delivery systems such as thickness, weight variation, hardness, drug content testing, disintegration testing, tissue isolation studies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, mucoadhesive strength testing, surface pH studies, swelling index measurement, in vitro drug release testing, stability studies, residence time measurement, and ex vivo permeation studies using porcine buccal mucosa.
Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery SystemSagar Savale
The document provides information on self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS), including their definition, components, mechanism of action, formulation, evaluation, and applications. SMEDDS consist of oils, surfactants, and cosolvents/surfactants that form fine oil-in-water microemulsions upon mild agitation followed by dilution in aqueous fluids. The small droplet size of SMEDDS enhances drug absorption by increasing surface area and promoting intestinal lymphatic transport. SMEDDS have shown improved oral absorption for several poorly soluble drugs over conventional formulations.
Slide contains aspects of animal use in pharmacology laboratory.
Along with CPCSEA Guidelines (now CCSEA).
Laboratory animals experiment benefits as well as limitations.
Different animals used in laboratory.
Biopharmaceutical system , methods of permeability , generic biologics, gener...Siddhapura Pratik
Biopharmaceutical classification system, methods of permeability, generic biologics ( biosimilar drug product), clinical significance of bioequivalence studies , special concerns in bioavailability and bioequivalence studies , Generic substitution
Optimization Techniques In Pharmaceutical Formulation & ProcessingAPCER Life Sciences
Optimization techniques are used in pharmaceutical formulation and processing to improve quality while reducing costs. Various methods like evolutionary operation, simplex lattice, and Lagrangian methods can be used to optimize multiple variables. Optimization helps identify the ideal levels of factors like concentration, temperature, and mixing time to achieve the desired response. The techniques allow for more efficient development and large-scale production of drugs.
Physics of Tablet compression is very useful during study of the tablet. It contains the mechanism of tablet compression. It also contains the process of tablet compression.
This document discusses rate controlled drug delivery systems. It begins by defining sustained release and controlled release. It then classifies rate controlled drug delivery systems into four categories: 1) rate-preprogrammed, 2) activation-modulated, 3) feedback-regulated, and 4) site-targeting. The document focuses on describing various types of rate-preprogrammed and activation-modulated drug delivery systems, providing examples and explaining how drug release is controlled in each system.
The document discusses drug delivery to the colon and various approaches for targeted colon drug delivery systems. It provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the colon, factors influencing drug absorption in the colon, and diseases associated with the colon. Various primary and new approaches for colon targeted drug delivery are described, including pH sensitive polymers, time controlled systems, and microbiologically triggered systems. Evaluation methods for these systems include in vitro and in vivo testing.
This document summarizes pulmonary drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the lungs and factors that affect drug deposition. It describes advantages like direct delivery to the site of action that reduces needed doses. Current technologies discussed include nebulizers, pressurized metered-dose inhalers, and dry powder inhalers. Challenges from mucus, clearance and barriers are addressed. The conclusion is that pulmonary delivery directly targets lungs for local and systemic effects, though modifications are still needed to overcome physiological limitations.
This document discusses mechanical and pH activated drug delivery systems. Mechanical systems include metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers which deliver drugs through physical activation. pH activated systems target drug delivery based on pH ranges in different body regions. They are classified as hydrogels, nanoparticles, microspheres, and microgels which protect drugs from gastric conditions and release them in the intestines based on pH changes. The advantages are site-specific delivery and protection of drugs, while disadvantages include non-biodegradability of polymers and lack of specificity between similar pH regions.
Liposomal drug delivery involves encapsulating drugs within liposomes, which are spherical vesicles composed of phospholipid bilayers, to improve drug targeting and reduce toxicity. Liposomes can be classified based on lamellarity, size, and method of preparation. Drugs are encapsulated within the aqueous interior or phospholipid bilayer of liposomes. Liposomes protect drugs, control drug release, and can be targeted to specific tissues. Applications include cancer therapy, antimicrobial delivery, ophthalmic delivery, and topical delivery to improve treatment.
This document discusses oral drug delivery systems, specifically oral controlled release systems and gastroretentive drug delivery systems. It defines continuous and pulsatile release oral controlled release systems. Matrix systems and reservoir systems are described as the two main types of continuous release systems. Gastroretentive drug delivery systems are designed to prolong gastric residence time to allow for sustained drug release in the stomach. Approaches for prolonging gastric retention time include high density, floating, swelling/expanding, and mucoadhesive systems. Specific technologies like osmotic pumps, hollow microspheres, and alginate beads are also summarized.
Liposomes-Classification, methods of preparation and application Vijay Hemmadi
liposome preparation and application
A liposome is a tiny bubble (vesicle), made out of the same material as a cell membrane. Liposomes can be filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases. Membranes are usually made of phospholipids, which are molecules that have a head group and a tail group
The document discusses the effect of various parameters on drug dissolution. It describes how agitation, pH, viscosity, temperature and other properties of the dissolution medium influence the dissolution rate. The amount of dissolution medium and maintenance of sink conditions are also important. Various dissolution models like Hixson-Crowell are presented.
permeation enhancers by Hemant Chalaune ist M pharm Gaule Jeevan
This document discusses skin as a drug delivery route and permeation enhancers. It begins with an overview of skin structure and properties that create a barrier to drug delivery. It then discusses permeation enhancers, classifying them as chemical or physical and describing examples from each class. The document explains several specific permeation enhancers in depth, including their proposed mechanisms of action, such as disrupting lipid packing or increasing hydration. It concludes that permeation enhancers are crucial components for improving drug bioavailability through the skin.
DIffusion, Dissolution and Pharmacokinetic Parameters.pptxKailas Mali
This document discusses various parameters used to study drug release and dissolution from pharmaceutical dosage forms, including diffusion parameters, dissolution parameters, pharmacokinetic parameters, and models like Higuchi and Peppas plots. It defines key terms like diffusion, flux, Fick's first law, and discusses how factors like agitation, pH, surfactants, viscosity, and temperature can influence dissolution. Key drug release mechanisms and models are also summarized.
In this slide contains Effect of Force Displacement profile and Die wall force profile on Tablet on Compression.
Presented by: VENKATESH BATTULA (Department of pharmaceutics).
RIPER, anantapur
WHAT IS COMPRESSION ?
Compression means reduction of bulk volume of material as a result of the removal of gaseous phase (air) by applied pressure
WHAT IS CONSOLIDATION?
Consolidation is an increase in mechanical strength of material resulting from particle - particle interactions.
This document discusses the physics of tablet compression. It defines key terms like compression, consolidation, and defines the stages involved in bulk reduction of powder during compression. It describes different types of tablet formulations and manufacturing methods. It discusses the components and process of single-punch and rotary tablet presses. It explains concepts like interparticulate friction, die wall friction, and their effects. It also describes relationships like axial balance of forces and discusses force-volume relationships like the Heckel equation that can evaluate the deformation behavior of materials during compression.
This document provides information on different types of buccal drug delivery systems including buccal bioadhesive tablets, films, semisolid dosage forms, and powder dosage forms. It also describes various evaluation methods for these delivery systems such as thickness, weight variation, hardness, drug content testing, disintegration testing, tissue isolation studies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, mucoadhesive strength testing, surface pH studies, swelling index measurement, in vitro drug release testing, stability studies, residence time measurement, and ex vivo permeation studies using porcine buccal mucosa.
Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery SystemSagar Savale
The document provides information on self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS), including their definition, components, mechanism of action, formulation, evaluation, and applications. SMEDDS consist of oils, surfactants, and cosolvents/surfactants that form fine oil-in-water microemulsions upon mild agitation followed by dilution in aqueous fluids. The small droplet size of SMEDDS enhances drug absorption by increasing surface area and promoting intestinal lymphatic transport. SMEDDS have shown improved oral absorption for several poorly soluble drugs over conventional formulations.
Slide contains aspects of animal use in pharmacology laboratory.
Along with CPCSEA Guidelines (now CCSEA).
Laboratory animals experiment benefits as well as limitations.
Different animals used in laboratory.
Biopharmaceutical system , methods of permeability , generic biologics, gener...Siddhapura Pratik
Biopharmaceutical classification system, methods of permeability, generic biologics ( biosimilar drug product), clinical significance of bioequivalence studies , special concerns in bioavailability and bioequivalence studies , Generic substitution
Spansules are capsules containing granules coated with materials that dissolve slowly, releasing medication over time. They provide controlled release by using granules with different coating thicknesses that dissolve at different rates. This allows multiple drugs to be delivered simultaneously. Spansules use encapsulation dissolution control, where granules are coated and placed in capsules. The coating thickness and composition can be varied to control the drug release rate. Polymers like cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate phthalate are commonly used for coatings.
1) The document outlines the plan and experimental work for developing a buccal mucoadhesive drug delivery system of the drug Simvastatin using polymers like sodium alginate and guar gum.
2) Preformulation studies like drug-polymer compatibility using FTIR and characterization of polymers were carried out. Mucoadhesive tablets were prepared by direct compression method using different drug-polymer ratios.
3) The tablets were evaluated for hardness, weight variation, surface pH, swelling index and ex-vivo bioadhesion. F3 formulation with drug:polymer ratio of 1:5 showed maximum swelling and bioadhesion.
4) The study concluded that sodium alginate and guar gum
This document discusses evaluation parameters for gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS). It describes several approaches to gastroretention including floating systems, swelling systems, mucoadhesive systems, and others. It also discusses pre-compression parameters like angle of repose and compressibility index, and post-compression parameters like tablet shape, dimensions, hardness, friability, weight variation, and density that are used to evaluate GRDDS tablets. The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology factors influencing gastric retention and emptying.
Colon targeted drug delivery aims to treat diseases of the colon like ulcerative colitis and intestinal cancer. It delivers drugs that would otherwise be degraded in the stomach directly to the colon, minimizing side effects. Various approaches are used, including coating drugs with polymers that dissolve at the pH of the colon, or conjugating drugs to carriers that are cleaved by colonic enzymes. This allows targeted treatment of colon diseases while reducing dosing and systemic side effects compared to traditional oral drug delivery.
This document provides information for pharmacists and pharmacy technicians on over-the-counter medications that are commonly used and recommended for pets. It discusses common conditions that pet owners seek to treat with OTC drugs and identifies medications that are unsafe for cats, dogs, and certain breeds. It also covers counseling pet owners on appropriate dosing and administration of OTC drugs for their pets. The document aims to help pharmacists and technicians safely advise pet owners and identify potential issues with ingredients, such as propylene glycol, alcohol, and xylitol, in some OTC products.
1. DRUG RELEASE PROFILE IN CDDS
2. Drug release profile graph
3. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTROLLED RELEASE SYSTEMS
4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MATRIX & RESERVOIR SYSTEM
5. RETARDANTS USED IN MATRIX TABLET FORMULATION
6. CLASSIFICATION OF NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
7. FORMULATION OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
8. CLINICALLY APPROVED LIPOSOMAL FORMULATIONS
This document discusses emerging trends in alternative drug delivery systems, focusing on orally disintegrating films (ODFs). It provides information on:
1. What drugs are and routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, suppository, inhalational, and topical.
2. Details on oral dosage forms including pills, liquids, and thin films. It describes the mechanism of action for ODFs including mucoadhesion and absorption.
3. Advantages of ODFs include rapid onset, bypassing first pass metabolism, and improved patient compliance compared to other dosage forms. Example products incorporating drugs into ODFs are mentioned.
Gastroretentive drug delivery systems are designed to prolong the gastric residence time of drugs and help improve their bioavailability. These systems can remain in the stomach for several hours. The main types are floating drug delivery systems and expandable drug delivery systems. Floating systems remain buoyant in the stomach without affecting gastric emptying. This results in increased gastric retention time and sustained drug release. Gastroretentive systems are useful for drugs that need to be released in the upper gastrointestinal tract or have a narrow absorption window in the small intestine.
This document summarizes research on gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS). GRDDS are designed to retain drugs in the stomach for extended periods of time to allow sustained release of drugs. The document discusses various approaches to GRDDS including floating systems, mucoadhesive systems, high density systems, and swollen or expanded systems. It also summarizes several research publications on recent advances in GRDDS technology including development of bioadhesive microspheres and floating microspheres for oral drug delivery.
Pharmacy presentation about BCS classification its criteria.Biowaiever and its conditions .permeability studies in vivo,invitro,in situ.mpharmacy b pharmacy pharmaceutics
Design, optimization and in vitro evaluation of gastroretentive hollow micros...SURYAKANTVERMA2
To modify the GIT time is one of the main challenge in the development of oral controlled drug delivery system.
Gastric emptying of pharmaceutical dosage form is highly variable and dependent on the dosage form and the fed/fasted state of the stomach.
Normal gastric residence time usually ranges between 5 minutes to 2 hours.
This document provides an overview of rectal drug delivery systems. Some key points:
- Rectal drug delivery is an alternative to oral administration when swallowing is not possible. It avoids first pass metabolism in the liver and degradation in the stomach.
- Advantages include avoidance of GI irritation, enhanced absorption of some drugs, avoidance of hepatic first pass, and usefulness in pediatric/geriatric patients.
- Applications include rectal administration of anti-epileptics, analgesics like morphine, and peptides.
- Common dosage forms are suppositories, creams, gels, and solutions/suspensions. Suppository bases include fatty bases and water-soluble bases.
- Fact
Video Lecture is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXu_CLgB4q0
Introduction, terminology/definitions and rationale, advantages, disadvantages, selection of drug candidates. Approaches to design-controlled release formulations based on diffusion, dissolution and ion exchange principles. Physicochemical and
biological properties of drugs relevant to controlled release formulations.
This document provides an overview of gastric retention drug delivery systems (GRDDS). It discusses the need for and advantages of GRDDS. The key approaches covered for achieving gastric retention include floating drug delivery systems, mucoadhesive systems, swellable systems, and high density systems. The document reviews gastrointestinal physiology and factors affecting gastric emptying. It also evaluates different GRDDS approaches and provides examples of commercial gastroretentive formulations. In conclusion, the document states that GRDDS are preferable for delivering drugs that need to be released in the gastric region.
1. The document discusses various topics related to biotechnology including routes of administration of biotech products, parenteral route, manipulation of living organisms, liposomes, and microspheres.
2. It provides details on the definition of parenteral route, its advantages and disadvantages, and examples of parenteral drugs.
3. Liposomes and microspheres are described as drug delivery systems, with details on their composition, mechanisms of drug delivery, preparation methods, and applications.
The document discusses microspheres as a drug delivery system. It defines microspheres as small spherical particles ranging from 1μm to 1000μm that can be used to deliver drugs in a sustained, controlled release fashion. Various methods for producing microspheres are described, including single emulsion, double emulsion, phase separation, spray drying, and ionotropic gelation. The properties, mechanisms, types, and applications of microspheres are summarized. Evaluation methods for microspheres such as particle size, drug loading, and in vitro release are also outlined.
The document discusses treatment and control methods for parasites. It covers the importance of understanding parasite life cycles for effective treatment and control. It describes properties of ideal antiparasitic drugs, including being able to kill 100% of parasites, having a broad spectrum of action, rapid action, providing long-lasting protection, being simple to administer, requiring few treatments, being safe with minimal side effects, being affordable, and not having contraindications. The document also discusses how a parasite's life cycle can influence its treatment and control.
Similar to ROLE OF CONTROLLED RELEASE IN VETERINARY FORMULATION.pptx (20)
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
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Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
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photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
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Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
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Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
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In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
ROLE OF CONTROLLED RELEASE IN VETERINARY FORMULATION.pptx
1. ROLE OF CONTROLLED
RELEASE IN VETERINARY
FORMULATION
PRSENENTED BY :
UNDE JAYESH SUNIL
M.S. (PHARM.) PHARMACEUTICS
GUIDED BY :
Dr. RAHUL SHUKLA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
1
2. HISTORY
Veterinary controlled release drug delivery systems: Novel approaches
OBJECTIVE : Veterinary Drug Delivery Systems
The Major Challenges : Veterinary Pharmaceutical Company
Factors Affecting Veterinary Drug Delivery
Ruminal Drug Delivery Systems in Veterinary
Ocular Drug Delivery System in Veterinary
INTRAVAGINAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
INJECTABLE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
MICROSPHERE
ROLE OF FDA IN VETERNARINARY MEDICINE
REFERENCES
CONTENTS
2
3. The word veterinary comes from the Latin word veterinae meaning "working animals".
Veterinarian is a professional who practices veterinary medicine by treating diseases,
disorder, and injury in animal.
The Early Roots Of Veterinary Medicine
YEAR HISTORY
9,000 BC In the Middle East the Sheep herders used rudimentary
medical skills to treat their animals
between
4,000 – 3,000 BC
In Egypt medical treatment of animals became more
common, but was still largely undeveloped.
1,900 BC captured the first written accounts of veterinary medicine in
four sacred Hindu texts.
3
1
4. 1762
• Claude Bourgelat established the first school of veterinary medicine in Lyon,
France.
1791
• Britain Society established London Veterinary College
1863
• In America the American Veterinary Medical Association came into being as a way
to promote the field of veterinary medicine.
Shalihotra , the first known veterinarian of the world, was an expert in horse
husbandry and medicine and composed a text Haya Ayurveda.
The Last Few Centuries Of Veterinary History
4
2
5. Veterinary controlled release drug delivery systems: Novel
approaches
1.Geometrically Configured Diffusion Controlled System
In such systems, it may be possible to produce a zero-order release profile by altering the
geometry of the device.
Increase in surface area in order to offset the increase in diffusional distance the drug must
diffuse within the polymer matrix as drug release occurs.
Drug release occurs by the mechanistic principles of a dispersed matrix system
Example- Paratect Flex Bolus
ethylene vinyl acetate
copolymer
1.which contains a
series of holes.
2.which pass completely
through the trilaminate
structure
drug release occurs
from both the
outermost edges
of the trilaminate
Used for the
prevention of
parasitic
gastroenteritis in
calves 5
3
6. 2. Microchip Controlled Drug Delivery Systems
The intelligent breeding device (IBD) is a single delivery system which is designed to deliver progesterone
continuously over a 10 day period.
The rate, duration and timing of release of each of these drugs is controlled via a programmable
microchip.
The IBD comprises an outer plastic sheath designed to protect the
electronic chip board which controls the rate and time of release of the
actives.
The IBD was designed to administer progesterone, estradiol and
Prostaglandin at the required amounts, rates and times to precisely
Control the estrous cycle of cattle.
The controlling chip, the plunger micropumps, the hormone reservoirs
and the batteries are arranged inside the container.
FIG: IBD 6
4
7. 3. Osmotic push-melt system
Veterinary drug delivery for delivery systems capable of delivering highly water insoluble compounds to
ruminants via the oral route.
This need was met through the development of the 'Push-Melt' ruminal bolus.
The product comprises a membrane cup that is extruded from cellulose acetate and various plasticizers
which is filled with an osmotic hydrogel tablet.
Mechanism of Operation
water enter into the pump
through a semipermeable
membrane
As the water enters the
osmotic layer, it compresses
the flexible reservoir
displacing the test solution
from the pump at a controlled,
predetermined rate.
Example
1.Rumistar® bolus for appetite and digestive stimulant.
2.IVOMEC® SR Bolus for delivery of ivermectin to cattle for control of
both endo- and ectoparasites’ FIG-Rumistar® bolus 7
5
8. Hydrogels as polymers which have the ability to swell in water or in aqueous
solvents, and induce a liquid-gel transition.
Hydrogels results in the formation of a viscous gel which coats the surface of
the delivery system and acts as a barrier to drug release.
When this occurs, the drug is released at a slow rate, which is
theoretically controlled by its rate of diffusion through the gel barrier.
The release profile from such systems is dependent upon both the
surface area and the rate of advance of the boundary separating the
outer gelled portion from the anhydrated core.
Used for treatment degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis and
intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) have been the target of several
studies using these materials.
4. HYDROGEL
8
6
9. Carrier Remarks Species
Methyl cellulose Well tolerated; blurring vision; newtonian
rheological behavior
R
Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose Newtonian behavior at low concentrations but
pseudoplastic behavior at higher
concentrations.
R/H
Polyvinyl alcohol No blurring vision but discomfort at 42%;
good adhesive quality; excellent contact time;
very satisfactory wetting agent; newtonian
behavior
R/H
Carbopol No inflammation or discomfort; tolerable
blurred vision; pseudoplastic behavior
H
Pluronics Improved tolerance when mixed with isotonic
saline solution; pseudoplastic behavior
R
(H: human; R: rabbit.)
Table : Hydrogels for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca
9
7
10. • To minimize animal handling in order to reduce the stress
to animals and farmer from repeated administration.
• To reduce the cost of treatment in terms of money .
• To reduce time spent by the end user on drug
administration.
• To treat the range of animals that could benefit from
receiving the medication.
OBJECTIVE : Veterinary Drug Delivery Systems
10
8
11. The Major Challenges : Veterinary Pharmaceutical Company
1. Biopharmaceutical aspects relating to the specific route of delivery.
2. complexity of the environment related to dosage form .
3. Variations between and within animals.
4. Smaller overall commercial market.
5. Smaller profit margin.
6. Less research dollars with which to develop products.
7. Selection of excipients and polymers (must be cheap).
8. Manufacturing methods (must be efficient and cost effective).
9. Need a heavy responsible marketing team.
10. Development costs for drug approval.
11. Manufacturing and production process. 11
9
12. The diversity of species and breeds:
• Affecting the design and performance of veterinary dosage forms
• Species differences in metabolism can affect elimination of drug as well as large differences in the
half-life drugs
Table: Half-life of drugs measured in cattle, horses, dogs, cats and human
DRUG Ruminant
(hrs)
Horse
(hrs)
Dog
(hrs)
Cat
(hrs)
Human
(hrs)
Pentobarbital 0.8 1.5 4.5 4.9 22.3
Amphetamine 0.6 1.4 4.5 6.5 10-15
Salicylate 0.8 1 8.6 35 4-8
Sulfadimethoxine 9 11.3 13.2 10.2 40
Factors Affecting Veterinary Drug Delivery
12
10
13. Differences in animal weight
• Differences in animal weight that occur both among and within species present another
veterinary product development challenge.
• The variation in body weight can cause under-dosing or over-dosing can be a problem in
terms of efficacy and safety for potent drugs
TABLE : Comparison of the body weight ranges for various species
Species Weight range (kg)
Cat 1–4
Dog 3–43
Horse 408–433
Cattle (beef) 266–641
Dairy cow 600–700
Sheep 54–66
Total dose
can range
over 12-fold
within dog
breeds
Total dose can
range over
700-fold
between small
and large
animals
13
11
14. Free choice acceptance
Approach for developing a palatable oral dosage form is to add a yeast-based or a meat-based flavor to the tablet
blend.
If there is an odour issue need to consider other approaches for odor masking.
Free choice acceptance rates in dogs (%)
Plain tablet (no flavour) Flavoured tablet
Bland drug 60 100
Bitter drug 40 90–100
Odorous drug 20 55
Table : Free choice acceptance in dogs for a bland drug, a bitter drug and an odorous drug
COMTIBILIT
Y OF API
AND
FLAVOUR
GLOBALLY
ACCEPTABL
E
REGULATO
Y
APPROVAL
ACCEPTABL
E BY DOGS
AND CATS
STABILITY
OF
FLAVORS
CHARATARI
Z--ATION
OF
FLAVOUR
POINTS TO BE
CONSIDER AT
THE TIME OF
PALATABLE
ORAL PRODUCT
14
12
15. Ruminant vs Non Ruminant
Ruminant
Four compartments stomach
Prominent microbial digestion
Longer time to digest plant material
Maximum digestion and absorption takes
place in rumen
Has alkaline saliva
Undergo regurgitation
Single compartment stomach
Enzymatic digestion
Competitively less time to digest
Maximum digestion and absorption takes
place in intestine
Has neutral saliva
Do not undergo regurgitation
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
Stomach
15
13
16. Ruminal Drug Delivery Systems
Ruminal drug delivery systems provide for the long-term exposure to the bioactive material from a single
handling of the animal for administration.
Mechanism of Ruminal drug delivery systems
1. Density
A)High-density objects will remain in the reticulum for extended periods.
B)The minimum density of an object needed to avoid regurgitation
varies with animal between 2.25 and 3.5 g/cm³
C)While penned animals like dogs capable of retaining objects with a
density as low as 1.8 g/cm³
2. Variable geometry
This is normally accomplished using a design that leads to a significant
expansion of at least one dimension of the device following its introduction
into the reticulo-rumen cavity.
16
14
17. Introduced the approach of incorporating polymeric 'wings' that are
constrained by a water soluble tape or adhesive during administration.
Upon passage into the rumen, the tape or adhesive dissolves and the
wings expand thereby preventing regurgitation.
Trade name Material used Duration of the
release
DRUG
Paratec Flex® Ethylene– vinyl
acetate
90 days Morantel tartrate
Chronomintic® Ethylene– vinyl
acetate + Iron
powder
90 days Levamisole
hydrochloride
Ruminsert Bolus® cellulose acetate+
Metal
135 days Ivermectin
TABLE : Marketed ruminal dosage forms intended for administration via the oral
route in cattle
folded wings
Polymer
expanded wings
17
15
18. Ocular Drug Delivery System in Veterinary
Ocular drug delivery to develop delivery systems which prolong the time the drug is in contact with
ocular tissue.
The drug may bind to proteins in the aqueous humor which can have a positive effect when it becomes
a depot-type drug delivery complex.
1.Hydrogels
It increase in ocular residence time as a result of a reduction in drainage rate through
enhanced viscosity and mucoadhesive properties.
Hydrogels like Methyl cellulose, Hydroxypropyl cellulose , Polyvinyl alcohol, Gelrite ,
Carbopol , Sodium hyaluronate etc.
2.Insert
These are solid devices delivering drugs to the anterior segment of the eye that are denoted
by the general name insert.
These inserts are placed in the lower fornix and, less frequently, in the upper fornix, or on the
cornea.
Inserts can be classified according to their solubility behavior as soluble, insoluble or
bioerodible inserts.
18
16
19. INTRAVAGINAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Intravaginal Drug Delivery System have been developed for intravaginal administration to livestock
with the aim of controlling the estrous cycle.
Specifically, these compounds include hormone like progesterone, methyl acetoxy progesterone,
fluorogestone acetate and estradiol benzoate.
Commercially available intravaginal veterinary drug delivery systems is PRID, CIDR-G, CIDR-S and
CIDR-B.
Progesterone containing intravaginal drug delivery system
(PRID- Progesterone Releasing Intravaginal Device)
1) They aimed at releasing sufficient quantities of progesterone
continuously to control the estrous cycle of cattle.
2) PRID device induce a mucopurulent discharge during insertion.
3) PRID are manufactured from silicone.
4) After insertion, either the entire device expands outwards. FIG – PRID
19
17
20. 1) CIDRs (Controlled Internal Drug Release) are an intravaginal progesterone insert used in the beef cattle,
dairy cattle, goat and sheep.
2) The progesterone is released at a controlled rate into the bloodstream after insertion.
3) The CIDR is designed as a T shaped nylon spine molded with a silicone rubber skin, which contains
progesterone.
4) The wings of the CIDR insert have the ability to be folded together in order to insert intravaginally.
CIDRs (Controlled Internal Drug Release)
CIDR-B
USED IN CATTLE ,HORSE,
BUFFALO
CIDR-G
• USED IN SHEEP AND
GOAT
CIDR-S
• USED IN PIGS AND
GOAT 20
18
21. INJECTABLE SYSTEMS
Prepare a
solution of drug
that was close to
saturation.
So that upon injection
the drug was slowly
deposit at a fine
precipitation.
Creating a drug
suspension
depot at
injection site.
The resulting
formulation
succeeded providing
release of drug over
2-3 days.
THEORY
EXAMPLE
Ivermectin has been formulated
into propylene glycol and glycerol
Formal and administered
subcutaneously to cattle
and pigs.
The half-life of the drug, combined
with its formulation into a nonaqueous
vehicle which allows for the creation of
a depot at the site of injection
prolongs the
action of the
for over a
21
19
22. 1) They are monolithic systems consisting of a polymeric matrix in which the drug
substance is either dispersed or dissolved, depending on its solubility.
2) Microspheres consist of a multiplicity of small spherical particles each 1-200 μm
in diameter .
3) Copolymers of the poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLG) and polyglycolide esters,
as well as poly (e-caprolactone) and their copolymers have been used to produce
small biodegradable microspheres.
4) PLG microspheres have been administered in a variety of ways like Parenteral,
oral and intranasal routes.
PLG microspheres have great potential for wide use
1) Bovine parainfluenza 3 vims (PI3) has been encapsulated in PLG microspheres
and administered as a subcutaneous (SC) injectable vaccine for cattle.
2) Several microsphere products have been emerging for the delivery of
antibiotics into the synovial fluid of equine joints and steroids to control oestrus
and ovulation in female horse.
MICROSPHERE
Bovine parainfluenza
3 vims (PI3)
Antibiotics 22
20
23. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) added a Veterinary Medical
Branch in 1965 to oversee veterinary pharmaceuticals.
It later became the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM).
The work of the CVM is still essential in that it oversees regulations
relating to food, medicine, and other products for animals.
ROLE OF FDA IN VETERNARINARY MEDICINE
23
21
24. References
Vandamme TF, Ellis KJ. Issues and challenges in developing ruminal drug delivery systems. Adv Drug
Delivery Rev. 2004;56(10):1415–36.
Ahmed I, Kasraian K. Pharmaceutical challenges in veterinary product development. Adv Drug
Delivery Rev. 2002;54(6):871–82.
Cardinal JR, Witchey-Lakshmanan LC. Drug delivery in veterinary medicine. Treatise Control Drug
Deliv Fundam. 2017;28:465–89.
Rathbone MJ, Macmillan KL, Bunt CR, Burggraaf S. Conceptual and commercially available
intravaginal veterinary drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1997;28(3):363–92.
Rathbone MJ. The pharmaceutical scientists’ role in animal production: An historical and future look
at the evolving area of controlled drug delivery in animal production. Proc New Zeal Soc Anim Prod
[Internet]. 2000.
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