Designed a complete system of solar cell arrays required for a commercial complex. Researched and derived mathematical equations to install the system using given budget constraints. Made CAD drawings of the arrangement of inverter arrays required for installing the system.
An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
Designed a complete system of solar cell arrays required for a commercial complex. Researched and derived mathematical equations to install the system using given budget constraints. Made CAD drawings of the arrangement of inverter arrays required for installing the system.
An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
It is type of hybrid energy system consist of a photovoltaic array coupled with a wind turbine.This would create more output from the wind turbine during the winter, whereas during the summer, the solar panels would produce their peak output.Solar Photovoltaic (PV) – Wind Turbine (WT) Hybrid System is the best way to utilize not just one local available RE resource but multiple renewable RE resources.
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, through directly using photovoltaic (PV). Photovoltaic convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.
Hybrid power generation by and solar –windUday Wankar
With the development of industry and
agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil
and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive
use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of
problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution
and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy
reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted.
It is possible that the world will face a
global energy crisis due to a decline in the
availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a
decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to
increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind
energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with
big ecological problems.
With the development of the science and
technology, power generation using solar energy and
wind power is gradually known by more and more
people. And it is widespread used in many developed
countries. The merits of the solar and wind power
generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting.
The raw materials of the solar and wind
power generation derived from nature, and wind
power generation can work twenty-four hours a day,
solar power generation only works by daylight. In
addition, this kind of power generation has no
exhaust emission and there is no influence to the
nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because
of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
solar and wind power generation is very expensive.
By far, it cannot be widely used.
In addition, solar and wind power
generation system affected by the changing of the
weather very much, so it has obvious defects in
reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult
to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical
efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to
increase the reliability of energy supply by
developing a system which interacts Solar and wind
energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar
hybrid power generation system significantly
Design and Cost Evaluation of a Distribution Feeder Connected Solar System ecij
A distribution grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system faces the problem of reactive power imbalance. In view of this problem, a three-phase single-stage distribution grid connected with PV inverter can be incorporated with Var compensation. To obtain the accurate amount of real power insertion, as well as the
voltage and var control. This paper proposes an improved structure of a distribution feeder of UET Taxila for the grid integration of PV solar systems with static var compensation (SVC). The employed scheme consists of a 3 phase bridge
inverter which allows the efficient, flexible and reliable generation of PV array. Cost evaluation of project is also carried out on basic level. The validation of proposed models is carried out through digital simulations using the MATLAB/Simulink.
It is type of hybrid energy system consist of a photovoltaic array coupled with a wind turbine.This would create more output from the wind turbine during the winter, whereas during the summer, the solar panels would produce their peak output.Solar Photovoltaic (PV) – Wind Turbine (WT) Hybrid System is the best way to utilize not just one local available RE resource but multiple renewable RE resources.
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, through directly using photovoltaic (PV). Photovoltaic convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.
Hybrid power generation by and solar –windUday Wankar
With the development of industry and
agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil
and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive
use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of
problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution
and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy
reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted.
It is possible that the world will face a
global energy crisis due to a decline in the
availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a
decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to
increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind
energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with
big ecological problems.
With the development of the science and
technology, power generation using solar energy and
wind power is gradually known by more and more
people. And it is widespread used in many developed
countries. The merits of the solar and wind power
generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting.
The raw materials of the solar and wind
power generation derived from nature, and wind
power generation can work twenty-four hours a day,
solar power generation only works by daylight. In
addition, this kind of power generation has no
exhaust emission and there is no influence to the
nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because
of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
solar and wind power generation is very expensive.
By far, it cannot be widely used.
In addition, solar and wind power
generation system affected by the changing of the
weather very much, so it has obvious defects in
reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult
to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical
efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to
increase the reliability of energy supply by
developing a system which interacts Solar and wind
energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar
hybrid power generation system significantly
Design and Cost Evaluation of a Distribution Feeder Connected Solar System ecij
A distribution grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system faces the problem of reactive power imbalance. In view of this problem, a three-phase single-stage distribution grid connected with PV inverter can be incorporated with Var compensation. To obtain the accurate amount of real power insertion, as well as the
voltage and var control. This paper proposes an improved structure of a distribution feeder of UET Taxila for the grid integration of PV solar systems with static var compensation (SVC). The employed scheme consists of a 3 phase bridge
inverter which allows the efficient, flexible and reliable generation of PV array. Cost evaluation of project is also carried out on basic level. The validation of proposed models is carried out through digital simulations using the MATLAB/Simulink.
In this paper we study how to establish photovoltaic solar power plant Design as well as calculation of power production, base on that to further we find recommendation and techniques to optimized cost of PV solar power plant. To establishment of green and sustainable development of solar PV power plant to reduce a burden of state electricity board.
The need of running AC Loads on solar energy leads us to the design of Solar Power Inverter.. Since the majority of modern conveniences all run on 220 volts AC, the Power Inverter will be the heart of the Solar Energy System. It not only converts the low voltage 12 volts DC to the 220 volts AC that runs most appliances, but also can charge the batteries if connected to the utility grid as in the case of a totally independent stand-alone solar power system. These are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger.
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
You Be the Judge: A Ratings Tool for Selecting the Best Solar Module Rick Borry
What is the best PV module for a particular application? Is it one with the lowest cost per watt? Ultimately, it is the amount of energy produced that is the key factor in the economics of investment recovery and profit.
The Principal Solar Institute (PSI) has developed a tool for analyzing this key element: The PSI PV Module Rating, an energy assessment tool for comparing the Lifetime Energy Production of PV modules over a 25-year period. Using the PSI Rating, solar energy professionals can finally make easy, meaningful energy-economics comparisons of PV modules between manufacturers or within one manufacturer’s product line.
Hear Matt Thompson PhD, Executive Director of the Principal Solar Institute, and Kenneth Allen, COO of Principal Solar, Inc. and Principal Solar Institute Ratings Expert Panelist give an overview of the PSI PV Module Rating and explain how to use the ratings in financial calculations and comparisons of modules and manufacturers. Also, Steven Hegedus, PhD, scientist at the University of Delaware Institute of Energy Conversion, will present an overview of PV module field testing and performance metrics.Then discover specific applications for your business during a LIVE question-and-answer segment following the presentation.
PSI has just published a whitepaper detailing the PSI PV Module Ratings. You should download it free of charge here.
http://www.principalsolarinstitute.org/uploads/custom/3/_documents/PSIRatingsSystem.pdf
Simulation of various DC-DC converters for photovoltaic systemIJECEIAES
This work explains the comparison of various dc-dc converters for photovoltaic systems. In recent day insufficient energy and continues increasing in fuel cost, exploration on renewable energy system becomes more essential. For high and medium power applications, high input source from renewable systems like photovoltaic and wind energy system turn into difficult one, which leads to increase of cost for installation process. So the generated voltage from PV system is boosted with help various boost converter depends on the applications. Here the various converters are like boost converter, buck converter, buck-boost converter, cuk converter, sepic converter and zeta converter are analysed for photovoltaic system, which are verified using matlab / simulink.
Modeling and Simulation of a Photovoltaic Field for 13 KW IJECEIAES
In the future solar energy will be very important source of energy. More than 45% of needed energy in the world will be generated by photovoltaic module. Therefore it is necessary to concentrate our efforts in order to reduce the application costs .This work investigates on the modeling of a Stand Alone Power System focusing on Photovoltaic energy systems. We introduce the models of the system components Therefore a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is needed to track the peak power in order to make full utilization of PV array output power under varying conditions. This paper presents two widely-adopted MPPT algorithms, perturbation & observation (P&O) and incremental conductance (IC).A complete characterization and simulation model was implemented in the MatlabSimulink environment. Design complete system is done to analyze its behavior for a typical year, with the aim to evaluate their energetic effectiveness.
Nine Level Inverter with Boost Converter from Renewable Energy SourceIJERA Editor
A new single phase nine level multilevel inverter is proposed. The input to the proposed nine level multilevel inverter is obtained from solar panel . The solar energy obtained from the solar panel is not constant and it varies with times. In order to maintain the constant voltage obtained from the solar panel the boost converter is used to maintain the constant output voltage using MPPT ( Perturb and observe algorithm) algorithm. Then the buck boost converter output voltage is stored in the battery bank. Finally the battery energy is connected to the 9 level inverter circuits. The harmonics in the inverter is eliminated by using the fuzzy logic controller. The gate pulse for the multilevel inverter is given by the fuzzy logic controller which in turn reduces the harmonics in the inverter. Then the inverter output is connected to the grid are some application.
Similar to Photovoltaic modules & sizing of pv system (20)
Environmental Pollution can be defined as any undesirable change in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of any component of the environment i.e. air, water, soil which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life or property.
Solar energy can be directly converted into electrical energy.
Energy conversion devices which are used to convert sunlight into electricity by the use of photovoltaic effect are called solar cell.
Thermoelectric power generation (TEG) devices typically use special semiconductor materials, which are optimized for the Seebeck effect. The simplest TEG device consists of a thermocouple, comprising a p-type and n-type material connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel.
Heat is applied into one side of the couple and rejected from the opposite side. An electrical current is produced, proportional to the temperature gradient between the hot and cold junctions.
Can AI do good? at 'offtheCanvas' India HCI preludeAlan Dix
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https://www.alandix.com/academic/talks/offtheCanvas-IndiaHCI2024/
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1. PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES
& SIZING OF PV SYSTEM
PRESENTED BY:
MISS. MADHURI MORE
PH. D SCHOLAR
DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENGINEERING
CTAE, MPUAT, UDAIPUR
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
2. PHOTOVOLTAIC PRINCIPLES
The basic unit of photovoltaic system is the
photovoltaic cell.
Cells are electrical devices that convert
sunlight into DC electricity through the
photovoltaic effect.
Module is an assembly of photovoltaic cells
wired in series/ parallel to produce a desired
voltage & current.
When PV cells are wired in series , the
voltage is additive while the current remains
constant.
Saturday, 17 November
2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
3. PV cells are encapsulated within the module
framework to protect them from weather &
other environmental factors.
Panel is one or more modules wired
together.
Array is a group of modules or panels wired
together to produce a desired voltage &
fastened to a mounting structure.
Array power is directly related to the amount
of light it receives and its temp.
Saturday, 17 November
2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
5. PHOTOVOLTAIC REACTIONS
By doping process special impurities like
boron & phosphorous are added to facilitate
electric flow.
Boron and phosphorous create a permanent
imbalance in the molecular charge, therefore
enhancing the silicon's ability to carry
electrons.
a crystalline solar cell is a wafer doped on
one side with boron(+) and on the other side
with phosphorous(-). The region created
between the +ve & -ve side is called the p-n
junction.
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
6. When sunlight strikes a cell, it knocks loosely
held electrons from the negative layer. These
excited electrons are attracted to the
positively charged boron layer, creating static
electrical charge.
The loose electrons build an electrical
pressure at the p-n junction & begin to flow
through the metal contacts built into the cell.
The cell voltage is independent of a cells
size, although, current is affected by the cell
area, the larger a cells area, the greater
current it can produce.
Saturday, 17 November
2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
8. CHARACTERISTICS OF MODULES
The following components of a PV module
differentiate the various types of modules:
1. Cell material
2. Glazing material
3. Electrical connections
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Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
9. MODULE PERFORMANCE:-
Most I-V curves are given for the Standard test
conditions(STC) of 1000 watts per square m irradiance and
250c cell temp
The I-V curve contains three significant points:
1. Maximum power point (both Vmp and Imp)
2. Open Circuit voltage (Voc)
3. Short Circuit current (Isc)
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
10. FACTORS OF MODULE PERFORMANCE
Five major factors affect the performance
output of photovoltaic modules:
1. Cell material
2. Load resistance
3. Sunlight intensity
4. Cell temp
5. Shading
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
11. LOAD RESISTANCE:-
If a load resistance is well matched to a
modules I-V curve, the module will operate
at or near the maximum power point,
resulting in the highest possible efficiency.
As the loads resistance increases, the
module will operate at voltages higher than
the maximum power point, causing
efficiency and power output to decrease.
Efficiency also decreases as the voltage
drops below the maximum power point.
Saturday, 17 November
2018
Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
12. CELL TEMPERATURE:
As the cell temp rises above the standard
operating temp of 250c, the module operates
less efficiently and the voltage decreases.
Saturday, 17 November
2018
Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
13. SHADING:
In fig completely shaded cell reduces this
modules output by as much as 75%.
Most manufacturers today use bypass diodes
in the module to reduce the effects of shading
by allowing current to only flow in one direction,
and prevents current from flowing in to shaded
areas.
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
14. SUNLIGHT INTENSITY:
Modules current output is directly proportional to the
intensity of solar radiation to which it is exposed.
However voltage remains constant.
Saturday, 17 November 2018
Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
15. DESIGN OF STANDALONE PV SYSTEM
PV system sizing includes
1. Estimating electric loads
2. Sizing and specifying batteries
3. Sizing and specifying array
4. Specifying a controller
5. Sizing and specifying an inverter
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
16. LOAD ESTIMATION WORKSHEET
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
Individual Loads Qty Volts Amps Watts
AC
Watts
DC
Use
Hrs/day
Use
Days/wk
÷7 Watts
AC/DC
7
7
17. BATTERY:
Types of batteries:
Lead acid battery
-Liquid vented
- Sealed (VRLA-valve Regulated Lead Acid )
Alkaline batteries
- Nickel-cadmium
-Nickel- Iron
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
18. BATTERY SPECIFICATIONS-
Days of autonomy
Battery capacity
Rate and depth of discharge
Life expectancy
Environmental conditions
Price and warranty
Maintenance schedule
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
19. Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
Battery Sizing Worksheet
AC Average Inverter DC Average DC System Average Amp
Daily Load ÷ efficiency + Daily Load ÷ Voltage = Hours/Day
( ( ÷ ) + ) ÷ =
Average Days of Discharge Battery AH = Batteries in
Amp-hours/day × Autonomy ÷ Limit ÷ Capacity parallel
× ÷ ÷ =
DC System Battery Batteries Batteries in Total
Voltage ÷ Voltage = in Series × Parallel = Batteries
( ÷ = ) × =
Battery specification: Make: Model:
20. MEET THEIR 1080 WATTS HRS/DAY AC LOAD. THEY HAVE DECIDED ON A 12 V DC
SYSTEM AND FEEL THEY NEED 2 DAYS OF AUTONOMY. THE MAX DEPTH OF
DISCHARGE THEY DESIRE OVER THAT 2 DAY PERIOD IS 50 %. THE OCCUPANTS
HAVE A 6 V BATTERY RATED AT 200 AMP-HRS. FIND THE BATTERY SIZING.
INVERTER EFFICIENCY IS 90%.
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
Battery Sizing Worksheet
AC Average Inverter DC Average DC System Average Amp
Daily Load ÷ efficiency + Daily Load ÷ Voltage = Hours/Day
( ( 1080 ÷ 0.90 ) + NA ) ÷ 12 = 100
Average Days of Discharge Battery AH = Batteries in
Amp-hours/day × Autonomy ÷ Limit ÷ Capacity parallel
(100 × 2 ÷ 0.5 ) ÷ 200 = 2
DC System Battery Batteries Batteries in Total
Voltage ÷ Voltage = in Series × Parallel = Batteries
(12 ÷ 6 = 2 ) × 2 = 4
Battery specification: Make: Model:
21. Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
Array Sizing Worksheet
Average ÷ Battery ÷ Peak Sun = Array
Amp-hrs/day Efficiency Hrs/day Peak Amps
Array ÷ Peak = Modules = Module Short circuit
Peak Amps Amps/module in parallel current
(DC System ÷ Nominal Module = Modules × Modules in = Total Modules
Voltage Voltage in series ) parallel
Module Specification Make Model
22. INVERTERS
Inverter Types:
1. Square Wave Inverters
2. Modified Square Wave Inverters
3. Sine Wave Inverters
Standard Inverter Features:
High efficiency
Low standby losses
Frequency Regulation
Harmonic Distortion
Reliability
Power connection factors
Light weight
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
23. SPECIFYING STAND ALONE INVERTERS
To specify a stand alone inverter the following must
be verified:
1. AC output(Watts)
2. DC input voltage from battery
3. Output voltage
4. Frequency
5. Surge capacity
6. Waveform type
Saturday, 17 November
2018
Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
24. STAND ALONE INVERTER SIZING EXERCISE:
QUE--A client want to power the following 120 volt alternating current
loads with his 12 volt direct current photovoltaic system:
300 w blender
1000 w saw
640 w vacuum
30 w VCR
The client also wants to run the saw and the VCR simultaneously. All other
loads will be run individually. Find size of inverter to be used?
SOLUTION:-
AC output watts:
An inverter with at least 1030 watts output is required.
DC input Voltage from battery:
12 volt given
Output voltage:
Choose an inverter with output of 120 V to match AC Load voltage.
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
25. Frequency:
A unit producing 60 cycles per sec AC should be specified
Surge Capacity:
By thumb rule 1030×3=3090 watts
Waveform:
Modified sine waveform will satisfy the requirement of the VCR and
large motor loads.
Answer to the inverter sizing exercise:
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
AC Total
Connected
watts
DC system
Voltage
Estimated
Surge watts
Listed
desired
features
1030 12 3090 Modified
sine
Specification Make Model
27. The PV controller works as a voltage
regulator. The primary function of a controller
is to prevent the battery from being
overcharged by the array.
PV charge controller constantly monitors the
battery voltage.
Size- from a few amp to 80 amps.
Types of controllers:-
1. Shunt controllers
2. Single stage series controllers
3. Diversion controllers
4. Pulse width modulation(PWM) controllers
Saturday, 17 November
2018
Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
28. SHUNT CONTROLLER:-
Designed for very small systems.
They prevent overcharging by shunting or
short circuiting the PV array when the battery
is fully charged.
The shunt controller circuitry monitors the
battery voltage and switches the PVs current
through a power transistor when a preset full
charge value is reached.
The transistor acts like a resistor and converts
the PVs power in to heat.
Shunt controllers have heat sink with fins that
help to dissipate the heat produced.
Saturday, 17 November
2018
Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
29. SINGLE-STAGE SERIES CONTROLLERS:
It prevents battery overcharging by switching the PV
array off when the battery voltage reaches a pre-set
value called the charge termination set point(CTSP).
The array and battery are automatically reconnected
when the battery reaches a lower preset value called
the charge resumption set point (CRSP).
Single stage controllers use a relay or transistor to
break the circuit and prevent reverse current flow at
night , instead of using a blocking diode.
Small & inexpensive and have greater load handling
capacity than shunt type controllers.
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
30. DIVERSION CONTROLLER:-
These controllers automatically regulate the
charging currents depending on the battery
state of charge by diverting excess charging
current to a resistive load.
Like shunt controllers, heat is generated by
the dissipation of power, requiring diversion
controllers to be properly ventilated.
These controllers do not have a system that
prevents reverse leakage at night, so
additional diodes may be required for the PV
array.
Saturday, 17 November
2018
Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
31. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION(PWM)
CONTROLLERS:-
These provide a tapering charge by rapidly
switching the full charging current on & off
when the battery reaches a fully charged state
(CTSP).
The length of the charging current pulse
gradually decreases as battery voltage rises,
reducing the average current into the battery.
Most PWM controllers include a built-in
method to eliminate night time back-feed
losses, so blocking diodes should not be
needed with these controllers.
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
32. CONTROLLER FEATURES
1. Low voltage disconnect
2. Low voltage warning beeper
3. Load circuit breaker
4. Generator start control
5. Array power diverter
6. Load timers
7. Battery charged light
8. Enclosures
9. Automatic equalization
Saturday, 17 November
2018
Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
33. STAND ALONE ARRAY & CONTROLLER
SIZING:
Electric Load Estimation:
1)List the approximate daily average electrical consumption:
Ac average Daily Load:………………….Watt-hrs/day
DC average Daily Load:………………….Watt-hrs/day
2)Figure out the total daily load (factor in inverter losses):
(…… AC Avg daily load) ÷ (0.9 inverter efficiency) + …..DC Avg
Load = ……… Total Daily Load (Watt-hrs/day)
Array Sizing:
3)Figure out the PV array kilowatts needed:
(including derate factors for battery losses, temp losses, and
miscellaneous system losses ):
Saturday, 17 November
2018
Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
34. 4)Choose a PV Module:
Make:……. Model: ………
STC watt rating…… Voc ……. Vmp….. Isc….. Imp……
(PV Array watt ÷ STC watt rating)= …# of Modules needed
5)Factor in Array Nominal voltage adjust # of modules needed if
required:
Array Nominal Voltage:……. PV Module Nominal Voltage:…...
(Modules required in series= Array Nominal Voltage÷ PV Module
Nominal Voltage)
Charge controller sizing:
6) List Specific MPPT charge controller (CC) to be used:
Manufacture:…….. Model:……….
Max Array size Allowed (CC watt rating) at Nominal Battery
Voltage:……….
Max PV Array Open Circuit voltage Allowed:………
Max watts Charge controller(S) Must pass…= Final no of modules
req…… × STC watt rating……
Saturday, 17 November
2018
Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
35. 7) Calculate how many of these charge controllers the system
will require:
No of charge controllers required ……..= Max watts CC Must
Pass……..÷ CC Watt rating at Nominal battery voltage ……..
NOTE:- check to ensure that the maximum array Voc will not
exceed the maximum Voc rating of the charge controller during
low temp conditions.
By using historic lowest temp in area, find the correction factor from
NEC 2005,Table 690.7 to complete the following equation:
Maximum PV voltage…..= Module Voc…..× no of modules in
series….. × correction factor from NEC, Table 690.7…..
The maximum PV Voltage should be less than the Maximum
controller voltage rating.
Saturday, 17 November 2018 Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
36. CONTROLLER SIZING EXERCISE:
Problem: A client wishes to simultaneously power three 12 volt
DC lights (30 watts) and a 12 volt Dc television (14 watts) using a
12 volt PV array. Three modules wired in parallel are used in the
system. Each module has a peak current of 2.95 amps and a short
circuit current of 3.28 amps. Calculate the maximum array output
amps used to size a controller.
Saturday, 17 November
2018
Depart of Renewable energy sources, CTAE
Controller Sizing worksheet
Module short × Modules in × 1.25 = Array short Controller Listed desired
circuit current parallel circuit Amps Array Amps Features
3.28 × 3 × 1.25 = 12.3 12.3
DC Total ÷ DC System = Maximum DC Controller Load
•Connected watts Voltage Load Amps Load Amps
104 ÷ 12 = 8.67 9
Controller specifications Manufacturer: .......... Model: ................
•Answer: A controller capable of handling at least 12.3 amps must be specified.
