Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities.
This was my presentation on the C4 pathway which includes the portions for 11th grade i hope it helps ppl for better understanding :)
I would like to say special Thanks to my biology teacher Mrs.Alarmelu for her outstanding support and her amazing effort in helping me to make this presentation a success
This was my presentation on the C4 pathway which includes the portions for 11th grade i hope it helps ppl for better understanding :)
I would like to say special Thanks to my biology teacher Mrs.Alarmelu for her outstanding support and her amazing effort in helping me to make this presentation a success
Kingdom Plantae is further classified on the basis of characteristics like absence or presence of seeds, vascular tissues, differentiation of plant body, etc.
Kingdom Plantae || Division Algae or Thallophyta || Botany PptMOHAMMEDVALIKARIMWAL
Botany Ppt
Kingdom plantae
Division Algae
Overview of Algae
Types of Algae, Structure of Algae, Reproduction in Algae,
Products produced by Algae and it's various Applications.
By Mohammed Valikarimwala
FY BSc Biotechnology
Fergusson college, Pune
Kingdom Plantae is further classified on the basis of characteristics like absence or presence of seeds, vascular tissues, differentiation of plant body, etc.
Kingdom Plantae || Division Algae or Thallophyta || Botany PptMOHAMMEDVALIKARIMWAL
Botany Ppt
Kingdom plantae
Division Algae
Overview of Algae
Types of Algae, Structure of Algae, Reproduction in Algae,
Products produced by Algae and it's various Applications.
By Mohammed Valikarimwala
FY BSc Biotechnology
Fergusson college, Pune
This presentation describes in details how photosynthesis works along with its process. This presentation also shows the raw materials required for photosynthesis. It also shows the significance of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis Process
The Importance Of Photosynthesis In Plants
Essay on Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Lab Report
The Process of Photosynthesis Essay
Photosynthesis Research Paper
Literature Review On Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Essay example
A Study on Photosynthesis
Essay on Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Lab Report
Photosynthesis Research Paper
Lab Report On Photosynthesis
Lab Report On Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Essay
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis
Lab Report on Photosynthesis Essay
Essay about photosynthesis lab report
A rock is a solid collection of minerals. There are three main types of rock, classified by how they are sourced and formed:
sedimentary
igneous
metamorphic
DIASTROPHISM - FOLDING FAULTING AND MOREJsjxbs Kfkfnd
Diastrophism is the process of deformation of the Earth's crust which involves folding and faulting. Diastrophism can be considered part of geotectonics.
Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago, approximately one-third the age of the universe, by accretion from the solar nebula. Volcanic outgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere and then the ocean, but the early atmosphere contained almost no oxygen.
geologic time, the extensive interval of time occupied by the geologic history of Earth. Formal geologic time begins at the start of the Archean Eon (4.0 billion to 2.5 billion years ago) and continues to the present day.
All living organisms share several key characteristics or functions: order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing. When viewed together, these characteristics serve to define life.
An organ system is a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. Each organ has a specialized role in a plant or animal body, and is made up of distinct tissues.
Typical levels of organization that one finds in the literature include the atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organismal, group, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, and biosphere levels.
There are two different types of leaves – simples leaves and compound leaves. The other types of leaves include acicular, linear, lanceolate, orbicular, elliptical, oblique, centric cordate, etc. They perform the function of photosynthesis and help in the removal of excess water from the aerial parts of the plant.
Cells are considered the basic units of life in part because they come in discrete and easily recognizable packages. That's because all cells are surrounded by a structure called the cell membrane — which, much like the walls of a house, serves as a clear boundary between the cell's internal and external environments.
21st Century Literature from the philippines and the world - Representative T...Jsjxbs Kfkfnd
21st Century Literature from the philippines and the world - Representative Text And Authors From Asia, North America, Europe, Latin America, And Africa
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
Photosynthesis ptt
1. Plants turn solar energy into food
which is nice of them because
animals can’t eat sunshine.
Sunshine plays a bigger role in our
lives than you may think. All the food
we eat and the fossil fuels we burn
are products of photosynthesis.
When animals eat plants and other animals,
that original solar energy is passed along
the food chain.
Photosynthesis
2. The photosynthesis reaction:
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
6 Carbon
dioxide
molecules
12 Water
molecules
1 Sugar
(glucose)
molecule
6 Water
molecules
6 Oxygen
molecules
Photosynthesis has 3 major events:
1. Sunlight is converted into chemical energy
2. Water (H2O) is split into oxygen (O2)
3. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is fixed into sugars (C6H12O6)
Photosynthesis is the process that converts solar energy
into chemical energy that is used by biological systems
(that means us).
3. Photosynthesis is carried out by:
plants
cyanobacteria
certain bacteria
most algae phytoplankton
These organisms are known
as photoautotrophs or
producers meaning they
make their own food and
energy from the sun.
Consumers such as herbivores and
carnivores depend on the products
of photosynthesis that producers
make to live.
4. Glucose
During photosynthesis, plants
produce glucose molecules when
they convert light energy into
chemical energy. The chemical
energy is stored in the bonds of
glucose.
Glucose (C6H12O6) is a
sugar and its molecular
structure looks like this.
When animals
digest plants, they
are breaking down
the glucose bonds
to release stored
energy to power
their bodies.
Plants produce sugars as a source of food.
However, they produce way more than they
need to survive. This is a great benefit for all
the species that depend on glucose for energy.
Plants also use the
glucose they produce for
energy. When plants
produce excess glucose
they store it in their
leaves.
All biological energy comes from glucose.
5. Glucose in Plants
Why do plants make glucose?
What is it plants do with glucose?
Plant Chef
Glucose
“My masterpiece!”
Glucose molecules can be broken
apart for energy to power reactions.
Plants can also make glucose into carbohydrate
chains called polysaccharides.
poly = many saccharide = carbohydrate
There are 2 polysaccharide chains in plants:
Cellulose Starch
Cellulose is the structural
component of cell walls.
Starch is a long term energy store that
the plant can use later.
O O
O O O O
O O
Glucose is a monosaccharide.
mono = one saccharide
Glucose
Glucose is a simple sugar
because it is one of the smallest
units of carbohydrates.
6. Through evolution, plant cells, certain bacteria
and some algae have acquired chloroplasts to
help carry out the photosynthetic reaction.
Chloroplasts are a plastid or plant cell organelle.
Chloroplasts are full of round flattened discs
called thylakoids.
A stack of thylakoids is called a granum.
Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs.
Both pictures are of
chloroplasts in plant
cells at different
magnifications.
Chloroplast
Stroma is the
space inside
chloroplasts
7. Where did chloroplasts come from?
A very long time ago, plant cells were
once ancient eukaryotic cells that had
enveloped a cyanobacteria.
Eventually, the cyanobacteria became
a part of the cell and dependent upon
it for life which in turn gave the cell
the ability to photosynthesize.
This is called the endosymbiotic theory.
(endo = inside)
There are many reasons why scientists
believe this theory.
One is that chloroplasts have their own
DNA that is different from plant DNA
but similar to bacterial DNA.
Mitochondria are also
believed to have been
engulfed by ancient
eukaryotic cells through
endosymbiosis.
Bacterial DNA Chloroplast DNA
Plant DNA
8. Cyanobacteria Today
Cyan comes from the Greek word cyanin which
means aqua colored.
Not all bacteria that undergo photosynthesis are
cyanobacteria but all cyanobacteria are photosynthetic
bacteria e.g. purple bacteria are not cyanobacteria but were
the first bacteria discovered that can photosynthesize.
Cyanobacteria undergo photosynthesis in lakes, ponds, and
oceans.
Cyanobacteria lack chloroplasts - why do you think that is?
9. Photosynthesis in plants happens in the chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts are full of thylakoids stacked in granum.
The thylakoid membranes
are lined by pigments such as
chlorophyll and cartenoids.
These pigments harvest
light energy packets or
photons when they
absorb sunlight.
Chlorophyll is a green pigment
and is the most abundant.
Chlorophyll absorbs all wavelength colors
except green, which is reflected off
giving plants their green appearance.
10. The Photosynthesis Reaction is divided into two parts:
Dark reactions or “light independent
reactions” do not need light energy to
power their reactions and can occur day
or night.
Discovered by three scientists, the dark
reactions are also called the Calvin-
Bensen-Bassham cycle or just Calvin
Cycle.
Dark reactions occur in the stroma of
chloroplasts (the space that surrounds
thylakoids) and fix carbon dioxide into
glucose.
Dark Reactions
Light Reactions
Light reactions or
“light dependent reactions”
capture light energy to power
photosynthesis.
Light reactions occur during the day time.
They take place in the thylakoids.
Pigments in the thylakoid membranes
form protein complexes called
Photosystem I and Photosystem II.
These photosystems harvest photons to
charge up energy carrying molecules that
will power the dark reactions.
C B B
11. • Plants are the producers of the biosphere creating the oxygen
and glucose needed for most organisms.
• Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis in plants.
• Chloroplasts contain thylakoids where the light reactions take
place.
• Light reactions convert sunlight into ATP and NADPH.
• The dark reactions or Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH to
convert CO2 into sugar.
• The light reactions and the dark reactions cooperate to
convert light energy into chemical energy housed in glucose.
• Plants and animals use glucose to power metabolic processes.
Summary
12. Human’s excessive dependence on fossil
fuels has led to an increase in the level
of CO2, a green house gas that traps heat
in the atmosphere and heats up the
earth. The rate at which human’s are
burning fossil fuels is too high for plants
and oceans to take carbon out of the
atmosphere.
When plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air, they
are removing carbon from the atmosphere and fixing
carbon into forms usable by other organisms. The
burning of fossil fuels for energy, releases carbon
dioxide gas into the atmosphere increasing the
amount of carbon in the atmosphere.
Deforestation is a contributing factor to the excessive
amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere and is also due to
human influence. With the destruction of entire
forests every day, we reduce the number of plants
available to reduce carbon in the atmosphere.
Note: The picture on the left is of plant cells under a light microscope and the chloroplasts are visible as green circles. The structure of chloroplasts will be covered on slide 7.
Note: A more in depth look at each molecule in the reaction is covered on slide 6.
Note: Hippos are the most dangerous herbivore in Africa. Their powerful jaws can bite adult crocodiles in half! If you ever come across a hippo run away.
Note: The difference between cellulose and starch since both are made up entirely of several glucose molecules is where they bond to each other. Notice in cellulose the CH2OH chain is always at the top but in starch the chain alternates top to bottom.
Note: The chloroplast picture on top was taken with a light microscope with a magnification of about 100x. The bottom picture of chloroplasts was taken with an electromagnetic microscope which has a magnification range up to 10,000,00x.
Emphasize the terms thylakoid and stroma as these are where the reactions take place.
YouTube Video: Before or after covering the text on the slide click on the “Where did chloroplasts come from?” link to a great YouTube video called “Evolution and Oxygen” that is 9:29 minutes long and covers the complete history. Once the video is finished there is animation on the slide, click to make the last paragraph appear that covers one piece of evidence for the endosymbiotic theory.
Note: Prokaryotes are cells without a nucleus and these include all bacteria. The difference between bacterial DNA and plant DNA is that prokaryotes do not contain their DNA in a nucleus and is free floating. Plants are eukaryotes which means their DNA is contained in a nucleus (represented by the purple circle in the slide).
Question for class: Cyanobacteria lack chloroplasts – why?
Answer: Because the organelle chloroplasts originated from cyanobacteria that were absorbed by eukaryotic (ancestral plant) cells.
Note: Trace through the zoomed in plant leaf diagram on the left from the leaf to thylakoids to give students a sense of where the thylakoids are in the plant and how small they are.
Note: Remind students that dependent means “requires or needs” and independent means “stand alone or doesn’t need.”
So light dependent reactions require or needs light to occur and the light independent reactions do not need light to take place.
Note: YouTube hyperlink at “Summary.” Video has no words, just a short video of water molecules being absorbed from roots, carbon dioxide molecules entering the stroma, and the conversion process. I would stop the video after 1:00, the first half shows the water molecules and carbon dioxide molecules entering the plants but the second half does not show the reactions happening in the thylakoids or stroma.
Note: Oceans absorb carbon in the form of precipitation for more information see the Carbon Cycle.