Diastrophism is the process of deformation of the Earth's crust which involves folding and faulting. Diastrophism can be considered part of geotectonics.
Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement, Jahangir Alam
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement, Jahangir Alam
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
This lecture includes the fold terminology and classification of folds based of different criteria.
Classification of folds based on:
Direction of closing
Attitude of axial surface
Size of interlimb angle
Profile
Ramsay Classification of folds
This Powerpoint Presentaion is used for my 11th Grade Earth Science Reporting as a major requirement for our sujbect. It talks about the tectonic processes and Plate boundaries with its theories..
Concept 1. The same physical processes and laws that operate today operated throughout geologic time, although not necessarily always with the same intensity as now.
Concept 2. Geologic structure is a dominant control factor in the evolution of land forms and is reflected in them.
This lecture includes the fold terminology and classification of folds based of different criteria.
Classification of folds based on:
Direction of closing
Attitude of axial surface
Size of interlimb angle
Profile
Ramsay Classification of folds
This Powerpoint Presentaion is used for my 11th Grade Earth Science Reporting as a major requirement for our sujbect. It talks about the tectonic processes and Plate boundaries with its theories..
Concept 1. The same physical processes and laws that operate today operated throughout geologic time, although not necessarily always with the same intensity as now.
Concept 2. Geologic structure is a dominant control factor in the evolution of land forms and is reflected in them.
A rock is a solid collection of minerals. There are three main types of rock, classified by how they are sourced and formed:
sedimentary
igneous
metamorphic
Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago, approximately one-third the age of the universe, by accretion from the solar nebula. Volcanic outgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere and then the ocean, but the early atmosphere contained almost no oxygen.
geologic time, the extensive interval of time occupied by the geologic history of Earth. Formal geologic time begins at the start of the Archean Eon (4.0 billion to 2.5 billion years ago) and continues to the present day.
All living organisms share several key characteristics or functions: order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing. When viewed together, these characteristics serve to define life.
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities.
An organ system is a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. Each organ has a specialized role in a plant or animal body, and is made up of distinct tissues.
Typical levels of organization that one finds in the literature include the atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organismal, group, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, and biosphere levels.
There are two different types of leaves – simples leaves and compound leaves. The other types of leaves include acicular, linear, lanceolate, orbicular, elliptical, oblique, centric cordate, etc. They perform the function of photosynthesis and help in the removal of excess water from the aerial parts of the plant.
Cells are considered the basic units of life in part because they come in discrete and easily recognizable packages. That's because all cells are surrounded by a structure called the cell membrane — which, much like the walls of a house, serves as a clear boundary between the cell's internal and external environments.
21st Century Literature from the philippines and the world - Representative T...Jsjxbs Kfkfnd
21st Century Literature from the philippines and the world - Representative Text And Authors From Asia, North America, Europe, Latin America, And Africa
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
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Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
2. WARPING
• Large portions of the Earth’s crust are
subjected to uplift or depression.
• Uplift possibly due to tectonic as well as
erosion processes.
• Depression usually due to glacial weight
added to crust
– Isostasy: rebound of the Earth’s crust as
glacial weight is removed through melting and
global warming
6. FORCES THAT SHAPE THE
EARTH’S SURFACE
• There are three main types of forces of
pressure that work to shape (and re-shape)
the Earth’s surface:
–Compression forces (‘squeezing’)
–Extension (or tension) forces (‘stretching’)
–Shearing forces (‘ripping’)
8. COMPRESSION FORCES: FOLDS
• Folding
– A fold is formed by the bending or buckling of rock layers, as a result of
great force and pressure over extremely long periods of geologic time
– There are two primary types of folding:
– Synclines and Anticlines
• Syncline: Rock layers bend downward in the folding process to form a
trough-like physical feature called a syncline. This physical feature
often shows itself in the form of valleys and lakes.
• Anticline: Rock layers buckle upward during folding to form an arch-
like structure called an anticline. This physical features often shows
itself in the form of mountains or ridges.
10. FOLDS RESPOND TO TECTONICS
A.No compression forces and no folds
B.Compression forces create
somewhat symmetrical upfolds
(anticlines) and downfolds
(synclines)
C.Continued compression pushes
symmetrical upfold over into an
‘overturned fold’
D.Compression forces cause a fault to
form and pushes one limb of the
‘overturned fold’ onto the other limb
E. A Recumbent fold along a fault has
developed
15. FOLDED MOUNTAINS –
COMPRESSION FORCES
• Folded Mountains form as the
edges of two adjacent rock layers
are pushed together
– The layers buckle like a wrinkled
rug
– Mountains form from multiple
parallel synclines and anticlines
• Under great pressure and steady
force, rocks can actually bend
rather than breaking.
• The Appalachian Mountains in the
North America, the Himalayan
Mountains in India, the Atlas
Mountains in Northwest Africa, and
Swiss Alps in Europe are examples
of folded mountains.
19. FAULTING – COMPRESSION, EXTENSION
AND SHEARING FORCES
• When enormous stresses build and push large intact
rock masses beyond their yield limit, faulting of the
surface is likely to occur.
• A fault is a fracture in the rock layers along which
movement occurs
Movement is the displacement of once connected blocks of rock
along a fault plane. Displacement can occur in any direction with
the broken blocks moving along the fault in opposite directions
from each other.
20. Measuring Displacement along a
Fault
• Some faults have vertical displacement,
while others have horizontal displacement
• The measure of displacement is referred
to as either “dip-slip” or “strike-slip”.
– Strike: The compass direction of a line of
strata
– Dip: The angle in degrees between a
horizontal surface and an inclined surface –
measured as perpendicular to strike
22. UNDERSTANDING FAULT
TERMINOLOGY
• Faults are identified by their patterns of
displacement:
– Vertical (dip slip)
• The movement is along the line of the dip
– Horizontal (strike slip)
• The movement is along the line of the strike
24. TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF
DIP SLIP FAULTS
• Fault scarp: steep cliff that represents
edge of vertically displaced rock
– Can be 100s of meters in height
– Can extend 100s of kilometers in straight lines
– Sharp rise in terrain and steep slopes
27. NORMAL FAULTS: DIP SLIP
FAULTS
• Normal faults are the result of tensional (or
extensional) forces acting to pull apart the
surface.
• The hanging wall drops relative to the
footwall.
• Normal faults can occur across vast areas
due to lithospheric stretching.
– Basin and Range in Western USA
29. HORSTS AND GRABENS
Mountains and Basins created by a series of parallel Normal
Faults – The Basin and Range Province in Western North
America is a topographic example of normal faulting:
Grabens: downdropped basins
Horsts: Uplifted mountains and ranges
Tension forces
Tension forces
30. Basin and Range
Western USA exhibits
‘horst and graben’
structures due to
extensional tectonics.
The Western edge of the
Basin and Range
includes the Sierra
Nevada in California.
The Eastern edge of the
Basin and Range
includes the Wasatch
Range in Utah
31. Faults across Basin Range Province
TENSION FORCES ARE PULLING THIS AREA APART
32. REVERSE FAULT – DIP SLIP
• Reverse faults are the result of
compression forces
• The footwall drops relative to the hanging
wall
34. REVERSE THRUST FAULT
• Reverse thrust faults
are the result of very
low angle faults,
pushing the hanging
wall up and over the
foot wall
Footwall
Hanging
wall
Compression forces
35. BLIND REVERSE THRUST FAULT
• A blind reverse
thrust fault does not
extend to the
surface – we only
know of their
existence because
of earthquakes and
surface deformation
• Hanging wall lifts up
and over footwall
Hanging wall
footwall
36. TRANSFORM FAULTS:
SHEARING FORCES
• Transform faults can be found at plate
boundaries as one plate slides horizontally
past another.
– Strike-slip faults
• Most transform faults are found on the
ocean floor as part of the active offset
along divergent plate boundaries.
38. TRANSFORM FAULTS: PLATE
BOUNDARIES
• At plate boundaries, when two tectonic
plates grind past each other, there is
usually no volcanism or mountain building
occurring.
• One of the largest transform faults in the
world is the San Andreas Fault
– Separating the North American Plate from the
Pacific Plate in southern California.
41. FORMATION OF SAN ANDREAS
FAULT
• The northwest-southeast trending fault
zone extends from the East Pacific rise in
the Gulf of California (between Baja
California and the Mexican mainland) to
the Mendocino fracture zone offshore of
northern California - approximately 800
miles
42.
43. San Andreas Fault Zone
• The San Andreas fault zone includes the
main fault trace and many other major and
minor fault strands.
• The relative rate of motion between the
North American plate and the Pacific plate
is approximately 3.5 to 4.6 cm per year,
most of which (2.0 to 3.5 cm per year) is
accounted for by horizontal displacement
along the San Andreas fault zone.
44. Evolution of San Andreas Fault
• Before 30 million years ago, the western edge of
the North American plate met the eastern
Farallon Plate in a convergent plate boundary –
complete with subduction.
• The western edge of the Farallon Plate was
diverging from the Pacific Plate
– “East Pacific Rise” spreading center
• The rate of convergence was greater than the
rate of divergence and the spreading center
moved towards the subduction zone.
45.
46. Evolution of San Andreas Fault
• Approximately 30 million years ago, the
spreading center (East Pacific Rise) came
into contact with the active subduction
zone.
• The Farallon plate was split into two
pieces which are still being subducted
beneath the North American plate
– Juan de Fuca (northern plate)
– Cocos (southern plate
47.
48. Evolution of San Andreas Fault
• The relative motion between the Pacific
plate and the North American plate was
altered to become a transform boundary.
• Subduction along the transform boundary
stopped.
– New motion of this portion of Pacific Plate is
to the northwest, parallel to the North
American plate
49.
50.
51.
52. CONSEQUENCES OF SAN
ANDREAS FAULT
• Along the San Andreas Fault, the Pacific plate slowly
grinds to the north.
• Los Angeles lies on the Pacific plate side of the fault,
while San Francisco is on the North American side.
– About 25 million years in the future, if movement continues in the
same direction, Los Angeles will be a suburb of San Francisco
(or vice versa)
• The San Andreas is a right-lateral transform fault, which
means that if you imagine standing on either side of the
fault and looking across to the opposite side, it seems to
you that the people and objects on the opposite side are
moving to your right.
53. Features of San Andreas Fault
• Linearity: This fault exhibits an almost
‘straight line’ in appearance on the Earth’s
surface.
• Beheaded streams: Streams that cross
the San Andreas are displaced as the
Pacific Plate slowly moves along
• Sag Ponds: Groundwater, under pressure
from the two plates grinding together, is
forced to the surface.
54. San Andreas Fault in the
Carrizo Plain
View is looking south. Fault
is in the center of the folded
ridge area
57. FOLDS, FAULTS AND FOSSIL FUELS
• Fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas are produced
through decomposition and heating of organic materials
in marine sediments.
• Oil and natural gas are collected in ‘reservoir rocks’.
• Folding and faulting of reservoir rocks aids in the hunt for
fossil fuels.
• Anticlines offer the best prospect for finding ‘pools’ of oil
or natural gas that have migrated upward (they are less
dense that surrounding rocks).
• Faulting moves impermeable surfaces against
permeable surfaces – allowing oil to collect along the
fault plane.