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Photosynthesis (C2, C3, C4 and CAM Photosynthesis).pdf
The document provides an overview of plant photosynthesis, specifically focusing on the processes of C3, C4, and CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) photosynthesis. It details how these processes differ in their fixation of carbon dioxide and the advantages and disadvantages of each method, particularly in relation to environmental conditions. Additionally, it discusses the mechanisms of photorespiration, including its impact on plant metabolism and efficiency.
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Introduction to the presentation on Plant Physiology, focusing on photosynthesis and common plants. Engagement activity identifying common plants (sunflower, tomatoes, maize, soybeans, wheat, sugarcane, pineapple) related to photosynthesis.
Introduction of the types of photosynthesis: C3, C4, and CAM types of plants.
Explains phot respiration, effects of low CO2 levels in leaves, RuBisCo enzyme, and production of toxic byproducts.
Summarizes disadvantages (loss of efficiency) and advantages (cell protection, biomolecule synthesis) of photo respiration.
Discussion on the historical context of Calvin cycle and the arising issue of photorespiration due to atmospheric changes.
Quiz questions assessing understanding of concepts linked to CO2 levels, toxic compounds, and disadvantages of photorespiration.
In-depth look at C3 photosynthesis, including the process, key components like RuBisCo, and leaf mesophyll role.
Outlines advantages such as efficiency under certain conditions and disadvantages like photorespiration.
Introduction to C4 photosynthesis, emphasizing its mechanism and Kranz anatomy for efficient CO2 fixation.
Comparison of mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells; C4 plants' efficiency in water use and CO2 fixation.
Discussion on the C4 rice project and its implications for improving rice productivity through enhanced photosynthesis.
Quiz assessing understanding of C4 photosynthesis, including initial product and Kranz anatomy.
Introduction to CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) photosynthesis as an adaptation to arid environments.
Details on how CAM plants fix CO2 at night and release it during the day for photosynthesis.
Discusses advantages like water conservation and disadvantages such as low photosynthetic activity.
Quizzes on CAM processes, including when CO2 is fixed and the types of acids formed.
Conclusion of the presentation, expressing gratitude for participation and attention.
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- 1. JMJ NOTRE DAME OFDADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Marist Avenue, General Santos By:
- 2. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY PHOTOSYNTHESIS It is the process of trapping light energy and converting that energy to chemical forms that can be utilized for fuel by biological systems.
- 3. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY
- 4. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY GUESS WHAT? (Plantito/Plantita Edition)
- 5. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ S U N F L O W E R
- 6. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ T O M A T O E S
- 7. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ M A I Z E
- 8. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ S O Y B E A N S
- 9. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ W H E A T
- 10. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ S U G A R C A N E
- 11. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ P I N E A P P L E
- 12. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C3 C3 C3 C4 C4 C3 CAM
- 13. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY PHOTORESPIRATION
- 14. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY PHOTORESPIRATION It occurs when the CO2 levels inside a leaf become low. This happens on hot dry days. On hot dry days, the plant is forced to close its stomata to prevent excess water loss. RuBisCo Enzyme
- 15. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY PHOTORESPIRATION The plant continues fix CO2 when its stomata are closed, the CO2 will get used up and the O2 ratio in the leaf will increase relative to CO2 concentrations.
- 16. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY PHOTORESPIRATION The plant continues fix CO2 when its stomata are closed, the CO2 will get used up and the O2 ratio in the leaf will increase relative to CO2 concentrations.
- 17. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY PHOTORESPIRATION When the CO2 levels inside the leaf drop to around 50 ppm, RuBisCo starts to combine O2 with RuBP instead of CO2.
- 18. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY PHOTORESPIRATION The net result of this is that instead of producing PGA molecules, only one molecule of PGA is produced and a toxic 2C molecule (phosphoglycolate) is produced.
- 19. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY PHOSPOGLYCOLATE (PG) This compound is toxic to plant metabolism because it inhibits distinct steps in the carbon-fixing Calvin-Benson Cycle. It also inhibits other metabolic pathways such as triose- phosphate isomerase, phosphofructokinase, or sedoheptulose 1,7- bisphosphate phosphatase. So, degradation of 2-PG during photorespiration is important for cellular homeostasis.
- 20. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY PHOTORESPIRATION 1 2 3
- 21. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY PHOTORESPIRATION 4 5
- 22. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY PHOTORESPIRATION 6 7
- 23. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY PHOTORESPIRATION 8
- 24. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY PHOTORESPIRATION 9
- 25. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY 1. Decrease the production of phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) 2. Consume ATP produced in the light reaction 3. Lost a carbon atom in the form of carbon dioxide 4. Reduce the efficiency of photosynthesis. DISADVANTAGES
- 26. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY 1. Glycolate protects cells from Photo oxidation. 2. It consumes excess NADH + H+ generated. 3. Glycine and Serine synthesized during the process are precursors of many biomolecules like chlorophyll, proteins, nucleotides. ADVANTAGES
- 27. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY 1. When the Calvin cycle evolved, there was little O2 in the atmosphere. Binding of oxygen by RuBisCo was not a problem. 2. After millions of years, photosynthesis caused the build-up of oxygen levels in the atmosphere and the binding oxygen by RuBisCo became the photorespiration problem of today. 3. Perhaps it is mere evolutionary baggage, but its cost may be high because of reduced plant growth and reduced food production. CALVIN CYCLE vs. PHOTORESPIRATION (COMPARISON)
- 28. Checking Knowledge: When CO2in the leaf drops, what compound is used by RuBisCo to combined with RuBP? Serine A Oxygen gas B Phosphoglycolate C Glycine D
- 29. Checking Knowledge: What toxiccompound that inhibits distinct steps in carbon fixing Calvin-Benson cycle? Serine A Oxygen gas B Phosphoglycolate C Glycine D
- 30. Checking COMPREHENSION: Which ofthe following is the disadvantage of photorespiration? It consumes excess NADH + H+ generated. A Glycolate protects cells from Photo oxidation. B Glycine and Serine are synthesized C Reduce the efficiency of photosynthesis. D
- 31. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- 32. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS It is called C3 because the first product formed is a 3-carbon molecule (3-Phosphoglycerate) Most plants that are C3, usually on dicot plant.
- 33. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS C3 photosynthesis is a multistep process in which the carbon form CO2 is fixed into stable organic products it occurs in virtually all leaf mesophyll cells.
- 34. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY LEAF MESOPHYLL CELLS Palisade layer helps in photosynthesis, (in fact palisade cells are the site of photosynthesis) while the air pockets in the spongy layer allow exchange of gases like CO2 required for photosynthesis.
- 35. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS RuBisCo, the enzyme involved in photosynthesis is also the enzyme involved in the uptake of CO2. Photosynthesis takes place throughout the leaf.
- 36. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1
- 37. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2
- 38. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 3
- 39. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 4
- 40. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 5
- 41. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6
- 42. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY
- 43. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Advantages: More efficient than C4 plants under cool and moist conditions and under normal light because fewer enzymes and no specialized anatomy. Most plants are C3 such as evergreen trees, deciduous trees and weedy plants.
- 44. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Advantages: Important sources of calories all over the world: cowpea, cassava, soybean, and rice are C3 plants. Many plants live in tropics and subtropics, where precipitation is not sparse, are C3 plants.
- 45. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Disadvantages: During hot or dry climates, RuBisCo uses up oxygen which leads to photorespiration.
- 46. Checking Knowledge: What isthe first product formed in C3 photosynthesis? Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate A RuBisCo B Ribulose Bisphosphate C 3-Phosphoglycerate D
- 47. Checking Knowledge: It isa part of the leaf anatomy where most photosynthesis takes place. Palisade Layer A Spongy Layer B Cuticle C Vascular Bundle D
- 48. Checking KNOWLEDGE: How manyturns and G3Ps are needed to form 1 molecule of glucose? 1 turn, 2 G3Ps A 3 turns, 5 G3Ps B 6 turns, 2 G3Ps C 9 turns, 5 G3Ps D
- 49. Checking COMPREHENSION: Which ofthe following is the disadvantage of C3 photosynthesis? Important source of Calories all over the world. A It is more efficient in moist and cold environment. B It has fewer enzymes and no specialized anatomy. C It undergoes photorespiration during hot or dry climates. D
- 50. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- 51. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS It is called C4 because the first product formed is a 4-carbon compound called oxaloacetate. Some plants which live in drought, at high temperature, nitrogen, and CO2 limited environment use C4 mechanism.
- 52. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS C4 plant fix more CO2 as compared to the C3 plant due to having Kranz anatomy.
- 53. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY KRANZ ANATOMY The word Kranz means “wreath” or “ring”. Kranz anatomy is a specialized structure in C4 Plants where the mesophyll cells are clustered around the bundle-sheath cells in a ring-like fashion.
- 54. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY ADVANTAGES OF KRANZ ANATOMY Its main function is to provide a site in which CO2 concentrated around RuBisCo and avoiding photorespiration mechanism
- 55. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY MESOPHYLL vs. BUNDLE-SHEATH CELLS MESOPHYLL CELLS BUNDLE-SHEATH CELLS Many well-developed and large grana are present. Grana are very small and poorly developed or might be absent. RuBP carboxylase is absent. No C3 cycle occurs. RuBP carboxylase is present in high concentration. C3 cycle occurs. High activity of Photosystem II Low activity of photosystem II No starch grains present. A lot of large starch grains present. Key enzymes for starch synthesis are absent. Key enzymes for starch synthesis are present.
- 56. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS C4 plant lose 277 molecules of water to fix per molecules of CO2 as compared to C3 that use 833 molecules of water approx. at 30°C. C4 plants avoid photorespiration process. It fixes carbon more efficiently by C4 enzyme
- 57. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1
- 58. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2
- 59. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 3 Malate dehydrogenase
- 60. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 4 Plasmodesmata Malate dehydrogenase
- 61. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 5
- 62. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6 pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase
- 63. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY HOW DO C4 PLANTS AVOID PHOTORESPIRATION? 1. They close the stomata but keep CO2 levels near RuBisCo high by doing C4 cycle in mesophyll cells. 2. C4 plants minimize it by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon-compounds in mesophyll cells. (PEP + CO2 = Oxaloacetate) 3. PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for CO2 than RuBisCo does. The PEP carboxylase ignores O2.
- 64. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY THE C4 RICE PROJECT
- 65. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY THE C4 RICE PROJECT
- 66. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY THE C4 RICE PROJECT
- 67. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY THE C4 RICE PROJECT ?
- 68. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY THE C4 RICE PROJECT
- 69. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY THE C4 RICE PROJECT
- 70. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY THE C4 RICE PROJECT
- 71. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY OTHER RICE PROJECT
- 72. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C4 RICE PROJECT
- 73. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY C4 RICE PROJECT https://c4rice.com/
- 74. Checking KNOWLEDGE: What isthe first product formed in the C4 photosynthesis? Oxaloacetate A Malate B Aspartate C Pyruvate D
- 75. Checking KNOWLEDGE: Kranz anatomyis a specialized structure in C4 where mesophyll cells are clustered around ______________. Upper Epidermis A Bundle-sheat cells B Stomata C Cuticle D
- 76. Checking KNOWLEDGE: What isthe product formed when malate is catabolized by malate dehydrogenase? Aspartate and Oxaloacetate A Carbon dioxide and ATP B PEP and Pyruvate C Pyruvate and carbon dioxide D
- 77. Checking COMPREHENSION: How C4plants avoid photorespiration? PEP carboxylase ignores O2 due to high affinity to CO2. A C4 plants minimize it by incorporating CO2 into oxaloacetate. B They close the stomata but keep CO2 levels near RuBisCo high. C All of the Above D
- 78. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- 79. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) occurs in hundreds of species in 20 families of angiosperms. Some of these families are liliaceae, crassulaceae, euphorbiaceae. It has been reported that CAM plants are sometimes affected by changes in the surrounding environment.
- 80. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS CAM plants are considered an adaptation to arid conditions. They often display other xerophytic characters, such as thick, reduced leaves with a low surface- to-volume ratio, thick cuticle, and stomata sunken into pits.
- 81. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- 82. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS CAM plants fix CO2 during the night, storing it as the four carbon acid malate. The CO2 is released during the day, where it is concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCo, increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis.
- 83. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY
- 84. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING THE NIGHT 1
- 85. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING THE NIGHT 2
- 86. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING THE NIGHT 3 2H+
- 87. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING THE NIGHT 4
- 88. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING THE NIGHT 5
- 89. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING THE NIGHT 6
- 90. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING THE NIGHT 6 Acidification Process
- 91. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY
- 92. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING DAYTIME 7
- 93. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING DAYTIME 8
- 94. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING DAYTIME 9
- 95. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING DAYTIME 10
- 96. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING DAYTIME 11
- 97. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING DAYTIME 12
- 98. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- 99. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY ADVANTAGE OF CAM The CAM plants has the ability for the leaves especially the leaf stomata to close during the day to reduce the loss of water. This allows CAM plants to grow in environments that would otherwise be fair too dry.
- 100. SE BIO 503 PLANTPHYSIOLOGY DISADVANTAGE OF CAM The CAM plants often have low photosynthetic activity, slow growth, and low competitive abilities because photosynthetic rates are limited by vacuolar storage capacity and by greater ATP costs, similar to C4 species.
- 101. Checking KNOWLEDGE: When doCAM plants fixed carbon dioxide and stored it as four carbon acid – malate? During daytime A During night time B Both A and B C None of the Above D
- 102. Checking KNOWLEDGE: What isformed when malate gained two hydrogen ions in the vacuole? Oxalic acid A Citric acid B Malic acid C Ascorbic acid D
- 103. Checking KNOWLEDGE: How Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) are formed in CAM plants from sugars? Glycolysis A Acidification B Gluconeogenesis C Photolysis D
- 104. Checking COMPREHENSION: TRUE orFALSE CAM plants closed their stomata during night time to reduce the loss of water through evapotranspiration. TRUE A FALSE B
- 105. THANK YOU! FOR YOURPARTICIPATION AND ATTENTION