How attack pathogens
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There are two main mechanisms by which pathogens attack plants: mechanical forces and chemical weapons. Mechanically, some fungi penetrate plant tissues using structures like appresoria and infection pegs, applying turgor pressure. Nematodes use their stylets. Chemically, pathogens secrete enzymes, toxins, growth regulators, and polysaccharides. Enzymes like chitinases, pectinases, cellulases, and lignases are used to degrade plant cell walls and tissues. Growth regulators like auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinines induce abnormal plant growth. Polysaccharides cause mechanical blockages.
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Chap2. Phenomenon of Infection.pptx
The document summarizes the infection process of pathogens in plants. It describes the three phases of infection as pre-entry, entry, and colonization. In pre-entry, spores must germinate and find entry points like stomata or wounds. During entry, pathogens use specialized structures or enzymes to penetrate the plant surface. In colonization, pathogens establish relationships as biotrophs, necrotrophs, or hemibiotrophs and infect tissues, altering plant physiology through impacts on processes like respiration, photosynthesis, and nutrient transport.
Pathogenic mechanisms of microbes of medical importance
The document summarizes the pathogenic mechanisms of microbes that are medically important. It discusses key terms and outlines various mechanisms including adherence, invasion, evasion of host defenses, and toxigenesis. Specifically, it describes how bacteria adhere to host cells using adhesins and receptors. It also explains how they invade tissues using invasins like hyaluronidase and collagenase. Bacteria can evade host defenses by inhibiting phagocytosis and surviving inside phagocytes. Some vary antigens to avoid immune responses. Toxins including exotoxins and endotoxins are also discussed.
Diagnosis of bacterial diseases
Infectious diseases are caused by various microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Microorganisms can be identified through direct microscopic examination, culture-based techniques, biochemical tests, and serological and molecular identification methods. Correct specimen collection, handling, and laboratory testing are essential for accurate microbial identification.
1-07-18 Pathogenesis.pptx
1. The document discusses the pathogenesis and disease cycle of plant pathogens, including the stages of inoculation, penetration, infection, invasion, reproduction, dissemination, and overwintering.
2. It describes the differences between biotrophs, necrotrophs, and parasites, and explains how various pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses penetrate hosts and infect plant tissues.
3. The document provides details on the local and systemic invasion of pathogens, how they reproduce and spread within the host, and are subsequently disseminated through various means such as wind, water, insects, and human activities.
Microbes in biological control,Fermentation and enzyme technology
The document discusses microbes used for biocontrol, fermentation, and enzyme technology. It describes how various microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses can act as biocontrol agents against pests and pathogens. It provides examples of microbial pesticides like Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces toxins that selectively kill insect larvae. The document also discusses how microbes are used in fermentation to produce products like ethanol, lactic acid, and antibiotics through large-scale cultivation. It explains how enzymes produced by microbes through fermentation are used widely in industries like food processing, detergents, and biofuel production. Key enzymes discussed are cellulase, subtilisin, amylase, pectin
Micro Oraganisms used in Bio pesticide
This document discusses different types of microbial biopesticides, including bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan biopesticides. It provides details on some commonly used bacterial biopesticides like Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus, describing their mechanisms and applications. Viral biopesticides like baculoviruses are discussed, along with the fungal biopesticide Beauveria bassiana. The document concludes by noting some advantages and disadvantages of biopesticides compared to conventional pesticides.
importance of bacteria 🦠.pptx
This document discusses bacteria. It defines bacteria as microscopic single-celled organisms and notes they are classified in the kingdom Prokaryotae. Bacteria occur in water, soil, air and natural environments. They vary in shape from cocci to bacilli to spirilla. Bacteria play important roles in processes like nitrogen fixation, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. They are also economically important for uses like biotechnology, genetic engineering, fiber retting, digestion, and vitamin synthesis. However, some bacteria are pathogenic and can cause diseases in plants and animals or lead to food spoilage.
Bacterial species of_medical_importance
This document defines key terms related to bacterial pathogenesis such as virulence factors, acute vs chronic infections, localized vs systemic infections, and more. It describes how bacteria cause disease through virulence factors like toxins, enzymes, capsules, and adhesins. Toxins can be exotoxins released outside the bacteria or endotoxins from gram-negative cell walls. Examples of harmful toxins include those from C. diphtheriae, C. tetani, C. botulinum, and S. aureus. Enzymes and other factors help bacteria spread and evade the immune response.
Bacterial species of_medical_importance
This document defines key terms related to bacterial pathogenesis such as virulence factors, acute vs chronic infections, localized vs systemic infections, and more. It describes how bacteria cause disease through virulence factors like toxins, enzymes, capsules, and adhesins. Toxins can be exotoxins released outside the bacteria or endotoxins from gram-negative cell walls. Examples of harmful toxins include those from C. diphtheriae, C. tetani, C. botulinum, and S. aureus. Enzymes and other factors help bacteria spread and evade the immune response.
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
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一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
Presented by James Reed at "9th Landscape Sustainability Science Forum" on 11 May 2024
原版制作(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
World earth day powe point presentation 2024
Earth Day How has technology changed our life?
Thinkers/Inquiry • How has our ability to think and inquire helped to advance technology?
Vocabulary • Nature Deficit Disorder~ A condition that some people maintain is a spreading affliction especially affecting youth but also their adult counterparts, characterized by an excessive lack of familiarity with the outdoors and the natural world. • Precautionary Principle~ The approach whereby any possible risk associated with the introduction of a new technology is largely avoided, until a full understanding of its impact on health, environment and other areas is available.
What is technology? • Brainstorm a list of technology that you use everyday that your parents or grandparents did not have. • Compare your list with a partner.
一比一原版西澳大学毕业证学历证书如何办理
原版定制【微信:741003700】《西澳大学毕业证学位证成绩单》【微信:741003700】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份毕业证【Q微信741003700】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【Q微信741003700】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation data
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.com
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Effect Of Temperature On Plants Development.pptx
How change in temperature effect the growth of Plants.
Formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
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Biomimicry in agriculture: Nature-Inspired Solutions for a Greener Future
Biomimicry in agriculture: Nature-Inspired Solutions for a Greener Future
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Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
BASIC CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT AND DIFFERENT CONSTITUTENET OF ENVIRONMENT
BASIC CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT AND DIFFERENT CONSTITUTENET OF ENVIRONMENT
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation data
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation data
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.com
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.com
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay
Formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay
How attack pathogens
- 1. Mechanisms of pathogen attacks on plants • By • H.M.N.M.Watagodakumbura • Senior Lecturer in Agriculture
- 2. Mechanisms of pathogen attacks on plants • Mainly two kinds 1. Mechanical forces on host tissue 2. Chemical weapons of pathogens
- 3. 1.Mechanical forces on host tissue Eg. Some fungi and nematodes 1. Only some fungi {Producing appresorium and penetration peg} a) After germination, germination tube make a bulb like structure is called appresorium. b) Appresorium increases area of attach to the plant. at the end of the appresorium, penetration peg is produced. c) Water is absorbed into the appresorium.
- 4. d) Then due to turgor pressure in the appresorium physical penetration by infection peg is happened. e) And also penetration is easy due to pre- softening by enzymatic secretions. 2. Nematodes- By using stylet make mechanical forces to penetrate into cells.
- 5. 2. Chemical weapons of pathogens • Allmost all pathogens except virus and viroids produce- 1. Enzymes 2. Toxins 3. Growth regulators 4. Polysaccharides
- 6. • Viruses and viroids are not producing any substances themselves. But, They induce the host cell to produce needed substances like enzymes etc.
- 7. Production of Enzymes – Disintegrate the structural components of the4 host cells – Interfere functional system of protoplast – Breakdown inert food substances in the cell Enzymetic degradation of cell wall substances
- 9. • Aerial plant part or cell wall surface consist mainly cuticle and cellulose layer. • Root cell wall consist only cellulose layer. • Cell wall consist of - cutin -wax -protein and lignin -cellulose -pectin • If pathogen attack the plants, they should digest above substances. • They are using various kinds of enzymes for this.
- 10. 1. Chitinases Eg. Many fungi and bacteria • It can digest cutin. • Enzyme reaches its highest concentration in the germ tube and infection peg in appresorium forming fungi. • Fungi that enter into host by passively, there are no any need of chitinases. • Virulent pathogen produce more chitinases
- 11. 2.Pectinases • Break down pectin chain at random sites. • Occur soft rotting of tissues. Because the middle lamella contains pectin.
- 12. 3. Cellulases Softening and disintegration of cell wall material 4. Ligninases • Breakdown lignin of cell wall, mostly those in the xylem. • Some microbes have ability to breakdown wood causing wood decay. • Brown- rot fungi degrade lignin but, they cannot utilize it • How ever, most of lignin is degraded and utilize by white- rot fungi • Some bacteria degrade lignin by causing soft rot cavities.
- 13. 5.Other enzymes • By proteases produced by pathogens,can digest proteins. • Most pathogens depends on starch with the use of amylases. • Some pathogens degrade lipids by using lipases.
- 14. 2. Production of Growth regulators • Most importantgrowth regulators are • Auxins • Gibberalines • Cytokinines • They make abnormal growth such as- Stunting Overgrowth Rossetting Excessive root branching Stem malformation Defoliation Suppression of bud growth.
- 15. 1. Auxins • IAA- cell elongation and differentiation • It increases respiration of plant tissues • It promotes the synthesis of enzymes of structural proteins. • Eg. Fungi causing corn smut Root knot nematode Bacterial crown gall Club root
- 16. 2.Gibberalines • Eg foolish seedling disease of rice • It increases plant height 3. Cytokinine • Occur chorosis, leaf abscission • Stimulation of adventious roots • Premature fruit ripening
- 17. 4. Polysaccharides • Fungi, bacteria, nematodes and some others release mucilaginous substances • Large polysaccharides molecules released by the pathogen in the xylem cause mechanical blockage of vascular bundles initiating wilting in plants.