c3 & c4 Photosynthesis
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The document summarizes the key differences between C3 and C4 photosynthesis. C3 photosynthesis fixes carbon dioxide into a 3-carbon compound and occurs in most plant species. C4 photosynthesis initially fixes carbon dioxide into a 4-carbon compound and occurs in plants adapted to hot and dry climates like grasses. The C4 pathway concentrates carbon dioxide around rubisco to increase photosynthetic efficiency and reduce water loss through transpiration.
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The document summarizes the Calvin cycle and light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. It describes how photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds like glucose. The light reactions generate ATP and NADPH using pigments in the thylakoid membrane, and the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into 3-phosphoglycerate and then reduce it to form glucose and regenerate the starter molecules. The cycle requires 6 turns to produce one glucose molecule from carbon dioxide using a total of 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
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The document discusses the process of carbon fixation in C3, C4, and CAM plants.
C3 plants fix carbon dioxide into a three-carbon compound using the enzyme rubisco. This occurs in the mesophyll cells. C4 plants fix carbon dioxide initially in the mesophyll cells then transport it to the bundle sheath cells where the Calvin cycle occurs, allowing for more efficient fixation. CAM plants open their stomata at night to fix carbon dioxide into malic acid, then use this stored carbon during the day when their stomata are closed.
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Mechanism of salt absorption and active absorption
Active absorption of mineral salts involves the use of carrier proteins to transport ions across the cell membrane. This process uses metabolic energy and is not dependent on ion concentration gradients. Several theories have attempted to explain the mechanism, including the carrier concept theory involving a carrier-ion complex, and the cytochrome pump theory linking ion transport to cellular respiration. Overall, active absorption is supported as the primary mechanism of mineral salt uptake in plants over passive diffusion. Further research is still needed to fully elucidate the specific molecular processes.
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The document discusses three main types of photosynthesis: C3, C4, and CAM. C3 plants fix carbon dioxide through the Calvin cycle in mesophyll cells. C4 plants first fix carbon dioxide in mesophyll cells then transport it to bundle sheath cells where it enters the Calvin cycle. C4 plants have a higher photosynthetic rate and are better adapted to high temperatures and light intensities than C3 plants.
Photomorphogenesis
1. Photomorphogenesis refers to the response of plants to light and is central to plant development. Plants have photosensory systems including photoreceptors that detect different wavelengths of light.
2. The main photoreceptors are phytochromes, cryptochromes, phototropins, and UV-B receptors. Phytochromes absorb red and far-red light and have major roles in development from germination to flowering.
3. Photoreceptors undergo conformational changes when absorbing light, which triggers signal transduction pathways controlling photomorphogenic responses. The physiologically active form of phytochrome that triggers responses is Pfr, converted from Pr by red light absorption.
Mineral Absorption
Plants absorb minerals from the soil in both passive and active transport mechanisms. Passive absorption follows concentration gradients through diffusion, mass flow with water, or ion exchange. Active transport requires metabolic energy to transport ions against their gradients using carrier proteins in the cell membrane. Minerals enter mostly through the zone of elongation in root cells. Common theories for passive absorption include mass flow, ion exchange, and diffusion. The carrier concept and cytochrome pump or protein-lecithin theories explain active absorption using carrier proteins and metabolic energy from respiration.
Overview of translocation(Phloem transport)
Translocation is the transport of organic solutes like sugars from leaves (the source) to other plant parts (the sinks) through the phloem. Several experiments provide evidence that phloem is the pathway for translocation, including the structure of phloem, ringing experiments, chemical analysis showing high sugar concentrations in phloem sap, and the use of radioactive tracers. The pressure flow hypothesis proposes that solutes move passively through the pressurized phloem network in response to pressure gradients from sources to sinks.
Light reaction of photosynthesis
1. The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involves the absorption of light by photosynthetic pigments.
2. Energy from the absorbed light is used to transfer electrons along an electron transport chain, powering the synthesis of ATP through photophosphorylation and reducing NADP+ to NADPH.
3. The products of the light reaction, ATP and NADPH, are used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon from CO2 into organic molecules like glucose.
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The Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, converts carbon dioxide into glucose using a three-stage process of carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. In C4 plants like maize and sugarcane, the initial product of carbon fixation is a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate. CAM plants like cacti fix carbon dioxide at night and store it as malic acid to use during the day, avoiding photorespiration and being more water efficient.
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CAM pathway is a carbon fixation pathway present in some plants adapted to arid conditions. These plants fix carbon dioxide at night and store it as the four-carbon acid malate. During the day, the stomata remain closed to reduce water loss through transpiration while the stored carbon is released and used in photosynthesis, increasing the efficiency of carbon fixation.
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1. The document discusses phytochrome, a photoreceptor found in plants and some bacteria and fungi that is sensitive to red and far-red light in the visible spectrum.
2. Phytochrome regulates various plant responses including flowering, seed germination, stem and leaf growth, and chlorophyll synthesis. It is found in plant leaves.
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1. The document discusses photosynthesis and the light dependent reactions that take place in chloroplasts.
2. It describes the two photosystems, photosystem I and photosystem II, their reaction centers and electron transport chains, and how they work together to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen through noncyclic electron flow.
3. It also explains cyclic electron flow which uses only photosystem I and generates ATP without producing NADPH or oxygen.
C4 pathway
In some plant species, alternate modes of carbon fixation have evolved that minimize photorespiration and optimize the calvin cycle.
Cryptochromes
Cryptochrome is a class of flavoprotein that acts as a blue light photoreceptor involved in circadian rhythms in plants and animals. It was first observed in plants in the 1800s but was not identified until the 1980s. Cryptochrome has a similar structure to photolyase but serves different functions. It contains a single molecule of FAD that absorbs blue light. In plants, cryptochrome mediates responses to blue light such as growth, seedling development, and leaf/stem expansion.
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Sulphur assimilation in plants
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C3 pathway in plants.
The document summarizes the Calvin cycle and light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. It describes how photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds like glucose. The light reactions generate ATP and NADPH using pigments in the thylakoid membrane, and the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into 3-phosphoglycerate and then reduce it to form glucose and regenerate the starter molecules. The cycle requires 6 turns to produce one glucose molecule from carbon dioxide using a total of 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
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AnswerPlants capture light from visible spectrum of sunrays using.pdf
Answer:
Plants capture light from visible spectrum of sunrays using cholorophyll, a photosynthetic
pigment of mesophyll cells of leaf etc. Light interacts with chloroplasts in the mesophyll in the
form of photons, which further enable photorespiration in the form of photosystem I and II. The
following is the photosynthesis reaction by capturing light to synthesize sugars using water and
carbon dioxide.
6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O (water) + sunlight C6H12O6 (saccharides) + 6 O2 (oxygen)
Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis: The products of light reactions are “saccharides” &
oxygen. These are going to takes place in thylakoid membrane and lumen when light catalyses
splitting of water molecules into protons and finally releases oxygen. These protons pumped
according to concentration gradient across the lumen to generate ATP in the presence of ATP
synthase.
The thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts are going to receive de-energisized electrons and water
molecule is going to split into electrons in the presence of \"photons of light\" finally release
electrons to send them into \"plastoquinone\" and ATP synthase\" pumps to generate NADPH
and ATP respectively.
The rate of photosynthesis is decreases when photorespiration increasing & photosynthesis is a
process known as C2 photorespiration and it is also called as an oxidative photosynthetic carbon
cycle, in it is clearly observed plant metabolism where the enzyme RuBisCO meticulously
oxygenates RuBP associated with wastage of little amount of energy that is produced by
photosynthesis.
Stroma:
Light independent reactions or photorespiration occur in a fluid filled cavity outside the
thylakoid called as \"stroma\". In these reactions the product is glucose by the reaction happened
between CO2 and other compounds.
The light reactions: These reactions supply ATP and NADPH to the corresponding Calvin cycle,
and the Calvin cycle resupplies ADP (adenosine diphophate), Pi (inorganic phosphate), and
NADP+ to the light reactions vice versa.
During the transfer of electrons from the photosystem I of photosynthesis to NADPH, the
NADP+ reductase act as a last enzyme involved in its transfer.
The NADPH generated during the photosystem I (light dependent), is used as a reducing
equivalent in the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).
Light interacts with chloroplasts in the mesophyll in the form of photons, which further enable
photorespiration in the form of photosystem I and II.
C4 can more efficient at photosynthesis than C3 plants, but 95% of plants on earth are C3 plants.
C4 plants are evolved as a means to avoid carbon dioxide depletion during dry condition; they
can concentrate carbon dioxide up to times than C3 plants as C4 plants utilize ATP to prevent
photorespiration finally promote CO2 concentration in bundle-sheath cells. These C4 plants are
going to send CO2 for carbon fixation in light independent reactions, Calvin cycle in limited
scale in the vicinity of RUBISCO. It is advantageous .
Photosynthesis
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose.
2. The chemical equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2, where carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen.
3. The machinery of photosynthesis includes chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll, and two photosystems that absorb light energy and generate ATP and NADPH through electron transport chains.
Crop physiol res stress 15.2.2021
This document discusses crop physiology and stress tolerance research conducted by Dr. Md. Tariqul Islam. It summarizes key plant processes like photosynthesis, transpiration, mineral absorption, and growth. It also describes different types of photosynthesis (C3, C4, CAM) and factors influencing photosynthesis like photorespiration. The document outlines common plant stresses and techniques used to measure growth parameters and analyze crop physiology experiments.
The dark reaction of photosynthesis in plants
The document discusses photosynthesis and the Calvin cycle. It explains that the dark reactions, also called the Calvin cycle, occur in the chloroplast stroma and involve converting carbon dioxide into glucose using ATP and NADPH. Some key aspects covered include that C4 plants are more efficient than C3 plants due to maintaining high carbon dioxide levels, and that the Calvin cycle fixes carbon and stores energy in glucose molecules from carbon dioxide and water using energy from sunlight.
Photosynthesis lecture 3
Cyclic electron flow involves only photosystem I and generates ATP without producing NADPH or oxygen. It is called cyclic because excited electrons from chlorophyll a return to the reaction center. This process produces ATP through chemiosmosis. During cyclic electron flow, electrons ejected from P700 reach a state and then flow back to P700, producing ATP but not NADPH or oxygen.
AP Bio Ch. 10 C3 c4 and cam plants
C3 plants fix carbon through the Calvin cycle by attaching CO2 to RuBP. They lose water through transpiration and photorespiration, which decreases photosynthesis output. C4 plants fix carbon in the cytoplasm before entering the Calvin cycle through PEP carboxylase, preventing photorespiration. They thrive in hot climates. CAM plants fix carbon at night by incorporating CO2 into organic molecules and release it during the day, keeping their stomata closed to minimize water loss.
Photosynthesis dark reaction
Photosynthesis has two phases - the light reaction which uses energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH in the thylakoid membrane, and the dark reaction (Calvin cycle) which uses these products to fix carbon and produce glucose. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into a three-carbon molecule (G3P) in three turns of the cycle requiring 6 molecules of CO2, 6 NADPH, 9 ATP, and producing one G3P molecule. Some plants like maize use the C4 pathway to concentrate carbon dioxide around RuBisCO and prevent photorespiration. CAM plants open their stomata at night to fix carbon dioxide into malic acid then release it for the Calvin cycle in
Photosynthesis dark reaction
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis and the dark reaction phase. It discusses key topics like the Calvin cycle, the structures of chloroplasts, and the C4 and CAM pathways. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. It consists of carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose bisphosphate regeneration. The C4 pathway occurs in some plants and involves a four-carbon compound to concentrate carbon dioxide and prevent photorespiration. CAM plants open their stomata at night to fix carbon dioxide into malic acid, then release it for the Calvin cycle during the day.
Similar to c3 & c4 Photosynthesis (20)
AnswerPlants capture light from visible spectrum of sunrays using.pdf
AnswerPlants capture light from visible spectrum of sunrays using.pdf
c3 & c4 Photosynthesis
- 1. Group 15 Muhammad Rashidi Bin MdYusof Muhammad Amirul Bin Jamaludin Haznul Bin Hamzah
- 2. Called C3 because the first product of photosynthesis is a 3-carbon molecule. Most plants are C3,usually on dicot plant . C3 photosynthesis is a multistep process in which the carbon from CO2 is fixed into stable organic products, it occurs in virtually all leaf mesophyll cells.
- 3. Rubisco, the enzyme involved in photosynthesis, is also the enzyme involved in the uptake of CO2. Photosynthesis takes place through out the leaf. Advantage of C3 : -More efficient than C4 plants under cool and moist conditions and under normal light because fewer enzymes and no specialized anatomy.
- 4. Called C4 because the first initial photosythesis product is a 4-carbon compound. C4 photosynthesis occurs in the more advanced plant taxa and is especially common among monocots, such as grasses and sedges C4 photosynthesis represents a biochemical and morphological modification of C3 photosynthesis to reduce Rubisco oxygenase activity and thereby increase photosynthetic rate in low CO2 environments .
- 5. Photosynthesis takes place in inner cells Surrounding the bundle sheath cells are mesophyll cells in which a much more active enzyme, Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Carboxylase Uses PEP Carboxylase for the enzyme involved in the uptake of CO2. This enzyme allows CO2 to be taken into the plant very quickly, and then it delivers the CO2 directly to Rubisco for photosynthesis.
- 6. The additional cost of C4 photosynthesis is the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) requirement associated with the regeneration of PEP from pyruvate. C4 photosynthesis occurs primarily within monocotyledonous plants
- 8. Advantage of C4: Photosynthesis effecient than C3 plants under high light intensity and high temperatures because the CO2 concentration is high, not allowing it to grab oxygen and undergo photorespiration. Has better water use efficiency because PEP Carboxylase brings in CO2 faster and so does not need to keep stomata open as much (less water lost by transpiration) for the same amount of CO2 gain for photosynthesis.
- 9. In C3 plants the photosynthesis, carbon fixation and Calvin cycle all occur in a single chloroplast. In C4 plants the photosynthesis takes place in a chloroplast of a thin-walled mesophyll cell and a 4- carbon acid is handed off to a thick-walled bundle sheath cell where the Calvin cycle occurs in a chloroplast of that second cell. This protects the Calvin cycle from the effects of photorespiration.