Silicon Photonics: A Solution for Ultra High Speed Data TransferIDES Editor
Silicon photonics is the integration of integrated
optics and photonics IC technologies in silicon. Silicon
photonics has recently attracted a great deal of attention since
it offers an opportunity for low cost solutions for various
applications ranging from telecommunications to chip-chip
inter connects. Two keys to this advancement are the increased
speed of communications (now at the speed of light) and the
increased amount of data that can be transmitted at once (i.e.,
bandwidth). Silicon photonics is the study and application of
photonic systems which use silicon as an optical medium.
The silicon is usually patterned with sub-micrometer
precision, into microphotonic components. These operate in
the infrared, most commonly at the 1.55 micrometer
wavelength used by most fiber optic telecommunication
systems. The silicon typically lies on top of a layer of silica in
what (by analogy with a similar construction in
microelectronics) is known as silicon on insulator (SOI). Today
the problems associated with multi-core processors with copper
interconnect are Latency, Bandwidth, Power dissipation,
Electromagnetic interference and Signal integrity. Micro
processor designers use the integration of number of
transistors that could be squeezed onto each chip to boost
computational horsepower. That in turn caused the amount
of waste heat that had to be dissipated from each square
millimeter of silicon to go up. One problem we are facing in
this effort is that micro processors with large numbers of cores
are not yet being manufactured. Fiber optics has a reputation
as an expensive solution because of high cost of hardware and
Fabrication is done using exotic materials which are costly.
The methods used in assembly and package of these
components are also expensive. A recent break through in
silicon photonics is in the development of a laser modulator
that encodes optical data at 40 billion bits per second. Finally
reached the goal of data transmission at 40 Gbps speed,
matching the fastest devices deployed today with least cost of
processing and showing the ultimate solutions to the problems
associated with copper interconnects in multi-core processors
and expensive fiber optics.
Silicon photonics is an evolving technology in which data is transferred among computer chips by optical rays. Optical rays can carry far more data in less time than electrical conductors.
This presentation gives emphasis on the basics of silicon photonics
*(PPT was prepared for a 15 min presentation)
The topic "Photonic Integrated circuit technology" is in itself very vast that it cant be explained completely in a matter of minutes, so it is better to focus on a particular type of PIC throughout the presentation .(because,based on substrate material,the technology changes and it is always important to maintain a flow throughout the presentation).
Research well on the topic,do your best and leave the rest
:)
Silicon Photonics: A Solution for Ultra High Speed Data TransferIDES Editor
Silicon photonics is the integration of integrated
optics and photonics IC technologies in silicon. Silicon
photonics has recently attracted a great deal of attention since
it offers an opportunity for low cost solutions for various
applications ranging from telecommunications to chip-chip
inter connects. Two keys to this advancement are the increased
speed of communications (now at the speed of light) and the
increased amount of data that can be transmitted at once (i.e.,
bandwidth). Silicon photonics is the study and application of
photonic systems which use silicon as an optical medium.
The silicon is usually patterned with sub-micrometer
precision, into microphotonic components. These operate in
the infrared, most commonly at the 1.55 micrometer
wavelength used by most fiber optic telecommunication
systems. The silicon typically lies on top of a layer of silica in
what (by analogy with a similar construction in
microelectronics) is known as silicon on insulator (SOI). Today
the problems associated with multi-core processors with copper
interconnect are Latency, Bandwidth, Power dissipation,
Electromagnetic interference and Signal integrity. Micro
processor designers use the integration of number of
transistors that could be squeezed onto each chip to boost
computational horsepower. That in turn caused the amount
of waste heat that had to be dissipated from each square
millimeter of silicon to go up. One problem we are facing in
this effort is that micro processors with large numbers of cores
are not yet being manufactured. Fiber optics has a reputation
as an expensive solution because of high cost of hardware and
Fabrication is done using exotic materials which are costly.
The methods used in assembly and package of these
components are also expensive. A recent break through in
silicon photonics is in the development of a laser modulator
that encodes optical data at 40 billion bits per second. Finally
reached the goal of data transmission at 40 Gbps speed,
matching the fastest devices deployed today with least cost of
processing and showing the ultimate solutions to the problems
associated with copper interconnects in multi-core processors
and expensive fiber optics.
Silicon photonics is an evolving technology in which data is transferred among computer chips by optical rays. Optical rays can carry far more data in less time than electrical conductors.
This presentation gives emphasis on the basics of silicon photonics
*(PPT was prepared for a 15 min presentation)
The topic "Photonic Integrated circuit technology" is in itself very vast that it cant be explained completely in a matter of minutes, so it is better to focus on a particular type of PIC throughout the presentation .(because,based on substrate material,the technology changes and it is always important to maintain a flow throughout the presentation).
Research well on the topic,do your best and leave the rest
:)
Examples of Photonics Applications for DAY OF PHOTONICS 21 October 2014Carlos Lee Epic
Examples of photonics, optics, lasers, fiber, ... for more information please contact carlos.lee@epic-assoc.com or visit www.epic-assoc.com or www.day-of-photonics.org
The attached power point presentation mentions the recent trends and applications in electronics engineering. The material is intended to create a general awareness for beginners in electronics engineering.
This one is based on the use of Photnics and Mobile Comm in Daily Life and How can we use this Strategy in our Future Life with some Introductry Information.
In this slidecast, Brian Welch from Luxtera presents: Silicon Photonics for HPC Interconnects. Luxtera is the first company to overcome the complex technical obstacles involved with integrating high performance optics directly with silicon electronics on a mainstream CMOS chip, bringing direct “fiber to the chip” connectivity to market.
Examples of Photonics Applications for DAY OF PHOTONICS 21 October 2014Carlos Lee Epic
Examples of photonics, optics, lasers, fiber, ... for more information please contact carlos.lee@epic-assoc.com or visit www.epic-assoc.com or www.day-of-photonics.org
The attached power point presentation mentions the recent trends and applications in electronics engineering. The material is intended to create a general awareness for beginners in electronics engineering.
This one is based on the use of Photnics and Mobile Comm in Daily Life and How can we use this Strategy in our Future Life with some Introductry Information.
In this slidecast, Brian Welch from Luxtera presents: Silicon Photonics for HPC Interconnects. Luxtera is the first company to overcome the complex technical obstacles involved with integrating high performance optics directly with silicon electronics on a mainstream CMOS chip, bringing direct “fiber to the chip” connectivity to market.
Programming Optical Circuits for Specific Applications and Reducing Productio...Abacus Technologies
Silicon photonics is an evolving technology which transfers data among computer chips by using optical rays which can carry far more data in less time than electrical conductors. The concept involves combining laser and silicon technology on a single chip, a silicon photonic chip.
It is a hugely promising developing area of technology that saw impressive growth last year, with more than 3.5 million silicon photonic transceivers for data centers having being shipped, yielding revenues of around $364 million. From now until 2026, Global Market Insights expects the silicon photonics market to grow at over 30% year-on-year to a value of over $3 billion.
Programming Optical Circuits for Specific Applications and Reducing Productio...Abacus Technologies
Silicon photonics is an evolving technology which transfers data among computer chips by using optical rays which can carry far more data in less time than electrical conductors. The concept involves combining laser and silicon technology on a single chip, a silicon photonic chip.
It is a hugely promising developing area of technology that saw impressive growth last year, with more than 3.5 million silicon photonic transceivers for data centers having being shipped, yielding revenues of around $364 million. From now until 2026, Global Market Insights expects the silicon photonics market to grow at over 30% year-on-year to a value of over $3 billion.
Applications Of Mems In Robotics And Bio Mems Using Psoc With Metal Detector ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This project deals with accelerometercontrolled robot with wireless image and voice transmission as well as metal Detector. This robot is prototype for the “Path Finder”. This robot is controlled based on PSoCdevice using MEMS accelerometer remote. This can be moved forward and reverse direction using geared motors of 60RPM. Also this robot can take sharp turnings towards left and right directions. A high sensitive induction type metal detector is designed using colpitts oscillator principle and fixed to this robot. Also a wireless camera with voice is interfaced to the kit. When the robot is moving on a surface, the system produces a beep sound when metal is detected. This beep sound will be transmitted to remote place. Simultaneously the images around the robot will be transmitted to remote place. User can monitor the images and metal detection alarms on Television. Keywords: PSoC designer 1.0, keil -c,PSOC device (CY8C29466), AT89S52.
This lecture is on fiber-optics that consist of strands of optical fibers made from pure glass and sometime plastics that are as thin as a human hair to carry digital data information over long distances.
The Eigenfrequency Analysis of Mems Based Baw Resonatoriosrjce
As technology is growing very rapidly, Micro scale devices are playing a vital role in the electronic,
mechanical and other application areas due to their integrability with CMOS IC technology, low power
consumption, low cost Fabrication and Large frequency-Quality factor product. As there is a much demand for
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extremely selective IF and RF filters with small percent bandwidth and low insertion loss
Telecommunication Systems: How is Technology Change Creating New Opportunitie...Jeffrey Funk
These slides discuss how improvements in the data rates of wireline and wireless systems have and continue to occur. For wireline systems, these improvements are driven by the use of better glass fiber, lasers, amplifiers, and wavelength division multiplexing and there appears to be few limits to these improvements. For wireless systems, these improvements are primarily driven by the use of better ICs. As long as these improvements in ICs continue to occur, improvements in data rates along with improvements in the use of the frequency spectrum continue to be possible. Improvements in both wireless and wireline systems will also make new forms of Internet content possible. Furthermore, these improvements in ICs along with the improvements in MEMS that are discussed in a related set of slides are gradually making cognitive radio economically feasible. All of these improvements are creating various kinds of entrepreneurial opportunities. These slides are based on a forthcoming book entitled “Technology Change and the Rise of New Industries and they are the sixth session in a course entitled “Analyzing Hi-Tech Opportunities.”
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3. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire 1…Development of a photonic transistor Invented by John N. Hait 1989 U.S. patent 5093802 Operating speed of 833,333.3 GHz Photonic computing can be split into three distinct categories…
4. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire 2…Optical computing and quantum computing Quantum computer comprising of purely photonic components Driven by single-photon lasers and photodetectors Photonic computing can be split into three distinct categories…
5. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire 3…Silicon Photonics “build in silicon all the functions necessary for optical Transmission and reception of data” Paniccia, et al. 2004 Photonic computing can be split into three distinct categories…
6. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire Of the three technologies, only Silicon Photonics currently offers tangible devices that we can analyse and discuss… …let us look at this in more detail Silicon Photonics
7. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire Silicon Photonics Why Photonics? Copper wiring and traces around motherboard reaching Physical limits Bandwidth of 10 Gbps becoming very difficult Unable to maintain speed over distance Answer: Transmit data over fiber optic cable Data transmit speed not compromised by distance Multiplexed capabilities over single fiber Fibers are thin, light and flexible However, current optical signaling equipment expensive Silicon Photonics
8. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire Silicon Photonics will deliver on a silicon platform all the components necessary to facilitate the transmission and reception of data. Why? Because, standard CMOS silicon-based fabrication techniques can produce high-volume, low-cost silicon components CMOS fabrication can integrate components at the manufacturing stage, removing need for manual or automated, expensive assembly of devices Silicon Photonics
9. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire What’s required to achieve silicon photonic communication? 1…Transmit 2…Encode 3…Receive / Decode Hybrid Silicon Laser (September 2006) Silicon Modulator (40Gbps July 2007) Photodetector (40Gbps August 2007) …lets look more closely at each component Silicon Photonics
10. Indium Phosphide Holes (+ve) Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Silicon Waveguide conduit Stuart Wiltshire Electrons (-ve) Hybrid Silicon Raman Laser 1…Layer of Indium-phosphide generates photon stream when an electrical charge is applied. 2…Photon passes down into the silicon waveguide below, where It is contained and directed Silicon Oxide Laser light Indium phosphide is fused to silicon wafer with a layer of oxygen gas (oxide) 25 atoms in thickness Silicon Photonics – Hybrid Silicon-Indium Phosphide Raman Laser
11. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire High-speed silicon modulator ...based on a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer, capable of determining the relative phase shift between two collimated laser beams, emanating from a coherent source… …two integrated phase-shifters are utilised to generate constructive and destructive interference, realised by altering the wavelength of light as it passes through the device… Silicon Photonics – High-speed Silicon Modulator
12. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Phase Shifter Off Stuart Wiltshire High-speed silicon modulator LASER Phase Shifter Off Light is split Into two paths Constructive Interference Binary “1” …to create a binary state of “1”, light passing through the modulator is unaffected by the phase shifters, generating ‘constructive’ interference Silicon Photonics – High-speed Silicon Modulator
13. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Phase Shifter On Stuart Wiltshire High-speed silicon modulator LASER Phase Shifter On Light is split Into two paths Destructive Interference Binary “0” …to create binary state “0”, the phase shifters are engaged and alter the frequency of light (colour), resulting in ‘destructive’ interference Silicon Photonics – High-speed Silicon Modulator
14. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire Avalanche Photodetector 2…Hole (+ve) travels to top of device and is collected, whilst electron moves down into silicon 1…Germanium layer absorbs photon, Creating an electron-hole pair Optical Fiber 1010101010101010101010 Silicon modulator Germanium Voltage Silicon Multiplication Region 3…Avalanche effect occurs within silicon, eventually leading to generation of electrical signal…Light signal has been decoded into electrical signal Oxide Silicon Oxide Silicon Layer of Germanium is fused to silicon wafer with oxide, similar to technique used in hybrid laser Silicon Photonics – Avalanche Photodetector
15. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire With the addition of a multiplexor / demultiplexor, fiber coupling and a silicon platform, these components can be manufactured as a single high-speed silicon photonic data communication device… …capable of transmitting and receiving data at 50 Gbps (50,000,000,000 bits-per-second) …that’s a single DVD film every second or approximately 1,000 MP3 music tracks Silicon Photonics – The Complete Silicon Photonics Link
16. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire The complete silicon photonics link Photo Detector Hybrid Laser Modulator Photo Detector Hybrid Laser Modulator Fiber Optic Multiplexer Demultiplexer Photo Detector Hybrid Laser 10101010101010101010101010 10101010101010101010101010 Modulator Photo Detector Hybrid Laser Modulator Incoming electrical data stream Reproduced electrical data stream Four channels, encoding and decoding photonic data at 12.5 Gbps each = 50Gbps Laser light, modulation and photonic detection all occurring on a silicon platform Silicon Photonics – The Complete Silicon Photonics Link
17. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire What purpose does it serve? …speed up network and Internet communications massively …increase communication between discrete devices within computer (CPU, graphics, sound, etc.) …through cloud computing, access to super-computer processing will become available globally …meet the demands of future technologies, such as ultra HDTV Silicon Photonics – The Complete Silicon Photonics Link
18. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire Tera-scaling Data …by increasing the number of channels on the device and developing the capacity of the individual components, silicon photonic devices will be capable of achieving massive data communication capacity over time. One terabit is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 bits-per-second communication… Silicon Photonics – The Complete Silicon Photonics Link
19. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire Who are the players? …Intel Corporation have developed this device …other major companies involved in development include… NEC Electronics Corporation Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd Freescale Semiconductor Inc. Hewlett-Packard International Business Machines
20. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire Check out these videos… INTEL CORPORATION, 2010. Craig Barrett Shows Modulator at IDF (Video).http://blip.tv/file/969015/edn. USA: Intel Corporation. INTEL CORPORATION, 2010. Explosion in Silicon Photonics (Video). http://blip.tv/file/962734edn. USA: Intel Corporation. INTEL CORPORATION, 2010. Inside Intel’s Silicon Photonics Lab (Video). http://blip.tv/file/962721/edn. USA: Intel Corporation. INTEL CORPORATION, 2010. Modulator Breakthrough (Video). http://blip.tv/file/959769edn. USA: Intel Corporation. INTEL CORPORATION, 2010. The Raman Effect and Overcoming Two Photon Absorption (Video). http://blip.tv/file/959759edn. USA: Intel Corporation.
21. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire Please read my accompanying dissertation Photonic Computing: Light Speed Data Available at: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/12872311/Researching%20Emerging%20Technologies%20-%20Photonic%20Computing.pdf
22. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire Journal Articles and White Papers BARRETT, S.D. and KOK, P., 2005. Efficient high-fidelity quantum computation using matter qubits and linear optics. Physical Review A, 71(6), pp. 060310. BOYRAZ, O. and JALALI, B., 2004. Demonstration of a silicon Raman laser. Optics Express, 12(21), pp. 5269-5273. CHEN, H.W., SYSAK, M.N., JONES, R. and BOWERS, J.E., 2008. Photonic Integration on the Hybrid Silicon Evanescent Device Platform. GINGRICH, R.M., KOK, P., LEE, H., VATAN, F. and DOWLING, J.P., 2003. All linear optical quantum memory based on quantum error correction. Physical Review Letters, 91(21), pp. 217901. JALALI, B. and FATHPOUR, S., 2006. Silicon photonics. Lightwave Technology, Journal of, 24(12), pp. 4600-4615. KNILL, E., LAFLAMME, R., BARNUM, H., DALVIT, D., DZIARMAGA, J., GUBERNATIS, J., GURVITS, L., ORTIZ, G., VIOLA, L. and ZUREK, W., 2002. Introduction to quantum information processing. Arxiv preprint quant-ph/0207171, . KOK, P., MUNRO, W.J., NEMOTO, K., RALPH, T.C., DOWLING, J.P. and MILBURN, G.J., 2007. Linear optical quantum computing with photonic qubits. Reviews of modern physics, 79(1), pp. 135. KOK, P., WILLIAMS, C.P. and DOWLING, J.P., 2002. Practical quantum repeaters with linear optics and double-photon guns. Arxiv preprint quant-ph/0203134, .
23. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire Journal Articles and White Papers LEE, H., KOK, P., WILLIAMS, C.P. and DOWLING, J.P., 2004. From linear optical quantum computing to Heisenberg-limited interferometry. Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics, 6, pp. S796. NICHOLS, J. and BUCHOLTZ, F., 2011. Beating Nyquist with light: a compressively sampled photonic link. Optics Express, 19(8), pp. 7339-7348. PANICCIA, M., KRUTUL, V., JONES, R., COHEN, O., BOWERS, J., FANG, A. and PARK, H., 2006. A Hybrid Silicon Laser. White Paper, Intel Corporation, . PANICCIA, M., KRUTUL, V. and KOEHL, S., 2004. Introducing Intel’s Advances in Silicon Photonics. White Paper, . RONG, H., JONES, R., LIU, A., COHEN, O., HAK, D., FANG, A. and PANICCIA, M., 2005. Continuous Silicon Laser. Nature, 433(7027), pp. 725-728. RONG, H., JONES, R., LIU, A., COHEN, O., HAK, D., FANG, A. and PANICCIA, M., 2005. A continuous-wave Raman silicon laser. Nature, 433(7027), pp. 725-728.
24. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire Web Sites GANAPATI, P., 04/02/2010, 2010-last update, Geranium Laser Breakthrough Brings Optical Computing Closer [Homepage of Wired], [Online]. Available: http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2010/02/germanium-laser [05/01, 2011]. GREENE, K., 22/01/2007, 2007-last update, Intel Speeds Up Silicon Photonics [Homepage of MIT], [Online]. Available: http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/18087/?a=f [05/01, 2011]. HACHMAN, M., 28/03/2005, 2005-last update, Photonics Startup Pegs Q2'06 Production Date [Homepage of ExtremeTech], [Online]. Available: http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1558,1779951,00.asp [05/01, 2011]. HAIT, J., 2009, 2009-last update, Animated Photonic Computing Basics [Homepage of Hait, J.], [Online]. Available: http://www.hait.org/photonics/animat01.htm [05/01, 2011]. HAIT, J., 2009, 2009-last update, Programmable Lightware [Homepage of Hait, J.], [Online]. Available: http://www.hait.org/photonics/ink2.htm [05/01, 2011]. HAIT, J., 1992. Optical computing method using interference fringe component regions. Missoula, MT, USA: . HUDSON, J., 10/04/2005, 2005-last update, This Laser Trick's a Quantum leap [Homepage of Wired], [Online]. Available: http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2005/10/69033 [05/01, 2011]. INTEL CORPORATION, 2011-last update, Hybrid Silicon Laser [Homepage of Intel Corporation], [Online]. Available: http://techresearch.intel.com/projectdetails.aspx?id=149 [05/01, 2011]. JOHNSON, C.R., 30/11/2010, 2010-last update, IBM debuts CMOS silicon nanophotonics [Homepage of EE Times], [Online]. Available: http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4211151/IBM-debuts-CMOS-silicon-nanophotonics [05/01, 2011].
25. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire Web Sites KOEHL, S., 17/09/2007, 2007-last update, 40G photodetector: The other end of the link [Homepage of Intel Corporation], [Online]. Available: http://blogs.intel.com/research/2007/09/40g_photodetector.php [05/01, 2011]. KOK, P., 2011-last update, Optical Quantum Computing [Homepage of Kok, P.], [Online]. Available: http://www.pieter-kok.staff.shef.ac.uk/index.php?nav=research&sub=loqc [05/01, 2011]. LIU, A., 18/12/2008, 2008-last update, 200 Gbps silicon photonic integrated chip [Homepage of Intel Corporation], [Online]. Available: http://blogs.intel.com/research/2008/12/200_gbps_silicon_photonic_inte.php?wapkw=%28photonic%29 [05/01, 2011]. LIU, A., 24/07/2007, 2007-last update, Announcing the world's first 40G silicon laser modulator! [Homepage of Intel Corporation], [Online]. Available: http://blogs.intel.com/research/2007/07/40g_modulator.php [05/01, 2011]. MAILONLINE, 19/09/2010, 2010-last update, Scientists develop new 'photonic' chip that could make quantum computers a reality [Homepage of MailOnline], [Online]. Available: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1312936/Scientists-develop-new-photonic-chip-pave-way-quantum-computers-future.html [05/01, 2011]. MORSE, M., 07/12/2008, 2008-last update, Causing an Avalanche: The latest advance in Silicon Photonics [Homepage of Intel Corporation], [Online]. Available: http://blogs.intel.com/research/2008/12/causing_an_avalanche_the_lates.php?wapkw=%28photonics%29 [05/01, 2011]. MYBROADBAND, 2010, 2010-last update, Optical computer a step closer; 50Gbps experimental chip. [Homepage of MyBroadband], [Online]. Available: http://mybroadband.co.za/news/hardware/14074-Optical-computer-step-closer-Gbps-experimental-chip.html [05/01, 2011].
26. Photonic Computing:Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire Web Sites NASA, 2001-last update, Fire Photon Torpedoes! [Homepage of NASA], [Online]. Available: http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast27feb_1/ [05/01, 2011]. NASA, 1999-last update, Pushing the limits of Computer Technology [Homepage of NASA], [Online]. Available: http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/msad18may99_1 [05/01, 2011]. NEXTBIGFUTURE, 19/01/2011, 2011-last update, Singapore research on stem cells, MEMS, photonics, computer aided molecular design and more [Homepage of NextBigFuture], [Online]. Available: http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/01/singapore-research-on-stem-cells-mems.html [05/01, 2011]. OSC, 14/01/2010, 2010-last update, Optical SuperComputing [Homepage of BiCi], [Online]. Available: http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~dolev/OSC10/ [05/01, 2011]. PANICCIA, M., 23/07/2010, 2010-last update, The 50Gbps Silicon Photonics Link [Homepage of Intel Corporation], [Online]. Available: http://blogs.intel.com/research/2010/07/50g-link.php [05/01, 2011]. PHYSORG, 27/07/2010, 2010-last update, Intel Milestone Confirms Light Beams Can Replace Electronic Signals for Future Computers [Homepage of Physorg], [Online]. Available: http://www.physorg.com/news199470370.html [05/01, 2011]. PHYSORG, 03/09/2009, 2009-last update, First-ever calculation performed on optical quantum computer chip [Homepage of Physorg], [Online]. Available: http://www.physorg.com/news171213314.html [05/01, 2011]. ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH CENTER, 2011, 2011-last update, The Dawning of the Light Transistor [Homepage of Rocky Mountain Research Center], [Online]. Available: http://rmrc.org/?page_id=60 [05/01, 2011].
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