The document discusses photonic computing and silicon photonics. It describes three categories of photonic computing: photonic transistors, optical/quantum computing, and silicon photonics. Silicon photonics aims to integrate all optical transmission and reception functions directly onto silicon chips using standard CMOS fabrication techniques. This allows for the manufacturing of high-speed, low-cost photonic devices. The document examines the key components of silicon photonic devices, including lasers, modulators, and photodetectors. It explains how integrating these components enables data transmission speeds of 50 Gbps. Silicon photonics has applications in high-speed networking and computing. Major companies involved in developing these technologies include Intel, NEC, Samsung, and HP.

1. Researching Emerging TechnologiesPhotonic Computing: Light Speed Data Stuart Wiltshire, SKE cohort, Keele University, Staffordshire, England

2. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshirePhotonic computing can be split Into three distinct categories…

3. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart Wiltshire1…Development of a photonic transistorInvented by John N. Hait 1989 U.S. patent 5093802Operating speed of 833,333.3 GHzPhotonic computing can be split into three distinct categories…

4. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart Wiltshire2…Optical computing and quantum computingQuantum computer comprising of purelyphotonic componentsDriven by single-photon lasers and photodetectorsPhotonic computing can be split into three distinct categories…

5. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart Wiltshire3…Silicon Photonics“build in silicon all the functions necessary for optical Transmission and reception of data” Paniccia, et al. 2004Photonic computing can be split into three distinct categories…

6. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireOf the three technologies, only SiliconPhotonics currently offers tangible devicesthat we can analyse and discuss……let us look at this in more detailSilicon Photonics

7. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireSilicon PhotonicsWhy Photonics?Copper wiring and traces around motherboard reaching Physical limitsBandwidth of 10 Gbps becoming very difficultUnable to maintain speed over distance Answer: Transmit data over fiber optic cableData transmit speed not compromised by distanceMultiplexed capabilities over single fiberFibers are thin, light and flexibleHowever, current optical signaling equipment expensiveSilicon Photonics

8. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireSilicon Photonics will deliver on a silicon platformall the components necessary to facilitate thetransmission and reception of data.Why?Because, standard CMOS silicon-based fabrication techniquescan produce high-volume, low-cost silicon componentsCMOS fabrication can integrate componentsat the manufacturing stage, removing need for manual orautomated, expensive assembly of devices Silicon Photonics

9. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireWhat’s required to achieve silicon photonic communication? 1…Transmit2…Encode3…Receive / DecodeHybrid Silicon Laser(September 2006)Silicon Modulator(40Gbps July 2007)Photodetector(40Gbps August 2007)…lets look more closely at each componentSilicon Photonics

10. Indium PhosphideHoles(+ve)Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataSilicon Waveguide conduitStuart WiltshireElectrons(-ve)Hybrid Silicon Raman Laser1…Layer of Indium-phosphidegenerates photon stream when an electrical charge is applied.2…Photon passes down into thesilicon waveguide below, whereIt is contained and directedSiliconOxideLaser lightIndium phosphide is fused to silicon wafer with a layer of oxygen gas (oxide) 25 atoms in thicknessSilicon Photonics – Hybrid Silicon-Indium Phosphide Raman Laser

11. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireHigh-speed silicon modulator...based on a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer, capable of determining the relative phase shift between two collimated laser beams, emanating from a coherent source……two integrated phase-shifters are utilised to generate constructive and destructive interference, realised by altering the wavelength of light as it passes through the device…Silicon Photonics – High-speed Silicon Modulator

12. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataPhase Shifter OffStuart WiltshireHigh-speed silicon modulator LASER Phase Shifter OffLight is splitInto two paths ConstructiveInterferenceBinary “1”…to create a binary state of “1”, light passing through the modulator is unaffected by the phase shifters, generating ‘constructive’ interferenceSilicon Photonics – High-speed Silicon Modulator

13. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataPhase Shifter OnStuart WiltshireHigh-speed silicon modulator LASER Phase Shifter OnLight is splitInto two paths DestructiveInterferenceBinary “0”…to create binary state “0”, the phase shifters are engaged and alter the frequency of light (colour), resulting in ‘destructive’ interferenceSilicon Photonics – High-speed Silicon Modulator

14. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireAvalanche Photodetector2…Hole (+ve) travels to top of device and is collected, whilst electron moves down into silicon1…Germanium layer absorbs photon,Creating an electron-hole pairOptical Fiber1010101010101010101010Silicon modulatorGermaniumVoltageSilicon Multiplication Region3…Avalanche effect occurswithin silicon, eventuallyleading to generation ofelectrical signal…Light signalhas been decoded intoelectrical signalOxideSiliconOxideSiliconLayer of Germanium is fused to silicon wafer with oxide, similar to technique used in hybrid laserSilicon Photonics – Avalanche Photodetector

15. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireWith the addition of a multiplexor / demultiplexor, fiber coupling and a silicon platform, these components can be manufactured as a single high-speed silicon photonic data communication device……capable of transmitting and receiving data at 50 Gbps (50,000,000,000 bits-per-second)…that’s a single DVD film every second or approximately 1,000 MP3 music tracksSilicon Photonics – The Complete Silicon Photonics Link

16. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireThe complete silicon photonics linkPhoto DetectorHybrid LaserModulatorPhoto DetectorHybrid LaserModulatorFiberOpticMultiplexerDemultiplexerPhoto DetectorHybrid Laser1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010ModulatorPhoto DetectorHybrid LaserModulatorIncoming electrical data streamReproduced electrical data streamFour channels, encoding and decoding photonic data at 12.5 Gbps each = 50GbpsLaser light, modulation and photonic detection all occurring on a silicon platform Silicon Photonics – The Complete Silicon Photonics Link

17. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireWhat purpose does it serve?…speed up network and Internet communications massively…increase communication between discretedevices within computer (CPU, graphics, sound, etc.)…through cloud computing, access to super-computerprocessing will become available globally…meet the demands of future technologies, such as ultra HDTVSilicon Photonics – The Complete Silicon Photonics Link

18. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireTera-scaling Data…by increasing the number of channels on the device and developing the capacity of the individual components, silicon photonic devices will be capable of achieving massive data communication capacity over time.One terabit is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 bits-per-second communication…Silicon Photonics – The Complete Silicon Photonics Link

19. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireWho are the players?…Intel Corporation have developed this device…other major companies involved in development include…NEC Electronics CorporationSamsung Electronics Co. LtdFreescale Semiconductor Inc.Hewlett-PackardInternational Business Machines

20. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireCheck out these videos…INTEL CORPORATION, 2010. Craig Barrett Shows Modulator at IDF (Video).http://blip.tv/file/969015/edn. USA: Intel Corporation. INTEL CORPORATION, 2010. Explosion in Silicon Photonics (Video). http://blip.tv/file/962734edn. USA: Intel Corporation. INTEL CORPORATION, 2010. Inside Intel’s Silicon Photonics Lab (Video).http://blip.tv/file/962721/edn. USA: Intel Corporation. INTEL CORPORATION, 2010. Modulator Breakthrough (Video). http://blip.tv/file/959769edn. USA: Intel Corporation. INTEL CORPORATION, 2010. The Raman Effect and Overcoming Two PhotonAbsorption (Video). http://blip.tv/file/959759edn. USA: Intel Corporation.

21. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshirePlease read my accompanying dissertationPhotonic Computing: Light Speed DataAvailable at: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/12872311/Researching%20Emerging%20Technologies%20-%20Photonic%20Computing.pdf

22. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireJournal Articles and White PapersBARRETT, S.D. and KOK, P., 2005. Efficient high-fidelity quantum computation using matter qubits and linear optics. Physical Review A, 71(6), pp. 060310.BOYRAZ, O. and JALALI, B., 2004. Demonstration of a silicon Raman laser. Optics Express, 12(21), pp. 5269-5273.CHEN, H.W., SYSAK, M.N., JONES, R. and BOWERS, J.E., 2008. Photonic Integration on the Hybrid Silicon Evanescent Device Platform.GINGRICH, R.M., KOK, P., LEE, H., VATAN, F. and DOWLING, J.P., 2003. All linear optical quantum memory based on quantum error correction. Physical Review Letters, 91(21), pp. 217901.JALALI, B. and FATHPOUR, S., 2006. Silicon photonics. Lightwave Technology, Journal of, 24(12), pp. 4600-4615.KNILL, E., LAFLAMME, R., BARNUM, H., DALVIT, D., DZIARMAGA, J., GUBERNATIS, J., GURVITS, L., ORTIZ, G., VIOLA, L. and ZUREK, W., 2002. Introduction to quantum information processing. Arxiv preprint quant-ph/0207171, .KOK, P., MUNRO, W.J., NEMOTO, K., RALPH, T.C., DOWLING, J.P. and MILBURN, G.J., 2007. Linear optical quantum computing with photonic qubits. Reviews of modern physics, 79(1), pp. 135.KOK, P., WILLIAMS, C.P. and DOWLING, J.P., 2002. Practical quantum repeaters with linear optics and double-photon guns. Arxiv preprint quant-ph/0203134, .

23. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireJournal Articles and White PapersLEE, H., KOK, P., WILLIAMS, C.P. and DOWLING, J.P., 2004. From linear optical quantum computing to Heisenberg-limited interferometry. Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics, 6, pp. S796. NICHOLS, J. and BUCHOLTZ, F., 2011. Beating Nyquist with light: a compressively sampled photonic link. Optics Express, 19(8), pp. 7339-7348. PANICCIA, M., KRUTUL, V., JONES, R., COHEN, O., BOWERS, J., FANG, A. and PARK, H., 2006. A Hybrid Silicon Laser. White Paper, Intel Corporation, . PANICCIA, M., KRUTUL, V. and KOEHL, S., 2004. Introducing Intel’s Advances in Silicon Photonics. White Paper, . RONG, H., JONES, R., LIU, A., COHEN, O., HAK, D., FANG, A. and PANICCIA, M., 2005. Continuous Silicon Laser. Nature, 433(7027), pp. 725-728. RONG, H., JONES, R., LIU, A., COHEN, O., HAK, D., FANG, A. and PANICCIA, M., 2005. A continuous-wave Raman silicon laser. Nature, 433(7027), pp. 725-728.

24. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireWeb SitesGANAPATI, P., 04/02/2010, 2010-last update, Geranium Laser Breakthrough Brings Optical Computing Closer [Homepage of Wired], [Online]. Available: http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2010/02/germanium-laser [05/01, 2011].GREENE, K., 22/01/2007, 2007-last update, Intel Speeds Up Silicon Photonics [Homepage of MIT], [Online]. Available: http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/18087/?a=f [05/01, 2011].HACHMAN, M., 28/03/2005, 2005-last update, Photonics Startup Pegs Q2'06 Production Date [Homepage of ExtremeTech], [Online]. Available: http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1558,1779951,00.asp [05/01, 2011]. HAIT, J., 2009, 2009-last update, Animated Photonic Computing Basics [Homepage of Hait, J.], [Online]. Available: http://www.hait.org/photonics/animat01.htm [05/01, 2011]. HAIT, J., 2009, 2009-last update, Programmable Lightware [Homepage of Hait, J.], [Online]. Available: http://www.hait.org/photonics/ink2.htm [05/01, 2011]. HAIT, J., 1992. Optical computing method using interference fringe component regions. Missoula, MT, USA: . HUDSON, J., 10/04/2005, 2005-last update, This Laser Trick's a Quantum leap [Homepage of Wired], [Online]. Available: http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2005/10/69033 [05/01, 2011].INTEL CORPORATION, 2011-last update, Hybrid Silicon Laser [Homepage of Intel Corporation], [Online]. Available: http://techresearch.intel.com/projectdetails.aspx?id=149 [05/01, 2011]. JOHNSON, C.R., 30/11/2010, 2010-last update, IBM debuts CMOS silicon nanophotonics [Homepage of EE Times], [Online]. Available: http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4211151/IBM-debuts-CMOS-silicon-nanophotonics [05/01, 2011].

25. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireWeb SitesKOEHL, S., 17/09/2007, 2007-last update, 40G photodetector: The other end of the link [Homepage of Intel Corporation], [Online]. Available: http://blogs.intel.com/research/2007/09/40g_photodetector.php [05/01, 2011].KOK, P., 2011-last update, Optical Quantum Computing [Homepage of Kok, P.], [Online]. Available: http://www.pieter-kok.staff.shef.ac.uk/index.php?nav=research&sub=loqc [05/01, 2011].LIU, A., 18/12/2008, 2008-last update, 200 Gbps silicon photonic integrated chip [Homepage of Intel Corporation], [Online]. Available: http://blogs.intel.com/research/2008/12/200_gbps_silicon_photonic_inte.php?wapkw=%28photonic%29 [05/01, 2011].LIU, A., 24/07/2007, 2007-last update, Announcing the world's first 40G silicon laser modulator! [Homepage of Intel Corporation], [Online]. Available: http://blogs.intel.com/research/2007/07/40g_modulator.php [05/01, 2011].MAILONLINE, 19/09/2010, 2010-last update, Scientists develop new 'photonic' chip that could make quantum computers a reality [Homepage of MailOnline], [Online]. Available: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1312936/Scientists-develop-new-photonic-chip-pave-way-quantum-computers-future.html [05/01, 2011].MORSE, M., 07/12/2008, 2008-last update, Causing an Avalanche: The latest advance in Silicon Photonics [Homepage of Intel Corporation], [Online]. Available: http://blogs.intel.com/research/2008/12/causing_an_avalanche_the_lates.php?wapkw=%28photonics%29 [05/01, 2011].MYBROADBAND, 2010, 2010-last update, Optical computer a step closer; 50Gbps experimental chip. [Homepage of MyBroadband], [Online]. Available: http://mybroadband.co.za/news/hardware/14074-Optical-computer-step-closer-Gbps-experimental-chip.html [05/01, 2011].

26. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireWeb SitesNASA, 2001-last update, Fire Photon Torpedoes! [Homepage of NASA], [Online]. Available: http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast27feb_1/ [05/01, 2011].NASA, 1999-last update, Pushing the limits of Computer Technology [Homepage of NASA], [Online]. Available: http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/msad18may99_1 [05/01, 2011].NEXTBIGFUTURE, 19/01/2011, 2011-last update, Singapore research on stem cells, MEMS, photonics, computer aided molecular design and more [Homepage of NextBigFuture], [Online]. Available: http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/01/singapore-research-on-stem-cells-mems.html [05/01, 2011].OSC, 14/01/2010, 2010-last update, Optical SuperComputing [Homepage of BiCi], [Online]. Available: http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~dolev/OSC10/ [05/01, 2011].PANICCIA, M., 23/07/2010, 2010-last update, The 50Gbps Silicon Photonics Link [Homepage of Intel Corporation], [Online]. Available: http://blogs.intel.com/research/2010/07/50g-link.php [05/01, 2011].PHYSORG, 27/07/2010, 2010-last update, Intel Milestone Confirms Light Beams Can Replace Electronic Signals for Future Computers [Homepage of Physorg], [Online]. Available: http://www.physorg.com/news199470370.html [05/01, 2011]. PHYSORG, 03/09/2009, 2009-last update, First-ever calculation performed on optical quantum computer chip [Homepage of Physorg], [Online]. Available: http://www.physorg.com/news171213314.html [05/01, 2011]. ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH CENTER, 2011, 2011-last update, The Dawning of the Light Transistor [Homepage of Rocky Mountain Research Center], [Online]. Available: http://rmrc.org/?page_id=60 [05/01, 2011].

27. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireWeb SitesROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH CENTER, 2011, 2011-last update, Photonic Computing [Homepage of Rocky Mountain Research Center], [Online]. Available: http://rmrc.org/?page_id=21 [05/01, 2011].SASWATO, D., 18/07/2007, 2007-last update, Speed-of-light computing comes a step closer [Homepage of New Scientist], [Online]. Available: http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19526136.400-speedoflight-computing-comes-a-step-closer.html [05/01, 2011].

28. Photonic Computing:Light Speed DataStuart WiltshireVideoINTEL CORPORATION, 2010. Craig Barrett Shows Modulator at IDF (Video). http://blip.tv/file/969015/ edn. USA: Intel Corporation.INTEL CORPORATION, 2010. Explosion in Silicon Photonics (Video). http://blip.tv/file/962734 edn. USA: Intel Corporation.INTEL CORPORATION, 2010. Inside Intel’s Silicon Photonics Lab (Video). http://blip.tv/file/962721/ edn. USA: Intel Corporation.INTEL CORPORATION, 2010. Modulator Breakthrough (Video). http://blip.tv/file/959769 edn. USA: Intel Corporation.INTEL CORPORATION, 2010. The Raman Effect and Overcoming Two Photon Absorption (Video). http://blip.tv/file/959759 edn. USA: Intel Corporation.O'TOOLE, M. and KUTULAKOS, K.N., 2010. Optical Computing for Fast Light Transport Analysis (Video). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVBICVBEGVU edn. YOUTUBE.SBARTSTV, 2009. IBM Silicon Photonics Breakthrough In Future of Computing (Video). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JtzQsGrg80 edn. YOUTUBE.