Here, it is a brief presentation regarding nanofertilizer, in relation to its role in enhancing the use efficiency of concerned nutrient, along with some experimrntal findings. Thank you for ur kind consideration.
This is a seminar paper presentation by Md. Parvez Kabir, an MS Student, Department of Soil Science of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) as for the requirement of completing an MS degree.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
This is a seminar paper about nano-fertilizer for agricultural application prepared by Md. Parvez Kabir, an MS Student under the department of Soil Science of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University. This paper helps to know how it increases the nutrient use efficiency, yield and decreases the toxicity effect and cost of crop cultivation.
Here, it is a brief presentation regarding nanofertilizer, in relation to its role in enhancing the use efficiency of concerned nutrient, along with some experimrntal findings. Thank you for ur kind consideration.
This is a seminar paper presentation by Md. Parvez Kabir, an MS Student, Department of Soil Science of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) as for the requirement of completing an MS degree.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
This is a seminar paper about nano-fertilizer for agricultural application prepared by Md. Parvez Kabir, an MS Student under the department of Soil Science of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University. This paper helps to know how it increases the nutrient use efficiency, yield and decreases the toxicity effect and cost of crop cultivation.
Nano Technology for UG students of AgricultureP.K. Mani
Brief introduction of Nano Science and Nanotechnology at UG level for the students of Agriculture. Smart delivery of Fertilizers pesticides, smart seed, nano biosensors etc dealt.
Use of nanofertilizers on fruit trees contributes effectively to improve the fruit quality and increasing the productivity of trees. It reduces environmental pollution by reducing the amount of fertilizers used, which is positively reflected in the increased economic return of the farmers. When nanofertilizers sprayed at very low concentration on fruit trees, these compounds have had a direct effect by increasing the growth, yield and quality of these fruit crops.
Application nanotechnology in agricultural improvementSAGARDEEP SINHA
What is nanotechnology, how nanoparticles are formed, what are the areas of nanotechnology in agriculture, and how it is different than conventional agriculture, examples, and what are the cons?
Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture with special reference to Pest M...Ramesh Kulkarni
Nanotechnology, a promising field of research opens up in the present decade a wide array of
opportunities in the present decade and is expected to give major impulses to technical innovations in
a variety of industrial sectors in the future.
Prills /granular urea are not only costly for the producer but may be harmful to humans and the environment. Furthermore, nano Urea may also be used for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance. Nano-Urea prevents environmental pollution and improves physiological traits of wheat grown under drought stress conditions. The nano urea consist of higher surface area because lesser in size of the nano particle and have high reactivity, solubility in water. Nano Urea are the important tools in agriculture to improve crop efficiency, yield and quality parameters with increase nutrient use efficiency, reduce wastage of fertilizers and cost of cultivation. Nano-urea is very effective for precise nutrient management in precision agriculture with matching the crop growth stage for nutrient and may provide nutrient throughout the crop growth period. Nano-Urea increase crop growth up to optimum concentrations further increase in concentration may inhibit the crop growth due to the toxicity of nutrient. Nano-Urea provide more surface area for different metabolic reactions in the plant which increase rate of photosynthesis and produce more dry matter and yield of the crop. It is also prevent plant from different biotic and abiotic stress.
The nanotechnology aided applications have the potential to change agricultural production by allowing better management and conservation of inputs of plant and animal production. Several nanotechnology applications for agricultural production for developing countries within next 10 years has been predicted (Salamanca–Buentella et al., 2005).
Nanoparticles helps in Controlling the Plant Diseases, application of agricultural fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics, and nutrients is typically by spray or drench application to soil or plants, or through feed or injection systems to animals. In this context, nanotechnologies offer a great opportunity to develop new products against pests (Caraglia et al., 2011). Nanoscale devices are envisioned that would have the capability to detect and treat an infection, nutrient deficiency, or other health problem, long before symptoms were evident at the macro-scale. The overall goal of this Nanoparticles is to reduce the number of unnecessary problems in agriculture (Thomas et al., 2011). In the management aspects, efforts are made to increase the efficiency of applied fertilizer with the help of nano clays and zeolites and restoration of soil fertility by releasing fixed nutrients (Dongling Qiao, et al., 2016). Nanoherbicides are being developed to address the problems in perennial weed management and exhausting weed seed bank. Bioanalytical Nanosensors are utilized to detect and quantify minute amounts of contaminants like viruses bacteria, toxins bio-hazardous substances etc. in agriculture and food systems (Tothill EI, 2011).
In this way, nanotechnology can be used as an innovative tool for delivering agrochemicals safely. More research should be done on the potential adverse effects of nanomaterials on human health, crops and the environmental safety. It is a challenge to Government and private sector as they have to ensure the acceptance of Nano foods. For it to flourish, continuous funding and understanding on the part of policy makers and science administrators, along with reasonable expectations, would be crucial for this promising field.
Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture : Bene...Mohit Kashyap
The global population is rapidly expanding and expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050. Such a huge population coupled with increasing food demand is causing unprecedented pressure on global agriculture to provide food and environmental security (Thavaseelan and Priyadarshana 2021). Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has lead to the loss of nutrients from agricultural fields through leaching, runoff and gaseous emissions that create environmental pollution. Therefore, there is a need for developing environment friendly fertilizers having high nutrient value as well as compatibility with soil and environment. Nanotechnology is rising as a promising alternative in the form of nano-fertilizers to enhance the qualitative attributes therein.
Advancement in nanotechnology can be used to boost sustainable crop production while reducing negative impacts of chemical fertilization on the environment. A nano-fertilizer comprises nano-formulations of nutrients deliverable to plants, enabling sustained and homogenous absorption. Researches have shown that nano-fertilizers can enhance plant productivity, increase nutrient usage, reduces soil toxicity as well as fertilizer application frequency and mitigate possible adverse effects of excessive use of chemical fertilizers. Nano-fertilizers have become critically important for promoting the development of environment-friendly and sustainable agriculture. Synthesis of nano-fertilizers is a cumbersome process and includes physical, chemical and biological methods. Raliya and Tarafdar. (2013) observed a significant enhancement in plant growth and dry biomass due to nano ZnO particles over ordinary ZnO. Kanjana. (2020) revealed that foliar application of nano-fertilizers significantly increased the seed cotton yield by 16.0 % over normal micronutrients.
Davarpanah et al. (2017) reported that foliar nitrogen fertilization increased pomegranate fruit yield by 17 percent to 44 percent and number of fruits per tree by 15 percent to 38 percent while the highest fruit yield (17.8 and 21.9 kg tree-1) and number of fruits per tree (62.8 and 70.1 tree-1) were obtained with application of nano-N @ 0.50 g N l-1. Hayyawi et al. (2018) revealed that foliar fertilization of nano super micro plus against di and tri-application (nano-N+P+K, N+P, N+K, P+K) of nano nitrogen fertilizer resulted in better growth and yield parameters of wheat in comparison to control. Therefore, nano-fertilizers can be used to enhance the agricultural productivity, sustainability value and environmental quality.
To conclude, nano-fertilizers positively affect the agricultural sector by reducing the volume of conventional fertilizers currently applied in addition to achieve higher crop yield. Nano-fertilizers may lead to self-reliance and help in meeting sustainable development goals with reduced environmental footprints.
Current Research on Nano Urea – Problems & ProspectusAkshay Duddumpudi
The world with a huge increasing population and simultaneous degradation of land by various means is facing a huge hazard in the field of agriculture. The new technology to increase the use efficiency of input is the need of the hour to meet the demand of the huge population. Nano urea is a sustainable option for farmers towards smart agriculture. Nano urea is gaining importance in Indian agriculture in increase nutrient use efficiency, increasing crop yields, and reducing excessive use of synthetic fertilizers (Dutta et al., 2021). The quantity of synthetic urea being applied by the farmers to supply nitrogen for the crops can be successfully reduced to 50% by using nano urea. When compared to bulky nitrogenous fertilisers like urea, nano urea is required in small quantities and also easy to store and transport. Farmers can easily carry bottles of nano urea over bulkier urea bags, which have a substantial influence on relative logistics and warehousing costs (Meena and Verma, 2022). Although nano urea have a great advantage, there are considerable limitations to focus. They include lack of better production facilities and risk management system. It is not recommended as basal dose, only foliar spray due to which spraying cost is more than top dressing /broadcasting cost. Mentality/perception of farmers towards new technologies also play a major role. The government’s policies and support for nano fertilizers will alter Indian agriculture and contribute to its long-term viability. This seminar will help us to understand about nano urea, its significance and problems in usage. Being a country of agriculture background, it is our duty to strengthen the spine of our agriculture technologies. Thus technology like nano urea which could increase the production without compromising crop yield, environment aspects etc. should be welcomed by the agriculture community. Despite aiding in sustainable crop production, limitations of nano urea should be carefully considered.
Nano Technology for UG students of AgricultureP.K. Mani
Brief introduction of Nano Science and Nanotechnology at UG level for the students of Agriculture. Smart delivery of Fertilizers pesticides, smart seed, nano biosensors etc dealt.
Use of nanofertilizers on fruit trees contributes effectively to improve the fruit quality and increasing the productivity of trees. It reduces environmental pollution by reducing the amount of fertilizers used, which is positively reflected in the increased economic return of the farmers. When nanofertilizers sprayed at very low concentration on fruit trees, these compounds have had a direct effect by increasing the growth, yield and quality of these fruit crops.
Application nanotechnology in agricultural improvementSAGARDEEP SINHA
What is nanotechnology, how nanoparticles are formed, what are the areas of nanotechnology in agriculture, and how it is different than conventional agriculture, examples, and what are the cons?
Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture with special reference to Pest M...Ramesh Kulkarni
Nanotechnology, a promising field of research opens up in the present decade a wide array of
opportunities in the present decade and is expected to give major impulses to technical innovations in
a variety of industrial sectors in the future.
Prills /granular urea are not only costly for the producer but may be harmful to humans and the environment. Furthermore, nano Urea may also be used for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance. Nano-Urea prevents environmental pollution and improves physiological traits of wheat grown under drought stress conditions. The nano urea consist of higher surface area because lesser in size of the nano particle and have high reactivity, solubility in water. Nano Urea are the important tools in agriculture to improve crop efficiency, yield and quality parameters with increase nutrient use efficiency, reduce wastage of fertilizers and cost of cultivation. Nano-urea is very effective for precise nutrient management in precision agriculture with matching the crop growth stage for nutrient and may provide nutrient throughout the crop growth period. Nano-Urea increase crop growth up to optimum concentrations further increase in concentration may inhibit the crop growth due to the toxicity of nutrient. Nano-Urea provide more surface area for different metabolic reactions in the plant which increase rate of photosynthesis and produce more dry matter and yield of the crop. It is also prevent plant from different biotic and abiotic stress.
The nanotechnology aided applications have the potential to change agricultural production by allowing better management and conservation of inputs of plant and animal production. Several nanotechnology applications for agricultural production for developing countries within next 10 years has been predicted (Salamanca–Buentella et al., 2005).
Nanoparticles helps in Controlling the Plant Diseases, application of agricultural fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics, and nutrients is typically by spray or drench application to soil or plants, or through feed or injection systems to animals. In this context, nanotechnologies offer a great opportunity to develop new products against pests (Caraglia et al., 2011). Nanoscale devices are envisioned that would have the capability to detect and treat an infection, nutrient deficiency, or other health problem, long before symptoms were evident at the macro-scale. The overall goal of this Nanoparticles is to reduce the number of unnecessary problems in agriculture (Thomas et al., 2011). In the management aspects, efforts are made to increase the efficiency of applied fertilizer with the help of nano clays and zeolites and restoration of soil fertility by releasing fixed nutrients (Dongling Qiao, et al., 2016). Nanoherbicides are being developed to address the problems in perennial weed management and exhausting weed seed bank. Bioanalytical Nanosensors are utilized to detect and quantify minute amounts of contaminants like viruses bacteria, toxins bio-hazardous substances etc. in agriculture and food systems (Tothill EI, 2011).
In this way, nanotechnology can be used as an innovative tool for delivering agrochemicals safely. More research should be done on the potential adverse effects of nanomaterials on human health, crops and the environmental safety. It is a challenge to Government and private sector as they have to ensure the acceptance of Nano foods. For it to flourish, continuous funding and understanding on the part of policy makers and science administrators, along with reasonable expectations, would be crucial for this promising field.
Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture : Bene...Mohit Kashyap
The global population is rapidly expanding and expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050. Such a huge population coupled with increasing food demand is causing unprecedented pressure on global agriculture to provide food and environmental security (Thavaseelan and Priyadarshana 2021). Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has lead to the loss of nutrients from agricultural fields through leaching, runoff and gaseous emissions that create environmental pollution. Therefore, there is a need for developing environment friendly fertilizers having high nutrient value as well as compatibility with soil and environment. Nanotechnology is rising as a promising alternative in the form of nano-fertilizers to enhance the qualitative attributes therein.
Advancement in nanotechnology can be used to boost sustainable crop production while reducing negative impacts of chemical fertilization on the environment. A nano-fertilizer comprises nano-formulations of nutrients deliverable to plants, enabling sustained and homogenous absorption. Researches have shown that nano-fertilizers can enhance plant productivity, increase nutrient usage, reduces soil toxicity as well as fertilizer application frequency and mitigate possible adverse effects of excessive use of chemical fertilizers. Nano-fertilizers have become critically important for promoting the development of environment-friendly and sustainable agriculture. Synthesis of nano-fertilizers is a cumbersome process and includes physical, chemical and biological methods. Raliya and Tarafdar. (2013) observed a significant enhancement in plant growth and dry biomass due to nano ZnO particles over ordinary ZnO. Kanjana. (2020) revealed that foliar application of nano-fertilizers significantly increased the seed cotton yield by 16.0 % over normal micronutrients.
Davarpanah et al. (2017) reported that foliar nitrogen fertilization increased pomegranate fruit yield by 17 percent to 44 percent and number of fruits per tree by 15 percent to 38 percent while the highest fruit yield (17.8 and 21.9 kg tree-1) and number of fruits per tree (62.8 and 70.1 tree-1) were obtained with application of nano-N @ 0.50 g N l-1. Hayyawi et al. (2018) revealed that foliar fertilization of nano super micro plus against di and tri-application (nano-N+P+K, N+P, N+K, P+K) of nano nitrogen fertilizer resulted in better growth and yield parameters of wheat in comparison to control. Therefore, nano-fertilizers can be used to enhance the agricultural productivity, sustainability value and environmental quality.
To conclude, nano-fertilizers positively affect the agricultural sector by reducing the volume of conventional fertilizers currently applied in addition to achieve higher crop yield. Nano-fertilizers may lead to self-reliance and help in meeting sustainable development goals with reduced environmental footprints.
Current Research on Nano Urea – Problems & ProspectusAkshay Duddumpudi
The world with a huge increasing population and simultaneous degradation of land by various means is facing a huge hazard in the field of agriculture. The new technology to increase the use efficiency of input is the need of the hour to meet the demand of the huge population. Nano urea is a sustainable option for farmers towards smart agriculture. Nano urea is gaining importance in Indian agriculture in increase nutrient use efficiency, increasing crop yields, and reducing excessive use of synthetic fertilizers (Dutta et al., 2021). The quantity of synthetic urea being applied by the farmers to supply nitrogen for the crops can be successfully reduced to 50% by using nano urea. When compared to bulky nitrogenous fertilisers like urea, nano urea is required in small quantities and also easy to store and transport. Farmers can easily carry bottles of nano urea over bulkier urea bags, which have a substantial influence on relative logistics and warehousing costs (Meena and Verma, 2022). Although nano urea have a great advantage, there are considerable limitations to focus. They include lack of better production facilities and risk management system. It is not recommended as basal dose, only foliar spray due to which spraying cost is more than top dressing /broadcasting cost. Mentality/perception of farmers towards new technologies also play a major role. The government’s policies and support for nano fertilizers will alter Indian agriculture and contribute to its long-term viability. This seminar will help us to understand about nano urea, its significance and problems in usage. Being a country of agriculture background, it is our duty to strengthen the spine of our agriculture technologies. Thus technology like nano urea which could increase the production without compromising crop yield, environment aspects etc. should be welcomed by the agriculture community. Despite aiding in sustainable crop production, limitations of nano urea should be carefully considered.
Biochar impact on physiological and biochemical attributes of spinachGJESM Publication
Disastrous effect of nickel on spinach was discussed by number of authors but the effect of amendments like biochar with nickel on Spinacea oleraceaL. is not still discussed by any author of the world because biochar was used as soil amendments which play a vital role in reducing mobilization and uptake of nickel by spinach plants. As nickel contaminated plants are very harmful for the consumption by living organisms. Nickel can be gathered in agronomic soils by anthropogenic actions such as Ni-Cd batteries. In this study, the growth, physiological, photosynthetic and biochemical responses of Spinacia oleracea grown in Ni-spiked soil (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/Kg soil) at three levels of cotton-sticks-derived biochar “CSB” (0, 3 and 5 %) were evaluated. The results exposed significant decrease in growth, photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical traits of S. oleracea when grown in Ni-polluted soil. However, this decrease was less pronounced in CSB amended soil. A steady rise in the MDA (0.66 µg/g to 2.08 µg g-1), ascorbic acid (1.24 mg/g to 1.57 mg/g)and sugar concentrations (1.73 mg/g to 2.16 mg/g)was observed with increased concentration of Ni. The increasing percentages of CSB from 3 % to 5 % decreased Ni concentrations in root and shoot of experimental plant. Higher production of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein with CSB amendment looked like alleviation in Ni toxicity. Therefore, it is concluded that, Ni toxicity and availability to the plants can be reduced by CSB amendments.
Maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] is the third and second most important cereal crop of India, respectively. Maize–wheat system is the third dominant cropping system of India covering 1.8 mha with 2.3% contribution in food grain production (Jat et al., 2013).
Interactions between nutrients in plants occur when the supply of one nutrient affects the absorption, distribution and functions of another nutrient. Generally P and Zn interact negatively, which depends upon a number of physico-chemical properties of soil. Antagonistic P×Zn interaction has been subject of intensive research in several countries and has been thoroughly reviewed. Although some positive interactions of P and Zn are also reported (Shivay, 2013).
The maximum available P and Zn content in the soil was recorded with super-optimal dose (150% NPK) and optimal dose (100% NPK) along with Zn, respectively (Verma et al., 2012). Zinc and P application has antagonistic effect on each other with respect to their concentration and absorption by wheat and maize (Verma and Minhas, 1987). The three Bacillus aryabhattai strains (MDSR7, MDSR11 and MDSR14) were consistent in enhancement of root and shoot dry weight and zinc uptake in wheat (Ramesh et al., 2014).
Management of P×Zn interaction is a challenging task in the era of sustainable food and nutritional security. Use of efficient varieties and application of inorganic P and Zn fertilizer in conjunction with bio-inoculants can increase the crop yield and efficiency of added fertilizers to save precious input.
Agriculture met the challenge of feeding the world’s poor by the Green Revolution with the help of high yielding varieties (HYV), high fertilizer application. This high fertilizer application increased the world food grain production as well as micro nutrient deficiencies in the soil decade to decade. in 1950 only Nitrogen is deficient in soil but due to green revolution, higher fertilizer application leads to micro nutrient deficiencies in soil (Fig.1). Iron, zinc and Vitamin A deficiencies in human nutrition are widespread in developing countries. About 2 billion people suffer globally from anaemia due to Fe deficiency, more than one-third of the world’s population suffers from Zn deficiency and estimated to be responsible for approximately 4% of the worldwide burden of morbidity and mortality in under 5-year children.
Bio-fortification entails the development of micronutrient-dense food crops (Nestel et al., 2006). Plant breeding strategies hold great promise in this process because of its enormous potential to improve dietary quality. Well-known examples of bio-fortification for fighting micronutrient malnutrition are golden rice and breeding of low phytate legumes and grains (Beyer et al., 2006). Application of fertilizers to soil and/or foliar to improving grain nutrient concentration and the potential of nutrient containing fertilizers for increasing nutrient concentration of cereal grains. Increasing the Zn and Fe concentration of food crop plants, resulting in better crop production and improved human health is an important global challenge. Among micronutrients, Zn and Fe deficiency are occurring in both crops and humans. Zinc deficiency is currently listed as a major risk factor for human health and cause of death globally.
In view of globally widespread deficiencies of micronutrients in humans, bio-fortification of food crops with micronutrients through agricultural approaches is a sustainable widely applied strategy. Agronomic bio-fortification (e.g., fertilizer applications) and plant breeding (e.g., genetic bio-fortification and transgenic breeding) represent complementary and cost-effective solution to alleviate malnutrition. Bio-fortified varieties assume great significance to achieve nutritional security of the country.
Micronutrient malnutrition Causes….
• More severe illness
• More infant and maternal deaths
• Lower cognitive development
• Stunted growth
• Lower work productivity and ultimately - Lower GDP.
• Higher population growth rates.
Malnutrition Problem
• 800 million people go to bed hungry
• 250 million children are malnourished
• 400 million people have vitamin A deficiency
• 100 million young children suffer from vitamin A deficiency
• 3 million children die as a result of vitamin A deficiency
27 nov16 water_and_fertilizer_management_using_micro_irrigationIWRS Society
Water and Fertilizer Management Using Micro Irrigation
PROF. K.N.TIWARI
Agricultural and Food Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
India
Use of stable and radio isotopes to understand the plant physiological processRAHUL GOPALE
Introduction
what is isotope ?
Types of Isotopes
Isotopic Labelling
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE
Principle isotopes used in plant-soil studies
Case studies
FUTURE THRUSTS OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
History, Albert mayor, Stanley, Smith, Crystalline nature, DNA as genetic material, antigenic properties, tmv structure, RNA as genetic material, contribution of Indian scientists to plant virology
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptx
NANOTECHNOLOGY: APPLICATION IN CROP NUTRTION
1. Nanotechnology: Application in crop nutrition
Presented by:
Sangavi K K
ALH5059
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
BENGALURU
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, HASSAN
1
3. Review of literature
• NASS(2013) Nanotechnology in Agriculture
:Scope and current relevance .Policy paper
No.63,New Delhi.
• Tarafdar,J.C.(2012) Perspectives of
nanotechnological applications for crop
production . NAAS News 12,8-11.
• Drexler,K.E.(1986)Engines of creation :The
Coming Era of Nanotechnology . Random house
New York.
3
4. • Tarafdar ,J.C.,Raliya, R . and Rathore, I.(2012)
Microbial synthesis of phosphorous nano
particles from tri -calcium phosphate using
Aspergillus tubingenesis TFR-5. Journal of
Bionanoscience 6 ,84-89.
• Hett A (2004) Nanotechnology .Small Matter
,Many Unknown .SwissRe Zurich .
4
5. Nanotechnology
The prefix ‘nano’ derived from the Greek word
that means ‘dwarf’ and ‘technology’ is the
application of practical sciences to commerce .
Foundation of nano science was first established
by Nobel laureate Richard Feyman.
The term nanotechnology was coined by Norio
Taniguchi of the University of Tokyo in 1974 .
5
6. Nanotechnology therefore refers to ‘the creation
and utilization of materials, devices and systems
through the control of their properties and
structure at a nano metric scale’.
The word nano is used to refer to 10-9 or the
billionth part of one metre.
Nano particles generally used for materials of
sizes between 1 to 100 nm.
6
13. Nano fertilizers
Need
High prone to losses of fertilizer.
Pollution to environment.
Low nutrient use efficiency.
Increasing population and decreasing
productivity.
13
14. Nutrient Efficiency Cause of low efficiency
Nitrogen 30-35 % Immobilization, volatilization,
denitrification,
Leaching
Phosphorus 15-20% Fixation in soils Al – P, Fe – P, Ca – P
Potassium 35-40% Fixation in clay - lattices
Sulphur 8-10% Immobilization, Leaching with water
Micro
nutrients (Zn,
Fe, Cu, Mn, B)
2-5% Fixation in soils
14
16. Nano fertilizer is a smart way to release
plant nutrients gradually and in controlled
manner.
Reduce quantity of fertilizer used .
Control eutrophication and pollution of
water resource.
Ultrahigh absorption rate increased
production ,photosynthesis and significant
leaf SA expansion.
16
21. 21
TEM image of nanoparticles SEM image of nanoparticles
Iron oxide
Zinc oxide
22. Nano porous zeolites
• Zeolites are naturally occurring minerals
honeycomb like structure arrangement of Al and Si
in 3-dimensional framework creates channels and
voids that are in nano scale.
• High specific surface area, CEC and highly
selective towards macronutrient K+ and NH4+.
• These essential minerals can be exchanged into
zeolite exchange site, where nutrient can slowly
release for plant uptake, so reduce runoff, leaching
and environmental pollution.
2222
26. Research work
Foliar application of nano phosphorous as
fertilizer (640 mg/ha) and soil application (80
kg/ha) yield equally in cluster bean and pearl
millet under arid condition.
(Tarafdar et al.,2012)
The application of nano-urea can save up to
12.4-41.7%of nitrogen application to the soil.
(Huang et al.,2015)
26
27. 27
Treatments No. of Grains/Spike 100-Grain weight
(g)
Yield/Pot (g)
0 ppm 18.5 3.35 7.18
25 ppm 29.0 4.66 13.25
50 ppm 22.0 4.53 12.45
75 ppm 25.0 4.40 10.40
100 ppm 22.3 4.43 10.36
125 ppm 22.5 3.94 9.90
150 ppm 11.5 3.78 9.73
CD at 5% 3.52 0.25 1.77
RDF: 90-60-40 kg/ha Jhanzab et al., 2015
Effect of silver nano particles on yield attributes of
wheat
28. 28
Prasad etal 2012
a) Higher root growth of peanut plant after nanoscale ZnO treatment (1000ppm).
The plants were uprooted after 110 days
b) Higher plant growth after nanoscale ZnO treatment (1000 ppm), after 110days
30. Effect of zinc nanofertilizer on pearl millet
Treatment Shoot length
(cm)
Root length
(cm)
Dry biomass
(kg/ha)
Grain yield
(kg/ha)
Control 152 58.6 5192 1065
Ordinary ZnO 158 60.9 5214 1217
Nano ZnO 175 61.1 5841 1467
CD @ 5% 0.10 0.14 52.2 17.6
Tarafdar et al., 2014ZnO NP size: 18.5nm
Foliar application rate @ 16 litre/ha at 10ppm conc.
30
31. Treatments Acid
phosphatase
(EU× 10-4)
Alkaline
phosphatase
(EU× 10-4)
Phytase
(EU× 10-2)
Control 9.1 4.7 0.9
Ordinary ZnO 14.1 6.2 2.2
Nano ZnO 16.1 7.6 3.8
CD @ 5% 1.4 0.8 0.5
P-solubilising enzyme activity in rhizosphere of 6 week old
pearl millet
Tarafdar et al., 2014
EU : Enzymatic Units
31
32. From left to right: Treated with fertilizer and nano-sized hydroxyapatite (nHA),
treated with fertilizer and regular P, treated with fertilizer without P, and treated with
tap water only.
Crop: Soybean
Liu and Lal, 2014
32
33. Controlled release fertilizer of zinc encapsulated by hollow
core shell (nano size)
Yuvaraj and Subramanian, 2015Hollow core size: 155 nm 33
34. Effect of copper nanoparticles on
root growth of wheat
0.4ppm Control
Micrograph of root
indicating absorption
of Cu-NPs
Hafeez et al., 2015
34
35. Effect of zinc nanofertilizer on growth and
yield of pearl millet crop
Tarafdar et al., 2014
Treatments Root
Leng
th
(cm)
Roo
t
Are
a
(cm
2)
Total
chlorop
hyll
content
(µg-1)
Grain
Yield
(kg
/ha)
Dry
biomass
(kg
/ha)
Control 58.6 60.1 30.3 1065 5192
ZnSO4 60.9 63.8 31.5 1217 5214
Nano Zn 61.1 74.7 37.7 1467 5841
CD at 5% 0.14 0.17 0.46 17.6 52.2
Foliar spray after two weeks of
germination@10mg/l
35
36. Future prospects
Physiological explanation of mechanism of
uptake and translocation by plants
Influence of nanoparticles in rhizosphere and
on root surface
Minimising the residual effect
Lab to land
36
37. Conclusion
Nano-fertilizers have potential to increase
crop productivity through slow or controlled
delivery.
Due to their small size and target specificity,
they increase the use efficiency of the
fertilizer, which are applied in nanoparticle
form.
If limitations are encountered it will become
a revolutionizing technology.
37
38. Reference
• Soil science an introduction -ISSS
• Nanotechnology and plant sciences – Manzer H
Siddiqui et al.,
• Crop nutrition management with nano fertilizers
–Tulasi Guru et al.,
• Internet
38
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