This document discusses phonological features and how they are used to characterize speech sounds. It begins by explaining how speech sounds can be decomposed into articulatory components and properties. It then provides examples of distinguishing features for different consonant sounds like [t] vs [d] vs [s] vs [n]. The rest of the document outlines phonetic and phonological features in detail, including major class features, consonantal features, place features, manner features, and vocalic features. It aims to develop a set of finite phonological rules that can apply universally across languages but notes some problems with the feature system.
The nasal prefix [n-] in Luganda undergoes a phonological process where it assimilates in place of articulation to the following consonant, becoming either [n], [ɲ], or [ŋ] depending on whether the following consonant is alveolar, palatal, or velar. This assimilation shows that the nasal prefix undergoes predictable alternations conditioned by the phonetic environment.
This document provides an overview of phonology, discussing its key concepts and units of analysis. It defines phonology as the study of sound patterns in language and identifies its three major units as segments, syllables, and features. It examines topics such as minimal pairs, contrastive sounds, allophones, and phonotactics. It also discusses language-specific variations and how sounds that contrast in one language may not in another. Overall, the document provides a concise introduction to fundamental concepts in phonological analysis.
This document discusses various types of phonological rules including assimilation rules, voicing assimilation rules, homorganic nasal rules, dissimilation rules, fricative dissimilation rules, feature-changing rules like aspiration rules, and segment insertion and deletion rules. It provides examples of each rule type from different languages and formal representations of phonological rules.
The document discusses Roman Jakobson's theory of distinctive features, which proposes a universal set of features that define phonological contrasts in all languages. It describes the major classes of features - consonantal, sonorant, syllabic - that define major sound classes like consonants and vowels. It also explains laryngeal features for voicing, place features for articulation point, manner features for production method, and height and backness features for vowels. The theory aims to classify all sounds of a language based on a minimal set of binary distinctive features.
1) Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, including how they are articulated, their acoustic properties, and how they are perceived.
2) Speech sounds are produced using the vocal tract, which involves the lungs, larynx, tongue, lips and other articulators.
3) Places and manners of articulation describe where and how speech sounds are produced, such as bilabial stops like [p] made with both lips.
4) Other speech sounds include nasals, fricatives, affricates, approximants, vowels and diphthongs formed by two vowel sounds in the same syllable.
This document provides information about a Phonetics and Phonology course being offered on Saturdays from 12-15 in Room 44. The course facilitator is Dr. Salama Embark and will cover topics like consonants, vowels, phonology, and the production of speech sounds over 14 lectures. Key readings include books by Peter Roach, Peter Ladefoged, and Susan Cameron. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their production, while phonology examines how sounds pattern and function in languages.
This document discusses phonological features and how they are used to characterize speech sounds. It begins by explaining how speech sounds can be decomposed into articulatory components and properties. It then provides examples of distinguishing features for different consonant sounds like [t] vs [d] vs [s] vs [n]. The rest of the document outlines phonetic and phonological features in detail, including major class features, consonantal features, place features, manner features, and vocalic features. It aims to develop a set of finite phonological rules that can apply universally across languages but notes some problems with the feature system.
The nasal prefix [n-] in Luganda undergoes a phonological process where it assimilates in place of articulation to the following consonant, becoming either [n], [ɲ], or [ŋ] depending on whether the following consonant is alveolar, palatal, or velar. This assimilation shows that the nasal prefix undergoes predictable alternations conditioned by the phonetic environment.
This document provides an overview of phonology, discussing its key concepts and units of analysis. It defines phonology as the study of sound patterns in language and identifies its three major units as segments, syllables, and features. It examines topics such as minimal pairs, contrastive sounds, allophones, and phonotactics. It also discusses language-specific variations and how sounds that contrast in one language may not in another. Overall, the document provides a concise introduction to fundamental concepts in phonological analysis.
This document discusses various types of phonological rules including assimilation rules, voicing assimilation rules, homorganic nasal rules, dissimilation rules, fricative dissimilation rules, feature-changing rules like aspiration rules, and segment insertion and deletion rules. It provides examples of each rule type from different languages and formal representations of phonological rules.
The document discusses Roman Jakobson's theory of distinctive features, which proposes a universal set of features that define phonological contrasts in all languages. It describes the major classes of features - consonantal, sonorant, syllabic - that define major sound classes like consonants and vowels. It also explains laryngeal features for voicing, place features for articulation point, manner features for production method, and height and backness features for vowels. The theory aims to classify all sounds of a language based on a minimal set of binary distinctive features.
1) Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, including how they are articulated, their acoustic properties, and how they are perceived.
2) Speech sounds are produced using the vocal tract, which involves the lungs, larynx, tongue, lips and other articulators.
3) Places and manners of articulation describe where and how speech sounds are produced, such as bilabial stops like [p] made with both lips.
4) Other speech sounds include nasals, fricatives, affricates, approximants, vowels and diphthongs formed by two vowel sounds in the same syllable.
This document provides information about a Phonetics and Phonology course being offered on Saturdays from 12-15 in Room 44. The course facilitator is Dr. Salama Embark and will cover topics like consonants, vowels, phonology, and the production of speech sounds over 14 lectures. Key readings include books by Peter Roach, Peter Ladefoged, and Susan Cameron. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their production, while phonology examines how sounds pattern and function in languages.
This document provides an introduction to linguistics, focusing on phonetics and phonology. It defines key terms including:
- Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their production, including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics.
- Phonology examines how sounds function and are organized in languages.
- Other terms defined include phoneme, allophone, place and manner of articulation, voiced vs voiceless sounds, syllables, phonotactics, and consonant clusters. Speech organs and their roles in sound production are also discussed.
Phonology is the study of sound patterns in language. It examines how speech sounds are organized and interact within and across words. Phonology analyzes phonological processes such as assimilation, deletion, and stress assignment. It also considers phonological units like phonemes, allophones, and phonotactic constraints. Phonological knowledge allows speakers to produce and understand the sounds of their language.
This document discusses various aspects of suprasegmental phonology including terminology, features, syllables, syllable structure, rhythm, stress, prominence, tone languages, intonation and word accent. Some key points include:
- Suprasegmentals refer to aspects of sound such as intonation that are not properties of individual segments. Features include pitch, loudness, tempo, rhythm and stress.
- A syllable contains a vowel and may contain consonants. Syllables are divided into onset, nucleus and coda.
- Rhythm is a pattern of accented and unaccented syllables. Accented syllables are more prominent due to factors like volume, duration and pitch. Prominence can affect
Phoneme consists of two parts: phon and eme. Phon refers to the shape of a sound, and phoneme is formed when eme is added to phon. A phoneme is the smallest unit in a language that can change meaning. A phoneme is a set of allophones, which are variants of the same phoneme that do not change meaning. An essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrastively in a language.
Phonology is the study of sound systems in languages. It examines phonemes, allophones, phonological rules, and suprasegmental features. Phonemes are abstract units that distinguish meaning, while allophones are context-dependent variants of phonemes. Phonological rules describe sound changes like assimilation. Suprasegmentals include stress, tone, and intonation. Minimal pairs help identify phonemes, and complementary distribution identifies allophones.
This Power Point Presentation defines terminology and visual tools relevant to pronunciation. It also applies Second Language Acquisition Theory, providing possible explanations of why some ELLs learn English pronunciation better than others.
Phonological rules describe how phonemes are realized as allophones based on neighboring sounds. They are written as X->Y/W_Z, where X becomes Y between sounds W and Z. Assimilation rules make a sound more similar to a neighboring sound, either anticipatory or perseveratory. Dissimilation rules make a sound less similar to neighbors. Neutralization rules result in loss of phonemic distinction. Other rules involve fortition, lenition, epenthesis, deletion, and metathesis.
This document discusses the key differences between phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology examines how sounds are organized into systems within languages. It defines phonology as the description of sound patterns in a language, focusing on abstract mental representations rather than physical sounds. The document introduces important phonological concepts like phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, and co-articulation effects like assimilation and elision.
Allophone & allomorph and sound pattern of languageMono Momon
1. Allomorphs are different pronunciations of the same morpheme. For example, the plural morpheme -s has allomorphs [s], [z], and [iz]. The choice of allomorph depends on phonological rules, not morphology.
2. Phonology is the study of sound patterns in a language. Each phoneme has one or more allophones, which are the actual sounds used in different environments. For example, [i] and [æ] are allophones of different vowel phonemes in English.
3. Allophones are phonetic realizations of phonemes that vary based on surrounding sounds. For example, the phoneme /t/ has
Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in languages. It involves identifying the phonemes, or smallest units of sound, that make up words, and describing how combinations of phonemes are used to create meaning. Phonology also examines phonological processes like allophones, which are variations in pronunciation of the same phoneme, and rules that govern how phonemes are combined into syllables and words with correct stress patterns. The international phonetic alphabet is used to represent sounds in a standardized way across languages.
This document provides information about phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and their production, combination, and description, while phonology is concerned with how patterns of speech sounds create meaning. It discusses the branches of phonetics including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. It also explains that phonetics studies the physical properties of sounds, while phonology studies abstract sound patterns and systems. The document provides the definition of key terms like phoneme and includes examples of a phonemic chart and International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart.
Phonology is the study of sound systems in languages. It has four branches: segmental phonology which analyzes speech into discrete segments like phonemes; suprasegmental phonology which analyzes features over multiple segments like intonation and stress; diachronic phonology which studies sound patterns through a language's history; and synchronic phonology which studies sound patterns regardless of historical change. Phonology also examines phones which are minimal speech units, phonemes which are distinctive minimal units, and allophones which are variants of phonemes that occur in different phonetic environments. A syllable contains a sonority peak like a vowel with optional onset and coda consonants. Syllable structure and distinctive features are also
This document discusses phonological features and how they are used to characterize speech sounds. It begins by explaining how speech sounds can be decomposed into articulatory components and properties. It then provides examples of distinguishing features for different consonant sounds like [t] vs [d] vs [s] vs [n]. The rest of the document outlines phonetic and phonological features in detail, including major class features, consonantal features, place features, manner features, and vocalic features. It aims to develop a set of finite phonological rules that can apply universally across languages but notes some problems with the feature system.
This document provides a detailed phonetic analysis of vowels in English. It examines tongue position, length, rounding, and nasality of vowels. Tongue position is described based on height in the mouth and which part of the tongue is highest. Length distinguishes long from short vowels. Rounding refers to whether the lips are rounded or spread. The document also discusses how vowels can be distinguished from consonants based on obstruction of air flow and ability to form a syllable nucleus. Diagrams are used to illustrate different tongue positions for front, central, and back vowels.
The document discusses phonology, which is concerned with how speech sounds are classified and organized in language. It covers the basic units of phonology including phones, phonemes, and allophones. It also describes segmental phonology, which involves sound changes like assimilation, elision, and linking, as well as phonotactics. Suprasegmental phonology involves word stress, sentence stress, and tones. Word stress refers to emphasizing certain syllables to distinguish words' meanings, while sentence stress emphasizes important information words.
Phonological rules are part of a speaker's knowledge of their language. They describe predictable changes in sounds and allow for more concise representations. Some key rules discussed include assimilation rules, which make sounds more similar to neighbors; vowel nasalization before nasal consonants; addition of features like aspiration; deletion or insertion of segments; and metathesis, or reordering of sounds. Phonological rules function to derive the phonetic form from an underlying phonemic representation. Speech errors provide evidence that these rules operate in language production.
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the physical production and perception of speech sounds, while phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used within a language. Phonetics analyzes all human speech sounds, while phonology analyzes the significant sounds of a particular language. The document also outlines the main branches of phonetics - acoustic, auditory, and articulatory phonetics. It describes voiced and voiceless sounds, and the place and manner of articulation for various consonant sounds like bilabials, dentals, velars, and approximants.
The document provides information about the articulators involved in speech production. It discusses the main areas of articulation including the lips, teeth, tongue, soft palate, hard palate, pharynx, larynx and vocal cords. Diagrams and descriptions are given of each articulator and their role. The tongue is identified as the most important articulator due to its variety of movement. Other articulators like the lips, jaw, soft palate and vocal cords are also described in terms of their involvement in speech.
Phonology is the study of speech sound patterns and systems in languages. It focuses on the abstract mental representation of sounds rather than physical articulation. Phonologists try to understand how speech sounds are combined. The smallest meaningful units of sound are phonemes, while actual spoken sounds are phones. Phonemes are distinguished by changing meaning when substituted, while phones only change pronunciation. Syllables consist of an onset, nucleus, and coda. Co-articulation involves assimilation and elision of sounds in normal speech for fluency. Minimal pairs are words that differ by one phoneme like 'pat' and 'bat'.
The sounds [w] and [ʍ] in the given words are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution, with [w] occurring after vowels and [ʍ] occurring word-initially. The phonological rule is that the phoneme is realized as [w] in the environment of _V (after a vowel) and as [ʍ] elsewhere, specifically word-initially. As they do not contrast meaningfully in any context, [w] and [ʍ] are considered variants of the same underlying phoneme.
This document discusses key concepts in phonology, including:
1. Phonology studies the distribution and interaction of sounds in a language, as well as how speech sounds are organized. It examines which sounds are predictable and the context that predicts them.
2. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are physically produced and perceived, while phonology studies how they are organized in a language.
3. Phonemes are abstract sound categories that underlie predictable phonetic variations called allophones. Choosing the underlying phonemic representation considers factors like naturalness, similarity between sounds, and how well it fits the language's patterns.
4. Phonological rules describe the environment where one sound becomes another, linking
This document provides an introduction to linguistics, focusing on phonetics and phonology. It defines key terms including:
- Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their production, including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics.
- Phonology examines how sounds function and are organized in languages.
- Other terms defined include phoneme, allophone, place and manner of articulation, voiced vs voiceless sounds, syllables, phonotactics, and consonant clusters. Speech organs and their roles in sound production are also discussed.
Phonology is the study of sound patterns in language. It examines how speech sounds are organized and interact within and across words. Phonology analyzes phonological processes such as assimilation, deletion, and stress assignment. It also considers phonological units like phonemes, allophones, and phonotactic constraints. Phonological knowledge allows speakers to produce and understand the sounds of their language.
This document discusses various aspects of suprasegmental phonology including terminology, features, syllables, syllable structure, rhythm, stress, prominence, tone languages, intonation and word accent. Some key points include:
- Suprasegmentals refer to aspects of sound such as intonation that are not properties of individual segments. Features include pitch, loudness, tempo, rhythm and stress.
- A syllable contains a vowel and may contain consonants. Syllables are divided into onset, nucleus and coda.
- Rhythm is a pattern of accented and unaccented syllables. Accented syllables are more prominent due to factors like volume, duration and pitch. Prominence can affect
Phoneme consists of two parts: phon and eme. Phon refers to the shape of a sound, and phoneme is formed when eme is added to phon. A phoneme is the smallest unit in a language that can change meaning. A phoneme is a set of allophones, which are variants of the same phoneme that do not change meaning. An essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrastively in a language.
Phonology is the study of sound systems in languages. It examines phonemes, allophones, phonological rules, and suprasegmental features. Phonemes are abstract units that distinguish meaning, while allophones are context-dependent variants of phonemes. Phonological rules describe sound changes like assimilation. Suprasegmentals include stress, tone, and intonation. Minimal pairs help identify phonemes, and complementary distribution identifies allophones.
This Power Point Presentation defines terminology and visual tools relevant to pronunciation. It also applies Second Language Acquisition Theory, providing possible explanations of why some ELLs learn English pronunciation better than others.
Phonological rules describe how phonemes are realized as allophones based on neighboring sounds. They are written as X->Y/W_Z, where X becomes Y between sounds W and Z. Assimilation rules make a sound more similar to a neighboring sound, either anticipatory or perseveratory. Dissimilation rules make a sound less similar to neighbors. Neutralization rules result in loss of phonemic distinction. Other rules involve fortition, lenition, epenthesis, deletion, and metathesis.
This document discusses the key differences between phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology examines how sounds are organized into systems within languages. It defines phonology as the description of sound patterns in a language, focusing on abstract mental representations rather than physical sounds. The document introduces important phonological concepts like phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, and co-articulation effects like assimilation and elision.
Allophone & allomorph and sound pattern of languageMono Momon
1. Allomorphs are different pronunciations of the same morpheme. For example, the plural morpheme -s has allomorphs [s], [z], and [iz]. The choice of allomorph depends on phonological rules, not morphology.
2. Phonology is the study of sound patterns in a language. Each phoneme has one or more allophones, which are the actual sounds used in different environments. For example, [i] and [æ] are allophones of different vowel phonemes in English.
3. Allophones are phonetic realizations of phonemes that vary based on surrounding sounds. For example, the phoneme /t/ has
Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in languages. It involves identifying the phonemes, or smallest units of sound, that make up words, and describing how combinations of phonemes are used to create meaning. Phonology also examines phonological processes like allophones, which are variations in pronunciation of the same phoneme, and rules that govern how phonemes are combined into syllables and words with correct stress patterns. The international phonetic alphabet is used to represent sounds in a standardized way across languages.
This document provides information about phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and their production, combination, and description, while phonology is concerned with how patterns of speech sounds create meaning. It discusses the branches of phonetics including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. It also explains that phonetics studies the physical properties of sounds, while phonology studies abstract sound patterns and systems. The document provides the definition of key terms like phoneme and includes examples of a phonemic chart and International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart.
Phonology is the study of sound systems in languages. It has four branches: segmental phonology which analyzes speech into discrete segments like phonemes; suprasegmental phonology which analyzes features over multiple segments like intonation and stress; diachronic phonology which studies sound patterns through a language's history; and synchronic phonology which studies sound patterns regardless of historical change. Phonology also examines phones which are minimal speech units, phonemes which are distinctive minimal units, and allophones which are variants of phonemes that occur in different phonetic environments. A syllable contains a sonority peak like a vowel with optional onset and coda consonants. Syllable structure and distinctive features are also
This document discusses phonological features and how they are used to characterize speech sounds. It begins by explaining how speech sounds can be decomposed into articulatory components and properties. It then provides examples of distinguishing features for different consonant sounds like [t] vs [d] vs [s] vs [n]. The rest of the document outlines phonetic and phonological features in detail, including major class features, consonantal features, place features, manner features, and vocalic features. It aims to develop a set of finite phonological rules that can apply universally across languages but notes some problems with the feature system.
This document provides a detailed phonetic analysis of vowels in English. It examines tongue position, length, rounding, and nasality of vowels. Tongue position is described based on height in the mouth and which part of the tongue is highest. Length distinguishes long from short vowels. Rounding refers to whether the lips are rounded or spread. The document also discusses how vowels can be distinguished from consonants based on obstruction of air flow and ability to form a syllable nucleus. Diagrams are used to illustrate different tongue positions for front, central, and back vowels.
The document discusses phonology, which is concerned with how speech sounds are classified and organized in language. It covers the basic units of phonology including phones, phonemes, and allophones. It also describes segmental phonology, which involves sound changes like assimilation, elision, and linking, as well as phonotactics. Suprasegmental phonology involves word stress, sentence stress, and tones. Word stress refers to emphasizing certain syllables to distinguish words' meanings, while sentence stress emphasizes important information words.
Phonological rules are part of a speaker's knowledge of their language. They describe predictable changes in sounds and allow for more concise representations. Some key rules discussed include assimilation rules, which make sounds more similar to neighbors; vowel nasalization before nasal consonants; addition of features like aspiration; deletion or insertion of segments; and metathesis, or reordering of sounds. Phonological rules function to derive the phonetic form from an underlying phonemic representation. Speech errors provide evidence that these rules operate in language production.
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the physical production and perception of speech sounds, while phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used within a language. Phonetics analyzes all human speech sounds, while phonology analyzes the significant sounds of a particular language. The document also outlines the main branches of phonetics - acoustic, auditory, and articulatory phonetics. It describes voiced and voiceless sounds, and the place and manner of articulation for various consonant sounds like bilabials, dentals, velars, and approximants.
The document provides information about the articulators involved in speech production. It discusses the main areas of articulation including the lips, teeth, tongue, soft palate, hard palate, pharynx, larynx and vocal cords. Diagrams and descriptions are given of each articulator and their role. The tongue is identified as the most important articulator due to its variety of movement. Other articulators like the lips, jaw, soft palate and vocal cords are also described in terms of their involvement in speech.
Phonology is the study of speech sound patterns and systems in languages. It focuses on the abstract mental representation of sounds rather than physical articulation. Phonologists try to understand how speech sounds are combined. The smallest meaningful units of sound are phonemes, while actual spoken sounds are phones. Phonemes are distinguished by changing meaning when substituted, while phones only change pronunciation. Syllables consist of an onset, nucleus, and coda. Co-articulation involves assimilation and elision of sounds in normal speech for fluency. Minimal pairs are words that differ by one phoneme like 'pat' and 'bat'.
The sounds [w] and [ʍ] in the given words are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution, with [w] occurring after vowels and [ʍ] occurring word-initially. The phonological rule is that the phoneme is realized as [w] in the environment of _V (after a vowel) and as [ʍ] elsewhere, specifically word-initially. As they do not contrast meaningfully in any context, [w] and [ʍ] are considered variants of the same underlying phoneme.
This document discusses key concepts in phonology, including:
1. Phonology studies the distribution and interaction of sounds in a language, as well as how speech sounds are organized. It examines which sounds are predictable and the context that predicts them.
2. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are physically produced and perceived, while phonology studies how they are organized in a language.
3. Phonemes are abstract sound categories that underlie predictable phonetic variations called allophones. Choosing the underlying phonemic representation considers factors like naturalness, similarity between sounds, and how well it fits the language's patterns.
4. Phonological rules describe the environment where one sound becomes another, linking
The document discusses phonemes, allophones, complementary distribution, and free variation in phonology. It defines phonemes as the smallest units that distinguish meaning, while allophones are predictable variants of phonemes. Complementary distribution occurs when similar phones only occur in different environments without changing meaning. Free variation means two sounds can be used interchangeably without altering meaning. The document also examines the syllable structure of English and defines syllables as consisting of an optional onset, obligatory nucleus, and optional coda, with consonants acting as the nucleus in some cases.
Phonemes are the smallest units that distinguish meaning in a language. They are abstract and contrastive. Phones are the physical realization of phonemes in speech. Allophones are variant pronunciations of the same phoneme. Complementary distribution occurs when similar phones cannot be substituted without changing a word's meaning. Free variation involves phones that can be substituted without changing meaning. The syllable structure of English involves an optional onset, obligatory nucleus, and optional coda. Syllabic consonants can act as the nucleus in some words like "button".
This document provides an overview of phonology, the study of sound patterns in language. It defines key phonological concepts like phonemes, phones, allophones, minimal pairs, syllables, consonant clusters, and coarticulation effects. Phonemes are abstract sound units that distinguish meaning, while phones are actual speech sounds that can vary physically. Allophones are different versions of the same phoneme. Minimal pairs illustrate phonemic contrasts. Syllables have an onset, nucleus, and optional coda. Phonotactics govern sound combinations. Coarticulation effects like assimilation and elision influence pronunciation. The document concludes that individuals' vocal tracts differ physically but languages maintain abstract sound systems.
This document discusses the sound patterns of language. It defines phonology as the description of speech sound systems and patterns in a language. Phonology is concerned with the abstract set of sounds that distinguish meaning. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning. Allophones are different versions of the same phoneme. The document discusses minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllable structure, consonant clusters, and coarticulation effects like assimilation and elision.
This file is created for English literature students in universities especially for BA students. It is adapted from The study of language by George Yule. I hope this will help you
Phonology is the study of the sounds of human language and their patterns. It includes the study of phonemes, or distinctive sounds, and allophones, or predictable variants of phonemes. Phonotactics examines permissible sound combinations in a language. Morphophonemics describes how sounds change due to neighboring sounds or morphology. For example, the plural morpheme in English can be /s/, /z/, or /əz/ depending on preceding sounds.
The document discusses various phonological processes that occur in language, including linking, elision, assimilation, coalescence, gemination, metathesis, and haplology. It provides definitions and examples of each process. Specifically, it explains that linking connects words within phrases, elision omits sounds for easier pronunciation, assimilation makes sounds more similar at word boundaries, and coalescence merges neighboring sounds.
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and includes three branches: articulatory phonetics examines sound production, acoustic phonetics studies sound transmission, and auditory phonetics looks at sound perception. Phonology analyzes the system of phonemes, or abstract units of sound, that make meaningful distinctions in a language. Phonemes have allophones as different phonetic realizations. Allophones are in complementary distribution if they occur in different environments or show free variation if they occur in the same environment without meaning differences. Suprasegmental phonology examines stress, rhythm, and intonation across segments.
The document discusses common problems with English vowel and consonant spelling, including:
- English has more vowel sounds than letters to represent them
- Vowel letters can represent long or short vowel sounds
- Consonant substitutions often involve replacing voiced sounds with unvoiced ones
It provides examples of rules for determining long and short vowel sounds based on spelling, and discusses how consonants like /θ/ and /ð/ can be confused with /t/ and /d/. The differences between consonants like /ʒ/ and /j/ are also outlined.
This document is a student paper on phonological rules in English. It defines phonology and phonological rules, explaining that rules describe how underlying phonemes are realized as surface allophones based on neighboring sounds. The paper then describes five common types of phonological rules: assimilation, dissimilation, deletion, insertion, and metathesis. It provides examples for each type and concludes that studying these rules helps understand how mental language is translated to spoken language.
The document discusses the sound system of human language, known as phonology. It defines key phonological concepts like phonemes, allophones, distinctive features, and phonotactics. Phonemes are distinctive sounds that differentiate meaning, while allophones are predictable variants of phonemes. Phonotactics refer to permissible sound combinations within a language. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts and their application in linguistic analysis.
Phonology: The Sound Patterns of LanguageBabylen Arit
The document discusses several key concepts in phonology:
1. Phonology is concerned with how sounds function and pattern in a language. It describes how speech sounds are organized and affect one another in pronunciation.
2. Phonemes are abstract mental representations of sounds, not the physical sounds themselves. Minimal pairs can be used to identify phonemes by finding words that differ in only one sound.
3. Allophones are different versions of the same underlying phoneme. They are non-contrastive and found in complementary distribution, occurring in different phonetic environments.
This document discusses phonetic concepts including place and manner of articulation, and provides examples to illustrate the differences between phones and phonemes. It also discusses vowel nasalization in English as an example of allophones. Specifically, it notes that vowels become nasalized before nasal consonants like [m], [n], and [ŋ]. This is an example of allophones, as the nasalized vs. oral distinction does not change the meaning of words. The document also provides examples of different allophones of the phoneme /t/ in English.
The document discusses several key concepts in phonology:
- Phonology describes the sound patterns and systems of a language. Phonemes are abstract sound units that distinguish meaning. Allophones are variant pronunciations of the same phoneme.
- English has consonant and vowel sounds that combine to form syllables based on their onset, nucleus, and coda. Phonotactics govern permissible sound combinations.
- Assimilation, nasalization, and elision are common phonological processes where sounds influence each other in connected speech. Assimilation involves one sound taking on traits of another sound, while elision omits sounds altogether.
The document discusses several key concepts in phonology:
1) Speech sounds can be decomposed into articulatory features that distinguish consonants and vowels across languages.
2) Phonemes are the basic sound units of a language and can be identified through minimal pairs.
3) Syllables group speech sounds and are important units for phonological rules and well-formed words. Languages vary in permissible syllable structures.
This document discusses phonology and the relationship between phonemes and allophones. It defines phonemes as the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning, while allophones are predictable variants of phonemes that are conditioned by their context. Phonemes group sets of similar-sounding allophones. For example, [p] and [ph] in English are allophones of the same /p/ phoneme because they occur in complementary distribution and can be substituted without changing a word's meaning. Allophones are phonetic realizations of phonemes that follow language-specific rules.
This document discusses different types of sound distributions in language:
- Contrastive distribution: When two sounds can occur in the same environment (like word-finally) and change a word's meaning, like the minimal pair "cat" and "cad". They are considered different sounds/phonemes.
- Free variation: When two sounds can be used interchangeably in the same environment without changing a word's meaning, like the "caught-cot merger".
- Complementary distribution: When a sound's variations never overlap environments nor change meaning, like "p" and "ph", which are considered allophones of the same phoneme.
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1. Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta
PHONOLOGY
Introduction to Linguistics
Dosen Pembimbing : Siti Mukminatun S.S., M.Hum
Bella Kirana (16202241025)
Ninda Striratna Taj Hanun (16202241038)
Amalia Hani Nugrahaeni (16202244012)
Salma Hamalna Suryaningrum (16202244041)
2. What is phonology?
Phonology : studies how sounds are organized in
particular languages (Panevov’a dan Hana, 2010)
Phonology : the study of how speech sounds form
pattern of sounds in a language and across
language. For formally, phonology is the study of
the categorical organization of speech sounds in
languages; how speech sounds are organized in
the mind and used to convey meaning.
3. Phonemes
A phoneme is the smallest contrastive linguistic unit
which may bring about a change of meaning. For
example 'mat' and 'bat'. Phonemes are based on
spoken language and recorded by IPA (International
Phonetic Alphabet). They are written beetween
slashes.. e.g. /p/
Examples:
English: pan and ban, fast and first,
with and
whizz
Indonesian: Tanah and panah
Javanese: tutuk (mouth) and
thuthuk (hit)
4. Phones
A phone is a unit of speech sound. It may refer to
any speech sound or gesture without regard of its
place in phonology of a language. A phoneme is a
set of phones or a set of sound features that are
thought of as the same element within the
phonology of a particular language.
the realization of a phoneme
Symbols: using narrow
transcription.
Example:
[p], [ph] are the realization/phones
of /p/
5. Allophones
Allophones are variations of phonemes. So, they
are set of possible spoken sounds used to
prounounce one single phoneme.
Example:
[pʰ] (as in pin) and [p] (as in spin) are allophones
of the phoneme /p/. They are written in brackets.
6. Minimal pairs
A minimal pair are two words with distinct meanings that
differ by only one sound found in the same position in
each form.
The only way we can create a minimal pair with reference
to the two sounds involved is to put them in exactly the
same environment in terms of word position and the
surrounding context. To clarify further, the pair: jail–Yale
shows the contrast between /dʒ/ and /j/ in initial
position, budge–buzz focuses on the contrast between
/dʒ/ and /z/ in final position, while witch–wish
contrasts /t∫/ and /ʃ/ in final position. It should be noted
that minimal pairs include forms that have
different spellings, as evidenced in jail–Yale. (Yavas and
Wiley-Blackwell, 2011)
Example :
Minimal Pairs /e/ and /eı/ wet wait
Minimal Pairs /f/ and /v/ fan van
7. Complementary Distribution
The two sounds, that always occur in different
environment, they never occur at the same position
Example :
spat[spæt] pat[phæt] - spat[sphæt]
pat[pæt]
spool[spul] pool[phul] - spool[sphul]
pool[pul]
8. Free Variation
Two (or more) sounds appear in the same position,
but it does not make a different meaning
Example :
[lip] leap or [liph] leap
[sowp] soap or [sowph] soap
In English, [p] and [ph] are allophones of the same
phoneme
15. Word Stress
In many language, including English, one or more
of the syllables in every content word are
stressed.
Stress can be contrastive in English.
For example:
Word “pervert” and “subject”
Pérvert (noun) and pervért (verb)
Súbject (noun) and subjéct (verb)
16. Epenthesis (segment insertion)
Inserts a syllabic or non-syllabic segment within an
existing string of segments
The process of inserting a consonant or vowel
Insert a [ə] before the plural morpheme /z/ when a
regular noun ends in a sibilant, giving [əz].
∅ → ə / [+sibilant] ___ [+sibilant]
e.g. Judge /ʤʌʤ/ judges /
ʤʌʤz/
/ʤʌʤəz/
18. Assimilation
The vowel nasalization rule is an assimilation rule
that makes neighboring segments more similar by
adding the feature [+nasal] to the vowel.
Occurs when one segment influences another
Results from a sound becoming more like another
nearby sound in terms of one of more of its
phonetic characteristics
Example :
news /z/ but newspaper /s/
A sound becomes similar to the
following
sound
V -> [+nasal]/_[+nasal]$
19. Dissimilation
It certain segments becomes less similar to other
segments.
Results in two sounds becoming less alike in articulatory
or acoustic terms
The resulting sequence of sounds is easier to articulate
and distinguish
e.g. fifths [fθs] → [fts]
-al -ar
anecdot-al
angul-ar
annu-al
annul-ar
20. Segment Deletion
Removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts
Such rule occurs in casual or rapid speech.
In English, [ə] is often deleted
e.g. suppose [səpə́uz] --> [səpuz]
mystery general memory funeral vigorous Barbara
mystry genral memry funral vigrous Barbra
Delete a /g/ in a word initially before a nasal
consonant or before a syllable-final nasal
consonant.
eg. sign/signature, design/ designation,
malign/malignant, paradigm/paradigmatic
21. Metathesis
Reorders a sequence of segments
Transposition of two letters or sounds in a word
Often results in a sequence of phones that is easier to
articulate
e.g. Introduce interduce
ask aks
animal aminal
spaghetti pasketti
partisipasi -> partisisapi
Old English vs Modern
English
bryd bird
hros horse
24. (Fromkin: 253)
(Fromkin p. 243)
(Fromkin p. 245)
(Fromkin p. 248)
(Fromkin p. 247)
http://slideplayer.com/slide/3853432/
Editor's Notes
Tidak perlu mencantumkan email UNY. Cukup email kalian. Benahi penulisan linguistics
Yang kedua dari sumber mana? Ambil dari buku-buku yang sudah ibu share. Setelah itu simpulkan dari berbagai definisi itu.
Tambah contoh minimal pair dalam Bahasa inggris sehingga akan membantu pemahaman teman-teman.
Cek spelling
Tambah contoh minimal pair terutama yang beda spelling (baik vowel maupun consonant) supaya teman-teman tahu bahwa minimal pair itu bukan berdasar pada spelling seperti halnya pada Bahasa Indonesia.
Cek penulisan p diawal kata. Karena dari situ nanti, amalia dapat menjelaskan letak complementary distribution.
Contoh belum secara jelas menggambarkan penjelasan free variation.
Tunjukkan tanda “stress” dalam contoh tesebut sehingga pembaca akan mengetahui peran “stress” dalam suatu kata.
Berikan contoh. Penjelasan ini masih terlalu umum.