Languages and linguistic.

1. Languages
It gives words to our
thoughts, voice to
our ideas and
expression to our
feelings.
Every language is
systematic.
Language varies
systematically from
person to person,
area to area,
situation to
situation.
Speech is the
primary
manifestation of
language.
Language is used for
persuading and
influencing others.

2. Lingüística
Psicolingüística
Se interesa en comprender la
adquisición del lenguaje (oral,
escrito, etc), tomando en
cuenta la parte psicológica del
ser humano.
Codificación:
Producción del
lenguaje.
Descodificación:
Comprensión del
lenguaje.
Sociolingüística
Es la disciplina que estudia los
distintos aspectos de la
sociedad que influyen en el
uso de la lengua, como las
normas culturales y el contexto
en el que se desenvuelven los
hablantes.
La sociolingüística puede
determinar atreves del
análisis de las actividades
sociales que el uso de una
jerga se considera
inapropiada en ciertos
contextos profesionales.
Dialectología
Explora y estudia las variaciones
geográficas de la lengua, entre
dialectos en áreas rurales y
urbanas. Cada persona tiene su
propio dialecto dependiendo de
la región a la que pertenece, por
Ejemplo
En Ecuador el habla de los
Manabitas difiere al habla de
los Quiteños y de todos los
demás hablantes.
Procesos
psicolingüísticos

3. Linguistic Phonetics Speech sounds
Phonology Phonemes
Morphology Words
Syntax Phrases and sentences
Semantics Literal meaning of phrases and sentences
Pragmatics Meaning in context of discourse

4. Linguistic Phonology
Study the distribution and
organization of sounds in a
language and the interaction
between those different sounds.
Those sounds are called
phonemes
Phonemes.- it’s the smallest
segment of sound that can
distinguish two words.
Phonemes are put into
slant lines. /p/
Pairs of words such as PIT and
BIT which only have one different
phoneme are known as “minimal
pairs”
A phoneme can be defined as the
minimal significant contrastive
unit in the phonological system.
Phonemics.- The complete set of
sounds is called the phonemics
system of a language.
Phonemes themselves
are abstract
In phonemic, the phonemes will be
represent in slant lines /pan/ and each
symbol represent one sound.
/p/,/a/,/n/.
Phonemics means the
producers for establishing
the phonemes of a
language.

5. Phonology
Studies how
sounds
interact as a
system in a
particular
language.
Pronunciation Is the way how we pronounce some
words and expressions.
Stress of a word or a sentence.
In a word, the stress is the syllable
(segment) which has more intonation.
A correct stress is important to give the
correct meaning that we want.
Present Present
Intonation
The intonation describe how the voice
falls and rises in speech.
The intonation have tree main
patterns:
- Falling intonation.
-Rising intonation.
Fall-rise intonation.
Phonologicalfactors
Stress of a Word or a sentence Intonation
In one word, we accentuate one
syllable. We say one syllable very
loudly and all the others syllables
very quietly.
PHO-to-graph
Pho-TO-graph-er
Pho-to-GRAPH-ic
Falling intonation (is very common in
wh-questions)
Rising intonation (is very common in yes-
no questions)
Fall-rise intonation we use it at the end
of statements when we want to say that
we are not sure, or when we may have to
add…

6. Besides the production of sounds, differences among phonological systems can also affect the
identification of sounds
Spanish speakers have problems distinguishing some
consonants and vowels English sounds.
The symbols are arbitrary
and represent sounds
typical of each language.
English: There are
phonological symbols that
do not exist in Spanish but,
they are very typical of
English
Spanish: There are
phonological symbols that
do not exist in English but
are typical of Spanish
Every languages have their own
phonological symbols

8. Phonemes
- Vocal sounds are formed by altering the air
tat is expelled when breathing.
- In the vocal cords, this air column can be
vibrated (creating the first distinction in
sounds, between voiced and voiceless)
- We recognize about 900 phonemes per
minute (that means that in less that a second
we are able to convey a complex image; that is
why is so powerful).
- A phoneme is an abstract, psychological unit,
the basic unit of phonology.
- Not all possible variants (allophonic
variant) that can be created by modulating
sounds are perceived as different sounds.

9. - Each language has a number of
phonemes (between slashes “//”)
- Allophones (between square brackets “{}”)
There is a crucial difference between
two sounds that are allophonic variants
of the same phoneme and two sounds
that are different phonemes.
If we substitute one sound by an allophonic variant, we still
get the same word like in Spanish <vaca, baca>
If we substitute one sound by another belonging to a
different phoneme, we get a different word like in Spanish
<poca, boca>
- Categorical perception: when perceiving speech sounds,
we exhibit “categorical perception” V.O.T (Voice Onset Time). It’s just the
amount of time between the articulation of
a sound and the vibration of the vocal cords.
- In voiced sounds, VOT is below a given threshold.
- In voiceless sounds, VOT is above a given threshold.

10. Assimilation.- A sound is adapted, depending on the sound that will bel pronounced afterwards.
Aspiration.- The articulation of a sound is accompanied by a small emission of air, in a small
explosion /p/ aspirated.
Deletion.- A sound is eliminated to facilitate articulation <friendship>.
Insertion.- A sound is added to facilitate some pronunciation. I am (e)Spanish.
Allophonic rules.- Try to predict how will a phoneme vary in a given context.

11. Phonotactic rules.- In Spanish the most frequent syllabic structure is CV or VCV
In English, we also find CVCC (think) or CVCCC (thinks)
CC combination in
initial position are very
limited in Spanish.
They are ok if the
second consonant is a
liquid
/l/
/r/
And the first one a
plosive or some
fricatives like /f/ but no
/s/ or /z/.
/br/, /cr/, /dr/, /gr/,
/pr/, /tr/.
/fr/, /fl/
In English, to these
possibilities we have to add
the fact of having an /s/ as
first consonant, and a plosive
the second (only voiceless –p,
t, k; not voiced –b, d, g)
/sp/, /st/, /sk/ (this
phonotactic combination
does not exist in Spanish)