This bachelor thesis is focused on the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and
employee performance. The thesis is a literature research and thus a review by the work of others.
In earlier research on this topic conducted by Vroom (1964) was concluded that a positive
correlation between motivation and performance did not exist. However, later research proved
that it is indeed possible to motivate employees intrinsically and extrinsically to perform well. It
appears that when the organisation provides certain job characteristics, employees can be
motivated to perform well in the organisation. And it also appeared that intrinsic factors have
more effect on the relationship than extrinsic factors.
Employee motivation and performance - Staff motivation Chormvirak Moulsem
This bachelor thesis is focused on the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and
employee performance. The thesis is a literature research and thus a review by the work of others.
In earlier research on this topic conducted by Vroom (1964) was concluded that a positive
correlation between motivation and performance did not exist. However, later research proved
that it is indeed possible to motivate employees intrinsically and extrinsically to perform well. It
appears that when the organisation provides certain job characteristics, employees can be
motivated to perform well in the organisation. And it also appeared that intrinsic factors have
more effect on the relationship than extrinsic factors.
Impact of Extrinsic Rewards on Job Satisfaction of Banking Sector Employees o...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications
Employee motivation and performance - Staff motivation Chormvirak Moulsem
This bachelor thesis is focused on the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and
employee performance. The thesis is a literature research and thus a review by the work of others.
In earlier research on this topic conducted by Vroom (1964) was concluded that a positive
correlation between motivation and performance did not exist. However, later research proved
that it is indeed possible to motivate employees intrinsically and extrinsically to perform well. It
appears that when the organisation provides certain job characteristics, employees can be
motivated to perform well in the organisation. And it also appeared that intrinsic factors have
more effect on the relationship than extrinsic factors.
Impact of Extrinsic Rewards on Job Satisfaction of Banking Sector Employees o...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications
A good company gives an opportunity for employees to develop their creativity through new ideas of employees. Any opinions, thoughts or ideas are the results of ideas. There is a process of reflection on an opinion or an idea that emerged at the head of the employee. But not all employees who have a brilliant idea. There are some among them who are not motivated to have a good performance. Three factors influence the employee reputation. Performance, motivation, and job training are the essential things to do by the company to raise the reputation. Each employee level can be calculated by Profile Matching method. It produces the value of each employee or ranks them in ascending or descending order. The benefit to the company is they can promote the best employees in particular period.
“A Study on various techniques of motivation of employees”fiza91
Motivating employees can be one of biggest challenges as an employer, but learning how to inspire each individual is the key to a successful organization.
Impact of corporate social responsibility on employees' motivation of siddhar...Rajkumar Adhikari
Due to the recent unethical scandals caused by the world’s leading companies, there are now growing attentions to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) issues. CSR and its motivations have been investigated both academically and practically for a long time, however it seems these studies are not sufficient for consistent and convincing results. Also little is known about Scandinavian based companies. In order to fill in the gap and make an academic contribution to this field of study, which aims to investigate impact of CSR on employees’ motivation, through a case study of Siddhartha Group, which is a Nepali business organization and one of the Nepal major players in the manufacturing industry. The authors chose the company in consideration of their high commitment in CSR activities and access to firsthand data. Also, this study delimited its research area for deep understandings, and conducted from the company perspective. Today each and every organization of the worlds wants to be market competitive, successful and wish to get regular progress. The present era is totally aggressive and organizations despite of size, technology and market focus are facing employee maintenance challenges. To overcome these fetters a strong and positive relationship and bonding should be created and maintained between employees and their organizations. Human resource or employees of any organization are the most vital part so they need to be inclined and influenced towards tasks fulfillment. Organizations must plan different strategies to compete with the competitors and for increasing the performance of the organizations in order to achieve success.
Ud44132 bhu52973 173174_essay on motivation and employee performance - aiu(fi...Donasian Mbonea
The majority of organizations are competing to survive in this volatile and fierce market environment. Motivation and performance of the employees are essential tools for the success of any organization in the long run. On the one hand, measuring performance is critical to organization’s management, as it highlights the evolution and achievement of the organization. On the other hand, there is a positive relationship between employee motivation and organizational effectiveness, reflected in numerous studies (Dobre, 2013).
All organizations want to be successful, even in current environment which is highly competitive. Therefore, companies irrespective of size and market strive to retain their best employees, acknowledging their important role and influence on organizational effectiveness. In order to overcome these challenges, companies should create a strong and positive relationship with its employees and direct them towards task fulfillment. Motivation is important in the organization to boost morale among employees in order to achieve their goals. Motivated employees help the organization to become more success because motivated employees are consistently looking forward to improve their work performance (Ali & Ahmed, 2009). The outcome from a motivated employee will produce high level of productivity since they are enjoying their work. Therefore, they feel satisfied in the workplace which resulted in lower absenteeism and reducing turnover rate. It is not an easy task especially for the managers to retain highly motivated employees within the organization as they are the valuable assets of the organization to achieve success in the future (Kreisman, 2002). Employees are the human capital to the organizations, and performance of them within an organization which can lead to organizational prosperity or failure (Salleh, 2011).Motivation is considered as a predictor of job performance. In other words, the determinants of employee job performance were motivation, aptitudes and skill. Thus, motivated employees with high levels of job involvement are considered as important elements to an organization. In this essay, it attempts to measure the effect of employee motivation towards job performance. Motivation is crucial for organizations to functions; without motivation employees will not put up their best and the company’s performance would be less efficient.
A good company gives an opportunity for employees to develop their creativity through new ideas of employees. Any opinions, thoughts or ideas are the results of ideas. There is a process of reflection on an opinion or an idea that emerged at the head of the employee. But not all employees who have a brilliant idea. There are some among them who are not motivated to have a good performance. Three factors influence the employee reputation. Performance, motivation, and job training are the essential things to do by the company to raise the reputation. Each employee level can be calculated by Profile Matching method. It produces the value of each employee or ranks them in ascending or descending order. The benefit to the company is they can promote the best employees in particular period.
“A Study on various techniques of motivation of employees”fiza91
Motivating employees can be one of biggest challenges as an employer, but learning how to inspire each individual is the key to a successful organization.
Impact of corporate social responsibility on employees' motivation of siddhar...Rajkumar Adhikari
Due to the recent unethical scandals caused by the world’s leading companies, there are now growing attentions to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) issues. CSR and its motivations have been investigated both academically and practically for a long time, however it seems these studies are not sufficient for consistent and convincing results. Also little is known about Scandinavian based companies. In order to fill in the gap and make an academic contribution to this field of study, which aims to investigate impact of CSR on employees’ motivation, through a case study of Siddhartha Group, which is a Nepali business organization and one of the Nepal major players in the manufacturing industry. The authors chose the company in consideration of their high commitment in CSR activities and access to firsthand data. Also, this study delimited its research area for deep understandings, and conducted from the company perspective. Today each and every organization of the worlds wants to be market competitive, successful and wish to get regular progress. The present era is totally aggressive and organizations despite of size, technology and market focus are facing employee maintenance challenges. To overcome these fetters a strong and positive relationship and bonding should be created and maintained between employees and their organizations. Human resource or employees of any organization are the most vital part so they need to be inclined and influenced towards tasks fulfillment. Organizations must plan different strategies to compete with the competitors and for increasing the performance of the organizations in order to achieve success.
Ud44132 bhu52973 173174_essay on motivation and employee performance - aiu(fi...Donasian Mbonea
The majority of organizations are competing to survive in this volatile and fierce market environment. Motivation and performance of the employees are essential tools for the success of any organization in the long run. On the one hand, measuring performance is critical to organization’s management, as it highlights the evolution and achievement of the organization. On the other hand, there is a positive relationship between employee motivation and organizational effectiveness, reflected in numerous studies (Dobre, 2013).
All organizations want to be successful, even in current environment which is highly competitive. Therefore, companies irrespective of size and market strive to retain their best employees, acknowledging their important role and influence on organizational effectiveness. In order to overcome these challenges, companies should create a strong and positive relationship with its employees and direct them towards task fulfillment. Motivation is important in the organization to boost morale among employees in order to achieve their goals. Motivated employees help the organization to become more success because motivated employees are consistently looking forward to improve their work performance (Ali & Ahmed, 2009). The outcome from a motivated employee will produce high level of productivity since they are enjoying their work. Therefore, they feel satisfied in the workplace which resulted in lower absenteeism and reducing turnover rate. It is not an easy task especially for the managers to retain highly motivated employees within the organization as they are the valuable assets of the organization to achieve success in the future (Kreisman, 2002). Employees are the human capital to the organizations, and performance of them within an organization which can lead to organizational prosperity or failure (Salleh, 2011).Motivation is considered as a predictor of job performance. In other words, the determinants of employee job performance were motivation, aptitudes and skill. Thus, motivated employees with high levels of job involvement are considered as important elements to an organization. In this essay, it attempts to measure the effect of employee motivation towards job performance. Motivation is crucial for organizations to functions; without motivation employees will not put up their best and the company’s performance would be less efficient.
Running Head IndustrialOrganizational Psychology .docxinfantkimber
Running Head: Industrial/Organizational Psychology 1
Industrial/Organizational Psychology 7
Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Christina Washek
Dr. Michelle Vallie
PSYC 495
4 April 2020
Introduction
Organizational psychology is the usage of a person’s psychological knowledge to explain their work. The aim is to improve job satisfaction among the workers and to increase their productivity while ensuring that any issues in the organization are solved by promoting a healthy working environment. The issues in the organization are addressed using facts to ensure that the decisions made are beneficial to the involved parties.
Many aspects are considered in one’s working relationship that is from the employer’s point of view, the employee, and any external factors that enable work to be done in the organization. Therefore, psychology is a crucial subject as it benefits both the organization and individuals in the environment, ensuring that there is an optimal surrounding. The environment should be clear that productivity, efficiency, and the wellbeing of the employees are supported.
Organizational psychology covers a wide spectrum, which is from the time a person starts to work in the organization up to when they retire. The purpose of this essay is to analyze organizational psychology, the history, theories, and the relationship it has with other areas, among other considerations. Also, a study is done on how human resource management is incorporated into the organizational setup.
History of Organizational psychology
It is an academic discipline, and the area of practice has become more and more useful in the working life of individuals in organizations and creating a proper work environment. This is a field that involves the identification of issues in an organization, obtaining the effects, and finding solutions for the problems using data obtained for research. The main focus is on the attitude and behavior of individuals in the workplace. Some important outcomes that are required out of an employee from psychology are; understanding the attitude of the employee and controlling their behavior.
Organizational psychology is made up of two pillars. One of the pillars is fitting a man to the job, and the other is fitting the job to a man. The first pillar implies that an individual needs to attain the skills and knowledge required for the task in the organization while the second pillar implies that the job is designed in a way that the individual assigned the task can manage it without difficulties. The job can have tolls and equipment necessary to handle the task that cannot be handled by the use of hands.
Industrial and organizational psychology comes in from the fact that there was a need to understand individu ...
Running head PROBLEM STATEMENT AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1PROB.docxjeanettehully
Running head: PROBLEM STATEMENT AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1
PROBLEM STATEMENT AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 2
Problem Statement and Research Questions
Professor’s Name:
Student’s Name:
Institution:
Course Title:
Date:
Problem Statement and Research Questions
Problem Statement
This research paper aims at demonstrating how the Maslow hierarchy of needs increase employees motivation, promote job satisfaction, and improve the performance of workforce. The theory identifies five distinct levels of needs which inspire employees to work. In this theory, Maslow redefine human resource management by developing a comprehensive framework of understandings each employee need. People work for various reasons and would be motivated based on the desire to achieve certain ends. Thus, Maslow defines those ends and categorizing them into distinctive classes.
Work is a means to achieve various ends desired by people. The income generated by work act a source of livelihood to many families. Meeting one needs attracts the desire to satisfy others. For instance, psychological and security needs forms the categories referred to as basic needs in life. Thus, this became the primary tool used by employers to motivate employees therefore, fulfilling these needs attracts the need to move higher in the ladder. A study conducted to understand how the working conditions affect employees motivation found that; the conditions of the working operation of the employees, the training that the employees were exposed to as well as the personal development of the employees represents the most essential factors (Wofford, 1971).
Therefore, understanding the approach to human resource management would help employers to enhance job satisfaction. People are motivated to work to meet specific needs in life. However, the theory demonstrates that needs changes over time. Therefore, this research study would help employers may integrate other motivational factors to enhance performance (Taormina & Gao, 2013). Therefore, the findings of this research paper would help the human resource managers to develop a framework to develop strategies that enhance motivation and inspire work.
Purpose statement
The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that motivate and inspire employee’s performance using the Maslow hierarchy of needs theory. People derive the energy to work from different inspirations thus, becoming an essential framework of influencing workers performance.
The research study would adopt a mixed approach by incorporating qualitative and quantitative studies to explain different concepts and answer research questions. This approach intents to describe the factors that inspire explore the numerous motivational factors and describes how they affect performance (McLaughlin & Butler, 1973). The information would help in developing strategies that could help increase motivation.
Research Questions
1. What factors increase the employee’s motivation to work and perform their duty? ...
Effects of Organizational Climate on Employee Motivation and Organizational C...Sameen Salman
Study on the effects of organizational climate on motivation and commitment of employees. this thesis study uses both primary research and secondary data to conclude the relationship between the variables.
5.3 Leadership and MotivationAnother key aspect of the leading f.docxalinainglis
5.3 Leadership and Motivation
Another key aspect of the leading function is motivating workers. Effective leaders motivate individuals to increase the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work. Motivation may be defined as what starts behaviors, what maintains behaviors, and what stops behaviors. Leaders are interested in inspiring employees to engage in various behaviors. Table 5.4 provides some examples.
Table 5.4 Motivated behaviors at work
Start and maintain
Stop
Punctuality (arrive on time)
Unhealthy habits (smoking, drugs)
Attendance (arrive every day)
Unethical activities
Effort/productivity
Conflicts
Cooperativeness
Politics
Share information
Inattentiveness
To achieve these goals, leaders can take lessons from the many types of theories of motivation. Three categories of motivation theories are content theories, process theories, and goal-setting theories.
Content Theories of Motivation
Content theories explain the specific factors that motivate people, most notably in the area of human needs. They help explain what drives human behavior, because people will act to fulfill unsatisfied needs, especially the ones they feel are the most urgent. Three major content theories of motivation include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory, and McClelland's acquired needs theory.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs (1954) provides an important foundation of leadership thinking. The model shown in Figure 5.3 employs a satisfaction-progression approach. A person will not progress to the next level of needs until the immediate need has been routinely satisfied.
Lower-order needs include physiological needs, safety needs, and social concerns for belongingness and love. Physiological needs on the job include rest breaks, physical comfort, and reasonable work hours. Safety needs include safe working conditions, job security, base compensation, and benefits. Social needs are met by interactions with friendly coworkers, customers, and a supportive supervisor.
The higher order needs include self-esteem and self-actualization concerns. Self-esteem needs include responsibility for an important job, being promoted, and receiving praise and recognition from the leader. Self-actualization results from creative and challenging work, active participation in decision making, and job autonomy. Self-actualization is realized only if an employee performs tasks and work that express his or her inner self—the person the individual wishes to become.
Maslow's hierarchy has been criticized for several reasons. Commentators suggest that the theory does not explain how strongly a need must be satisfied before progression to the next level can occur. Others suggest that this order of needs is far too rigid and that many people experience them in a far different order. For example, some people's social needs for belongingness and love are far more important than self-actualization. Another pro.
This is the Topic: performance management Subject : Business Research Method .. please read the file i upload and read it very well before do the work..
Managerial psychology is a sub-discipline of industrial and organizational psychology, which focuses on the efficacy of individuals, groups and organizations in the workplace. It's purpose is to specifically aid managers in gaining a better understanding of the psychological patterns common among individuals and groups within any given organisation. Managerial psychology can be used to predict and prevent harmful psychological patterns within the workplace and can also be implemented to control psychological patterns among individuals and groups in a way that will benefit the organisation long term.
23March 2010Vol. 22 No. 1Engineering Management Journal
HDM Modeling as a Tool to Assist Management With
Employee Motivation: The Case of Silicon Forest
Georgina Harell, Portland State University
Tugrul U. Daim, Portland State University
the various options more than once, and put a number to the
importance of one option over another.
This study shows a pathway to employee motivation more than
the traditional HDM approach which has the end result being one
choice. The group survey results provide a better understanding of
the differences and the specific values of the groups and smaller
sub-groups. For example, management can conclude from this
survey that women’s tangible motivators are pay and bonuses
followed by outside environment and working conditions.
Literature Review
The theory of human motivation started as an interest of
psychologists, but managers soon realized the importance of
knowing how to motivate their workforce. The work of human
motivation started as early as the Greeks (Skinner, 1965), and
is still intriguing many researchers today. Motivation through
conditioning responses has been explored in great detail since the
late 19th century. The most famous account of conditioned responses
has to be that of Pavlov’s dog—where a dog was conditioned to
salivate at the sound of a bell by repeatedly reinforcing that after a
certain sound food would be presented. This type of response has
been termed a conditioned reflex. In short, the subject has been
trained to produce a response normally associated with stimulus
A when stimulus B is presented. Pavlov’s work was just the tip
of the iceberg in terms of understanding human behavior in
response to a stimulus (Skinner, 1965). E.L. Thorndike expanded
the knowledge of human behavior by exploring the concept of
learning curves. Thorndike did considerable research examining
how long it took creatures to solve a simple problem, for example,
how to escape from a latched box. Thorndike noted that initially
the creature would take a considerable amount of time to solve the
problem, but after more and more attempts at the same situation
the solution came more and more quickly. Learning curves help
clarify how behavior in complex situations are sorted, emphasized,
and reordered. Thorndike’s work is a pivotal step toward the more
modern concept of operant conditioning (Skinner, 1965).
Operant conditioning is far more complicated than the
simple notion of reflex conditioning illustrated by Pavlov.
Operant conditioning looks at human behavior as a complicated
series of tendencies, and rather than looking at responses as either
happening or not happening, operant conditioning considers
a response as having a probability of occurring. By examining
human behavior as a probability of a response occurring, more
complicated interactions can be examined. There are two points
in operant conditioning—operant reinforcement, where a subject
is conditioned ...
Chormvirak photo
Chormvirak at Camma\s
Leadership and Management
Moulsem Chormvirak Photo
AEON Specialized Bank at Sunway Hotel
Trainning
Chormvirak Moulsem
ការប្រឈមនៃការចំណាកស្រុករបស់ពលករខ្មែរទៅប្រទេសថៃ - Immigration of Cambodian to ...Chormvirak Moulsem
ការប្រឈមនែការចំណាកស្រុករបស់ពលករខ្មែរទៅប្រទេសថៃ - Immigration of Cambodian to Thailand for working Research Paper - Royal University of Laws and Economics Master Degree
The 7 habits highly effective teens slide presentation for PUC studentChormvirak Moulsem
Stephen R. Covey's book, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People®, has been a top-seller for the simple reason that it ignores trends and pop psychology for proven principles of fairness, integrity, honesty, and human dignity. Celebrating its fifteenth year of helping people solve personal and professional problems, this special anniversary edition includes a new foreword and afterword written by Covey exploring the question of whether the 7 Habits are still relevant and answering some of the most common questions he has received over the past 15 years.
The Company and its subsidiaries focus on operating its business taking into account the ethics and Good Corporate Governance,
including transparency and a commitment to promoting the interests of the economics, community and the environment through
its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies. As part of its CSR policies, the Company and its subsidiaries organize charitable
events encouraging its employees to participate in various activities, including environmental conservation, supporting sporting
events as well as supporting religious and cultural traditions to sustainably strengthen the society and community.
Walmart Save the Day - Management of-change-presentationChormvirak Moulsem
In most countries, supermarket chains create and manage well-oiled supply chains to offer consumers lower prices and dampen inflationary trends. Inflation in India is touching decade-highs. But then it’s a fallacy that in India it is always about low price’. Companies like Tata, Birla and Reliance have all attempted to enter food-and-grocery retailing in India with mixed success. Will Wal-Mart’s supply chain work in India
Kulen Mineral Water - NOW, EVERY CAMBODIAN CAN DRINK HEALTHY, NATURAL MINERAL...Chormvirak Moulsem
In the context of my studies, I had to do a three months internship in a foreign country. So I was looking for a good internship and a good country. I’m very interested by the wine business and the wine in general. So I wanted to do my internship in this sector to learn more about the marketing tools, strategies and habits of this market. Then, I was very attracted by the Asia, not by a special place but I really wanted to discover this continent.
By my network, I knew that a French businessman has created his own company in Cambodia. A marketing company which offer to communicate for big wine’s producers all around the world. I’ve heard that at this time, the company got one head office in Singapore, one operative unit in China and a representative office in Cambodia. So it sounds very interesting for me and in May 2013, I decided to apply to get an internship in the head office of Singapore.
Unfortunately, the company was not able to offer me an internship of three months in the head office because they don’t use to offer less than 6 months internship and also because they were already full in Singapore. But after one month, the CEO, M. Olivry emails me again to offer me an internship of three months in Cambodia mainly focused on the a mineral water local brand called “Kulara Water”. So, even if it was not what I expected first, after consideration, I accepted the offer. Mainly because all I’ve heard and ridden about Cambodia was very interesting and also because the mineral water is a very interesting product and market to develop in Cambodia.
To summarize, I prepared my first trip Alone, in Asia, during Three months. I think these are the main difficulties I’ve found in my internship. First, I had to change my way of think, understand a new culture and adapt myself to this country. This, I had to do it alone, with no parents here to take care, no friends etc… And of course, it’s not holidays in a five stars hotel during three weeks, no. Three months of living in the Khmer1 lifestyle.
20 liters per person per day from a source within 1 kilometer of the household is deemed sufficient for adequate drinking and personal hygiene.
Rural areas lag far behind cities in access to water with more than 653 million people using an unimproved water source or ground water.
In Siem Reap, it’s estimated that 4.6 million water bottles are generated by the tourism industry alone. That’s not including local consumption. That figure is based on the average visitor stay and daily consumption, and number of visitors per year.
Fisheries provides food security to the majority of the countries population in terms of protein and essential minerals and Vitamins as rice and fish constitute the stable diet of most Cambodians.
Comparative of Judaism’s Fasting and Islamic’s Fasting. Religion is the key that we well-known as the way to teach people live in an exceptional life. When people committed to different religious traditions come together to discuss common themes, they often find their own practices and understandings enriched and enlightened. Religion plays the importance role in human’s life in the loving-kindness way and global destiny as well as animal living. In the world’s history there are 3 main monotheistic religion which existed since the first world civilization born such as Judaism, Islamic and Christianity. These three main religion seem very similar to each other because they believe in only one god, they believe their religion’s bible which mean the Judaism believe in Torah while Islamic believe in Quran and Christianity believe in The new and the old testament yet the history of the bible has shown that they came from the same resource in Israel. In addition, Fasting is one of the most ritual in these religion notably Fasting between Judaism and Islamic.
Comparative religion - Comparative of Judaism’s Fasting and Islamic’s FastingChormvirak Moulsem
Religion is the key that we well-known as the way to teach people live in an exceptional life. When people committed to different religious traditions come together to discuss common themes, they often find their own practices and understandings enriched
and enlightened. Religion plays the importance role in human’s life in the loving-kindness way and global destiny as well as animal living. In the world’s history there are 3 main monotheistic religion which existed since the first world civilization born such as Judaism, Islamic and Christianity. These three main religion seem very similar to each other because they believe in only one god, they believe their religion’s bible which mean the Judaism believe in Torah while Islamic believe in Quran and Christianity believe in The new and the old testament yet the history of the bible has shown that they came from the same resource in Israel. In addition, Fasting is one of the most ritual in these religion notably Fasting between Judaism and Islamic.
Tum teav-story-part-3-to-part - Comparative Tum Teav PresentationChormvirak Moulsem
Romeo and Juliet is a classic literature which written by William Shakespare in the Renaissance period. The story was about the love argument of a couple because of their family feud. In the story we see two character which came from the royal family and have high rank in the city like The Prince and Mercutio. Even thought, they were the kin men but Mercutio and The Prince are completely different of their appearance or attitude, character trait as well as their action in the story.
In the plot of the story, we can see that Mercutio was a young boy who is temperamental and brave. He sometimes funny and like to play a lot with his friends like Romeo. Mercutio also a helpful man who can assist as advise and never betrayed his friends. In contrast, The Prince Escalus was a mature old man who represent of the law in the story. Not like Mercutio The Prince can control his anger and can solve the problem peacefully. His work in the story was very rigorous and justice.
Interesting topics for research proposal on motivation without wasting time o...Chormvirak Moulsem
This bachelor thesis is focused on the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and
employee performance. The thesis is a literature research and thus a review by the work of others.
In earlier research on this topic conducted by Vroom (1964) was concluded that a positive
correlation between motivation and performance did not exist. However, later research proved
that it is indeed possible to motivate employees intrinsically and extrinsically to perform well. It
appears that when the organisation provides certain job characteristics, employees can be
motivated to perform well in the organisation. And it also appeared that intrinsic factors have
more effect on the relationship than extrinsic factors.
This bachelor thesis is focused on the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and
employee performance. The thesis is a literature research and thus a review by the work of others.
In earlier research on this topic conducted by Vroom (1964) was concluded that a positive
correlation between motivation and performance did not exist. However, later research proved
that it is indeed possible to motivate employees intrinsically and extrinsically to perform well. It
appears that when the organisation provides certain job characteristics, employees can be
motivated to perform well in the organisation. And it also appeared that intrinsic factors have
more effect on the relationship than extrinsic factors.
15 interesting dissertation topics on employee motivationChormvirak Moulsem
This bachelor thesis is focused on the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and
employee performance. The thesis is a literature research and thus a review by the work of others.
In earlier research on this topic conducted by Vroom (1964) was concluded that a positive
correlation between motivation and performance did not exist. However, later research proved
that it is indeed possible to motivate employees intrinsically and extrinsically to perform well. It
appears that when the organisation provides certain job characteristics, employees can be
motivated to perform well in the organisation. And it also appeared that intrinsic factors have
more effect on the relationship than extrinsic factors.
Staff motivation - Employee motivation - A study on employees work motivation...Chormvirak Moulsem
This bachelor thesis is focused on the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and
employee performance. The thesis is a literature research and thus a review by the work of others.
In earlier research on this topic conducted by Vroom (1964) was concluded that a positive
correlation between motivation and performance did not exist. However, later research proved
that it is indeed possible to motivate employees intrinsically and extrinsically to perform well. It
appears that when the organisation provides certain job characteristics, employees can be
motivated to perform well in the organisation. And it also appeared that intrinsic factors have
more effect on the relationship than extrinsic factors.
This bachelor thesis is focused on the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and
employee performance. The thesis is a literature research and thus a review by the work of others.
In earlier research on this topic conducted by Vroom (1964) was concluded that a positive
correlation between motivation and performance did not exist. However, later research proved
that it is indeed possible to motivate employees intrinsically and extrinsically to perform well. It
appears that when the organisation provides certain job characteristics, employees can be
motivated to perform well in the organisation. And it also appeared that intrinsic factors have
more effect on the relationship than extrinsic factors.
Culture - Cham People in Cambodia , Cham Culture Presentation.Chormvirak Moulsem
The Cham people in Cambodia form the largest minority in the country with about 300.000 people.
They are mostly concentrated along the Mekong and Tonle Sap River in Cambodia.
The Cham people were originally a people of an ancient kingdom from the Kingdom of Champa.
Cham people who follow Islam we call Muslims, and Khmer people who follows Islam we call Khmer-Islam.
CHAM:
Syncretic Islamic
Communities
in Vietnam
and Cambodia
January 20 – March 28, 2010
East-West Center Gallery, Honolulu, Hawai‘i
The Cham of Vietnam and Cambodia
are one of the most fascinating
communities in Southeast Asia today.
The Cham, descendents of the
Kingdom of Champa that once ruled
much of southern Vietnam developed
a vibrant civilization. Their achievements
were manifest in the building
of unique Cham temples (bimong)
that can still be found scattered
throughout the southern Vietnam.
Originally a Hindu empire, themajority
of Cham people converted to various
forms of Islam over
the centuries. Both
Hinduism and Islam
greatly influenced
Cham political,
religious, and
cultural life.
The need for education is increasing throughout Cambodia, particularly among minority groups. The illiteracy rate in the village is
still high. Some villagers dropped out of school before entering high school and many children in the village do not have access to
English courses because of distance and financial constraints. In response, we plan to provide English classes to children at three
levels: elementary, intermediate, and advanced. The abandoned 7.5 x 8 meters hall (left of the mosque) will become the classroom
for teaching English. The hall has two rooms that are large enough to accommodate students for afternoon and evening sessions.
The classes will be free of charge for students. We will contact the Peace Corps to assist with providing volunteers to teach English
along with a local recruit. The local recruit will undertake administrative work (application forms, enrollment documents, and other
paperwork). The English instructor will live with villagers during the teaching term.
The present study was undertaken with support from Save the Children/Sweden and EQUIP 1 to assess the degree to which the Cham ethnic minority in Cambodia is able to access educational services from the state school system. The study recounts the enormous progress that Cambodia’s educational system has made in recent years but also the difficulty for expectations to keep pace with what is actually happening in the country. This speaks to increasing pressures on the educational system, under resourcing, and the sensitivities that surround the issue of minority rights and bilingual education. The study also describes the situational context of the minority setting in Cambodia as well as specific problems in the formal education sector as they relate to the stated target group.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Bachelor thesis employee motivation and performance - Staff motivation and performance - Thesis , report staff motivation
1. Bachelor Thesis: Employee Motivation and Performance
Organisation & Strategy
Name: Brent Keijzers
ANR: s793039
Topic: Organisational Behaviour
Subtopic: Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation
Study Program: Bachelor Business Studies
Supervisor: A.D. Timmers
Date: Spring Semester 2010
2. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 2
Preface
This bachelor thesis is written for the Business Studies program of Tilburg University. It is a
literature study on the topic of organisational behaviour and written in the spring semester of the
2009-2010 study year. The supervisor of this thesis is Drs. A.D. Timmers, from the Department
of Organisation and Strategy. The coordinator is Drs. A.E. Kramer.
The subtopic of this thesis is employee motivation related to employee performance in the
organisation. And aim of this thesis is to provide information on how employees can be
intrinsically and/or extrinsically motivated to perform well in organisations.
Since this thesis is a literature research and is thus based on the research of others, references are
provided at results, statements and conclusions of others. This has been done in order to prevent
plagiarism.
3. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 3
Management Summary
This bachelor thesis is focused on the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and
employee performance. The thesis is a literature research and thus a review by the work of others.
In earlier research on this topic conducted by Vroom (1964) was concluded that a positive
correlation between motivation and performance did not exist. However, later research proved
that it is indeed possible to motivate employees intrinsically and extrinsically to perform well. It
appears that when the organisation provides certain job characteristics, employees can be
motivated to perform well in the organisation. And it also appeared that intrinsic factors have
more effect on the relationship than extrinsic factors.
This thesis is divided in five chapters; an introduction to the problem, a chapter about employee
motivation, a chapter about employee performance and one about how both types of employee
motivation have an effect on performance. At last, in chapter five, the conclusion is presented,
together with a discussion and managerial implications.
4. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 4
Table of Contents
Preface 2
Management Summary 3
Chapter 1: Introduction 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Problem Statement 5
1.3 Research Questions 5
1.4 Methodology 5
1.5 Structure 6
Chapter 2: Employee Motivation 7
2.1 The concept motivation 7
2.2 Herzberg and Maslow 8
2.3.1 Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation 10
2.3.2 The relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation 11
2.4 Conclusion 11
Chapter 3: Employee Performance 13
3.1 Performance in organisations 13
3.2 Job performance 13
3.3 Measuring job performance 14
3.4 Options for measuring job performance objectively 15
3.5 Conclusion 16
Chapter 4: Employee Motivation and Performance 18
4.1 The relationship between employee motivation and job performance 18
4.2 Motivating employees intrinsically to perform 21
4.3 Motivating employees extrinsically to perform 22
4.4 Conclusion 24
Chapter 5: Conclusion 26
5.1 Conclusion 26
5.2 Discussion 27
5.3 Managerial implications 27
References 29
5. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 5
1.1 Introduction
Motivation is a topic that is extensively researched. Halfway the twentieth century the first
important motivational theories arose, namely Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (1943), Herzberg’s
two-factor theory (1959) and Vroom’s expectancy theory (1964). Those researches focused on
motivation in general and employee motivation more specifically. In the past years various
definitions of motivation were defined, e.g. Herzberg (1959) defined employee motivation once
as performing a work related action because you want to.
It is commonly agreed that employee motivation can be separated in intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation (Staw, 1976). Staw argues that one of the first attempts to make that distinction was in
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory (1959). However, the discussion about intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation is more from latter years (e.g. Amabile, 1993 and Deci & Ryan, 2000). Especially
important is the discussion about how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can contribute to
employees’ performances (Ramlall, 2008).
The relationship between employee motivation and job performance has been studied in the past
(Vroom, 1964). But high correlations between the two were not established. However, later
research concluded that employee motivation and job performance are indeed positively
correlated (Petty et al., 1984). This relationship is studied in this thesis and the aim is to provide
managers useful information how employees’ performances can be increased by motivating them
intrinsically and/or extrinsically.
1.2 Problem statement
To what extent can the different types of employee motivation influence the performance of
employees at the workplace?
1.3 Research Questions
1. What is motivation and how are its different forms related?
2. What is the importance of employee performance and how can it be measured?
3. How do the different forms of motivation influence employee performance?
1.4 Methodology
The aim of this thesis is to elaborate on the relationship between employee motivation and
employee performance and to provide organisations and managers useful information on this
6. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 6
topic. The answers to all research questions will be based on literature research. Thus, by
conducting a comprehensive review of the published work concerning the subject (Sekaran,
2003). The results of this thesis may lead to empirical research on the relationship between
employee motivation and performance.
1.5 Structure
In the next chapter, chapter two, the concept motivation is explained. After some basic
information and definitions two older motivational theories are explained (Herzberg (1959) and
Maslow’s (1943) theory). After that the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is
made. And at last, the relationship between both and their effects are clarified. Chapter three will
focus on the job performance of employees in the organisation; the importance of employee
performance will be addressed and also measuring job performance is described. This will be the
basis for chapter four; the relationship between employee motivation and performance will be
described in that chapter. Further in chapter four is explained how people can motivate employees
intrinsically and extrinsically. The implications of both types of motivation are clarified and in
chapter five the conclusion is provided together with a discussion and the managerial
implications.
7. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 7
Chapter 2: Employee motivation
In the following chapter the concept motivation is explained. It seems that motivation can be
conceived in many different ways; e.g. many researchers tried to formulate motivation but all
proposed different approximations. Many research has been conducted about this subject and
many theories were designed which greatly influenced and still influence organisational
behaviour. For example Herzberg’s theory of motivation (1959) is still used nowadays.
According to Staw (1976) Herzberg was one of the first persons who distinguished between
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. And that distinction could clarify and therefore help motivating
employees. In this chapter some definitions will be mentioned, together with an introduction of
the theories of Maslow (1943) and Herzberg (1959). But more importantly a separation between
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is made. This separation is also helpful to clarify the
relationship between employee motivation and performance.
2.1 The concept motivation
The first question that arises is: “why managers need to motivate employees?” (Herzberg, 1959).
According to Smith (1994) it is because of the survival of the company. Amabile (1993) adds to
this statement by arguing that it is important that managers and organisational leaders learn to
understand and deal effectively with their employee’s motivation; since motivated employees are
necessary to let the organisation being successful in the next century. She also argues that
unmotivated employees are likely to expend little effort in their jobs, avoid the workplace as
much as possible, exit the organisation and produce low quality of work. In the case that
employees are motivated; they help organisations survive in rapidly changing workplaces
(Lindner, 1998). Lindner also argues that the most complex function of managers is to motivate
employees; because what motivates employees changes constantly (Bowen and Radhakrishna,
1991). In this paragraph the different perspectives of motivation are described.
The term motivation arose in the early 1880’s; before that time the term “will” was used by
philosophers as well as social theorists when discussing effortful, directed and motivated human
behaviour (Forgas, Williams and Laham, 2005). According to them motivation used to be
considered as: an entity that compelled one to action. Lately, various researchers proposed
different definitions of motivation. Motivation has been defined as: the psychological process
that gives behaviour purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995); a predisposition to behave in a
purposive manner to achieve specific, unmet needs (Buford, Bedeian, & Lindner, 1995); an
8. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 8
internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need (Higgins, 1994); and the will to achieve (Bedeian,
1993). Mitchell (1982) stresses that although there is some disagreement about the importance of
different aspects in the definition of motivation, there is consensus about some underlying
properties. Namely, that motivation is an individual phenomenon, it is described as being
intentional, it is multifaceted and that the purpose of motivational theories is to predict behaviour.
Mitchell (1982) also argues that motivation is concerned with action and the internal and external
forces that influence one’s choice of action. And that motivation is not the behaviour itself, and it
certainly is not performance. In relation to this, Mitchell (1982) proposes his own definition of
motivation: “motivation becomes the degree to which an individual wants and chooses to engage
in certain specified behaviours”.
It is evident that mangers need to motivate employees to obtain the desirable results for the
organisation. And it can be stated that there is consensus about the facts that motivation is an
individual phenomenon, it is described as being intentional, it is multifaceted and that the purpose
of motivational theories is to predict behaviour. It seems that Herzberg and Maslow were among
the first researchers at this topic and their theories are still being used today. Since these theories
clarify the concept of motivation and they are useful for the separation of motivation in intrinsic
and extrinsic motivation, they are explained in the next paragraph.
2.2 Herzberg and Maslow
Herzberg (1959) developed a well known motivation theory, namely the Two-Factor Theory; he
distinguishes in his theory between motivators and hygiene factors. Important is that factors are
either motivators or hygiene factors, but never both. Motivators are intrinsic motivational factors
such as challenging work, recognition and responsibility. And hygiene factors are extrinsic
motivational factors such as status, job security and salary (intrinsic and extrinsic factors are
further described in the next paragraph). Motivating factors can, when present, lead to satisfaction
and hygiene factors can, when not present, lead to dissatisfaction, but the two factors cannot be
treated as opposites from each other. Herzberg defines motivation in the workplace as:
performing a work related action because you want to.
Below, in figure 2.1, a table is presented with Herzberg’s motivators and hygienes. As seen in the
figure, motivators are intrinsic conditions to the work itself and hygienes extrinsic conditions to
the work.
9. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 9
Motivators (leading to satisfaction) Hygienes (leading to dissatisfaction)
Achievement Company policy
Recognition Supervision
Work itself Relationship with boss
Responsibility Work conditions
Advancement Salary
Growth Relationship with peers
Security
Figure 2.1; Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
The Two-Factor Theory of Herzberg (1959) is related to Maslow’s (1943) theory of motivation,
named Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow (1943) states in his need-hierarchy that there are at least five
sets of goals, which are called the basic needs, namely: physiological, safety, love, esteem and
self-actualization. And “we are motivated by the desire to achieve or maintain the various
conditions upon which these basic satisfactions rest and by certain more intellectual desires”
(Maslow, 1943). When the first, physiological, need is satisfied the next “higher-order need” has
to be satisfied. Maslow distinguishes between lower- and higher-order needs; the lower-order
needs are physiological, safety and love and the higher-order needs are the last two. Lower-order
needs have to be satisfied in order to pursue higher-level motivators along the lines of self-
fulfilment (Maslow, 1943). However, the five needs differ in type of motivation, e.g.: self-
actualization is intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism, or more accurately of what is
the organism itself (Maslow, 1970). Maslow (1943) argues that self-actualisation is absolutely not
something extrinsic that an organism needs for health, such as e.g. “a tree needs water”. Hereby,
Maslow (1943) refers to the lower order needs as being more extrinsic and the higher order needs
more intrinsic. Below, in figure 2.2, a chart of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is presented.
Figure 2.2; Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
10. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 10
In fact, Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman (1959) redefined Maslow’s (1943) Hierarchy of
Needs into their two categories named: hygienes and motivators. This is one of the first attempts
to make up the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Staw, 1976). And they
emphasized that satisfaction and dissatisfaction cannot be treated as opposites from each other
(Salancik and Pfeffer, 1977). It can even be stated, according to Furnham, Forde and Ferrari
(1998) that the motivator needs of Herzberg are very similar to the higher-order needs in
Maslow’s Theory of Needs.
It can be stated that Herzberg’s (1959) Two-Factor Theory and Maslow’s (1943) Hierarchy of
Needs are two related theories. And it seems that these two theories form the basis for later
motivational theories, since they make a very clear distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are explained in the next paragraph.
2.3.1 Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
As described earlier, motivation can be separated in intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Amabile
(1993) explains this as follows:
• Individuals are intrinsically motivated when they seek enjoyment, interest, satisfaction of
curiosity, self-expression, or personal challenge in the work.
• Individuals are extrinsically motivated when they engage in the work in order to obtain
some goal that is apart from the work itself.
Deci (1972) describes extrinsic motivation as, money and verbal reinforcement, mediated outside
of the person, whereas intrinsic motivation is mediated within the person. And a person is
intrinsically motivated to perform an activity if there is no apparent reward except the activity
itself or the feelings which result from the activity. Amabile (1993) argues that employees can be
either intrinsically or extrinsically motivated or even both.
It seems that intrinsic and extrinsic motivators apply differently to persons. Vroom (1964) argues
that some employees focus on intrinsic outcomes whereas others are focused on extrinsic
outcomes. According to Story et al. (2009), individuals high in intrinsic motivation seem to prefer
challenging cognitive tasks and can self-regulate their behaviours, so offering rewards, setting
external goals, or deadlines, will do little for them, unless they are also high in extrinsic
motivation. For employees high in intrinsic motivation, emphasis could be placed on the
11. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 11
engaging nature of the task and encouragement of self-set goals and deadlines (Story et al., 2009).
Hackman and Oldham (1976) even argue that people have individual differences in response to
the same work; they differentiate between employees high and low in growth need strength.
People high in growth need strength are most likely to be motivated by jobs with high skill
variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback. And people low in strength are
relatively insensitive for these factors according to them. This statement is supported by Furnham
et al. (1998); they argue that introverts are more extrinsically motivated and extraverts more
intrinsically motivated. However, it not only seems that persons are differently motivated but
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation also have effect on each other.
2.3.2 The relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
The distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is evident, however researchers argue
that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation also have an effect on each other. Deci (1972) claims that
in some cases extrinsic motivators can decrease intrinsic motivation. He argues that if money is
administered contingently, it decreases intrinsic motivation. But this event will not occur if the
money is non-contingently distributed. Amabile (1993) reacts to this discussion by stating that
although extrinsic motivation can work in opposition to intrinsic motivation, it can also have a
reinforcing effect: “once the scaffolding of extrinsic motivation is taken care of, intrinsic
motivation can lead to high levels of satisfaction and performance”. She also states in her
research that both intrinsic and extrinsic values can motivate employees to do their work,
however intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can have very different effects on employees.
In conclusion can be stated that employees can be intrinsically and/or extrinsically motivated, to
perform a certain task (Amabile, 1993). And that extrinsic and intrinsic motivation can reinforce
each other, but in some cases extrinsic motivators can also decrease intrinsic motivation (Deci,
1972). Furthermore, researchers argue that not all people are equally motivated; some employees
are more intrinsically and others more extrinsically motivated (Furnham et al., 1998).
2.4 Conclusion
Motivation in the workplace is a broadly researched topic (Rynes et al, 2004, etc.). Earlier
research has been conducted by Maslow (1943) and Herzberg (1959), who were pioneers at their
subject. Lots of definitions have been composed, e.g. Herzberg’s definition of motivation in the
workplace is: performing a work related action because you want to (Herzberg, 1959). And some
disagreements took place about the importance of certain aspects, but consensus is in the facts
12. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 12
that motivation is an individual phenomenon, it is described as being intentional, it is multifaceted
and that the purpose of motivational theories is to predict behaviour (Mitchell, 1982).
The distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is also explained. Namely, individuals
are intrinsically motivated when they seek enjoyment, interest, satisfaction of curiosity, self-
expression, or personal challenge in the work. And individuals are extrinsically motivated when
they engage in the work in order to obtain some goal that is apart from the work itself (Amabile,
1993). Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivators are important in motivating employees (Herzberg,
1959). It must be argued that managers must not focus on the most important factors solely.
Since, according to Herzberg (1959) managers need to address all hygiene and motivator factors
to motivate employees.
In the next chapter, employee performance is explained, since the scope of this thesis lies in
influencing employee performance by intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. To explore that relation,
also some general information about employee performance and the measurement of it are
provided.
13. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 13
Chapter 3: Employee performance
Performances can be separated in organisational and employee performance. Employee
performance is also known as job performance. However, it seems that job performance is mostly
subjectively measured in organisations and it will appear that there are few alternative options. In
this chapter, at first the distinction between organisational and job performance is made. After
that the concept job performance is highlighted, together with measuring it and its implications.
3.1 Performance in organisations
Performance in organisations can be separated in organisational performance and job
performance (Otley, 1999). According to Otley, the performance of organisations is dependent
upon the performance of employees (job performance) and other factors such as the environment
of the organisation. The distinction between organisational and job performance is evident; an
organisation that is performing well is one that is successfully attaining its objectives, in other
words: one that is effectively implementing an appropriate strategy (Otley, 1999) and job
performance is the single result of an employee’s work (Hunter, 1986). Since the aim of this
thesis is to provide a link between motivating employees and their performance, organisational
performance lies outside the scope of this research and only job performance is addressed.
3.2 Job performance
A good employee performance is necessary for the organisation, since an organisation’s success
is dependent upon the employee’s creativity, innovation and commitment (Ramlall, 2008). Good
job performances and productivity growth are also important in stabilizing our economy; by
means of improved living standards, higher wages, an increase in goods available for
consumption, etc (Griffin et al., 1981). Griffin et al. also argue that therefore research of
individual employee performance is important to society in general.
Employee production and employee job performance seems to be related; e.g. in the U.S.
performance is in some cases measured as the number and value of goods produced. However, in
general productivity tends to be associated with production-oriented terms (e.g. profit and
turnover) and performance is linked to efficiency or perception-oriented terms (e.g. supervisory
ratings and goal accomplishments) (Pincus, 1986).
According to Hunter and Hunter (1984) crucial in a high job performance is the ability of the
employee himself. The employee must be able to deliver good results and have a high
14. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 14
productivity. Hunter and Hunter (1984) also argue that this is something the organisation can
know at forehand; they can select employees with the required abilities or they can recruit those
employees themselves. Of course the latter is more time consuming, but can obtain better results
in the end (Hunter, 1986).
However, job performance is more than the ability of the employee alone. Herzberg (1959) and
Lindner (1998) refer to the managerial side of performance. According to Herzberg (1959)
performance is: let an employee do what I want him to do. This implies that the organisation’s
hierarchy and task distribution are also critical for a good employee performance. Lindner (1998)
adds to this statement by arguing that employee performance can be perceived as “obtaining
external funds”. According to Vroom (1964) an employee’s performance is based on individual
factors, namely: personality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities. Many researchers agree
that job performance is divided in those five factors (e.g. Hunter & Hunter, 1984). Some
researchers even argue that a person’s personality has a more specific role in job performance
(Barrick & Mount, 1991). However, according to various researchers, it is not what performance
exactly means, but how it is composed and how it is measured (Furnham, Forde & Ferrari, 1998;
Barrick & Mount, 1991).
Vroom’s (1964), Hunter & Hunter’s (1984), Hunter’s (1986), etc. results are evident. Namely,
Job performance can be divided in personality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities. Some
researchers even argue that personality has a more specific role in job performance. However,
according to Bishop (1989) and others, job performance contains a problem; namely the
measurement of performance.
3.3 Measuring job performance
According to Kostiuk and Follmann (1989) in most organisations performance is measured by
supervisory ratings, however these data are not very useful since they are highly subjective.
Bishop (1989) adds to this that in most jobs an objective measure of productivity does not exist.
Bishop (1989) also states that the consistency of worker performance is greatest when conditions
of work are stable, but in practice work conditions never are stable. This makes it even harder to
measure performances objectively. According to Perry and Porter (1982), the performance of
many employees probably will be measured despite the lack of availability of generally accepted
criteria.
15. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 15
Perry and Porter (1982) and Bishop (1989) both argue the problem of objective measuring,
however according to Bishop (1989) the problem even increases because most employers believe
they can rate the productivity of their employees, and that it is done in an inefficient manner.
However, Bishop (1989) states, it is not impossible, but only costly to obtain objective
information about a worker’s effort and productivity.
It is stated before that some researchers argue that a person’s personality plays a more specific
role in job performance (Barrick & Mount, 1991). However, the effect personal characteristics
and education have on performance is difficult to interpret, since those estimates are imprecise
and the models who claimed that can interpret them are rejected as invalid (Kostiuk & Follmann,
1989). However, Kostiuk and Follmann do argue that personality differences seem to be
important in the relationship with performance.
It can be stated that job performance contains a problem; the measurement of it. Job performances
are commonly measured by supervisory ratings and those ratings are not perceived as objective.
However, it seems that there are alternative options to measure job performance; these are
addresses in the next paragraph.
3.4 Options for measuring job performance objectively
Breaugh (1981) states in his research that there are four different performance dimensions on
which employees are measured, named: quality, quantity, dependability and job knowledge. This
theory combined with Vroom’s (1964) theory results in the work of Hunter (1986). He designed
the route in which most employers can rate their employee’s productivity. His theory is presented
in figure 3.1.
16. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 16
Figure 3.1; Hunter’s (1986) job performance scheme
According to Hunter (1986) learning the job is the key to job performance, and general cognitive
ability predicts learning. Therefore general cognitive ability is the key predictor of job
performance. General cognitive ability together with job knowledge indicates job performance
and allows the employee’s supervisor to rate performance. According to Hunter this is a
simplified but an effective and objective way to measure employee performance. Kostiuk and
Follmann (1989) add to the statement of Hunter (1986) that employees with good abilities in
combination with sufficient experience are twice as productive after two years and therefore
learning the job is indeed a key to performance. Hunter (1986) argues that supervisory ratings
based on ability provide more objective measurements.
However, despite the higher objectivity in the theory of Hunter (1986) this type of measuring job
performance is still based on supervisor ratings. And supervisory ratings are commonly rejected
as being objective (Bishop, 1989). Griffin et al. (1981) concluded in their literature review that
there are few true objective options to measure job performance; one alternative is used in the
research of Umstot, Bell, & Mitchell, in 1976. Namely; take job performance as “the average
number of units produced per hour for one day; adjusted for set-up and called productivity”.
Griffin et al. (1981) argue that there are some other options to measure job performance
17. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 17
objectively, but they have more to do with productivity; e.g. job performance taken as “number of
units produced divided by total time worked (i.e., items per minute)”.
It seems that performance in organisations is commonly measured subjectively, but there exist
few alternatives for objective ways. However, the scope of this thesis is not on designing an
objective measurement for job performance. Therefore, in this thesis, the measurement of job
performance is taken as an entity.
3.5 Conclusion
Performance in organisations can be divided in organisational performance and job performance.
The scope of this thesis lies at job performance, and is known as the result of an employee its
work. A good employee performance is necessary for the organisation, since an organisation’s
success is dependent on employee’s creativity, innovation and commitment (Ramlall, 2008). It is
generally accepted that an employee’s performance is based on individual factors, namely:
personality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities (Vroom, 1964).
Job performance also has its implications; the measurement of job performance is mostly not
objective. In most organisations employee’s performances are measured by supervisory ratings.
According to Perry and Porter (1982) one cause is that there are no generally accepted criteria for
measurements. Hunter (1986) argued in his theory that ability and job knowledge play the most
important role in job performance and designed a framework for measuring job performance in a
less subjective manner. Although, it seems that there exist alternatives for measuring job
performance objectively but they are scarce. However, the aim of this thesis is on the relationship
between employee motivation and performance and not on designing an objective measurement
for performance. Therefore, in this thesis the measurement of job performance is taken as an
entity. The relationship between employee motivation and performance is addressed in the next
paragraph.
18. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 18
Chapter 4: Employee motivation and performance
It is already argued that managers need to motivate employees to perform well in the firm, since
the organisation’s success is dependent upon them (Ramlall, 2008). However, it is only later
research that succeeded in establishing a positive correlation between employee motivation and
job performance. In this chapter, at first the relationship between employee motivation and
performance will be explained. After that, it will be described how employees can be intrinsically
and/or extrinsically motivated to perform well. It will appear that there are several options for
intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, but extrinsic factors alone will not lead to an
increase in employee motivation.
4.1 The relationship between employee motivation and job performance
The viewpoint that motivation causes performance comes from human relations theory (Filley et
al., 1976). The relationship between employee motivation and job performance has been studied
for a long period. However, earlier research could not succeed in establishing a direct relationship
between the two (Vroom, 1964). Yet it seems that that the factors do influence each other. Petty
et al. (1984) reviewed the 15 studies Vroom (1964) used in his research and added another 20
more recent studies; they concluded that employee motivation and performance are indeed
related. The results of their research indicate that the relationship between individual, overall job
satisfaction and individual job performance is more consistent than reported in previous
researches (e.g. Vroom, 1964). And Hackman and Oldham (1976) argue that when employee
satisfaction is added, a circular relationship is formed with performance, satisfaction and
motivation. The term satisfaction is also used by Herzberg (1959); he argues that when intrinsic
factors (motivators) are present at the job, satisfaction is likely to occur as well as an increase in
employee motivation. Amabile (1993) states that work performances are dependent upon the
individual’s level of motivation; the individual’s level of motivation can be intrinsically and/or
extrinsically based. It is also argued that certain job characteristics are necessary in establishing
the relationship between employee motivation and performance (e.g. Brass, 1981; Hackman &
Oldham, 1976; etc.).
Brass (1981) argues that when certain job characteristics are present in an organisation,
employees are better motivated and an increase in performance is noticeable. Job characteristics
refer to specific attributes or dimensions that can be used to describe different tasks (Griffin et al.,
1981). Hackman and Oldham (1976) defined five job characteristics, which are based on the
Two-Factor Theory from Herzberg (1959). Those characteristics are: skill variety, task identity,
19. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 19
task significance, autonomy and feedback. The results of their study indicate that employees who
work on jobs scoring high on the five characteristics, show high work motivation, satisfaction and
performance (Brass, 1981). Hackman and Oldham (1976) conclude that employees can be
motivated through the design of their work; they argue that by providing certain intrinsic and
extrinsic factors an employee can be motivated to perform well.
The five job characteristics (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback)
can bring the employee to three “critical psychological states”, namely: (1) experienced
meaningfulness of the work, (2) experienced responsibility for outcomes of the work and (3)
knowledge of the actual results of the work activities (Hackman & Oldham, 1976). And
according to Hackman and Oldham, the three critical psychological states will lead to high
motivation, satisfaction and performance. A visual presentation of their theory is added in figure
4.1. Hackman and Oldham (1976) also argue that the growth need strength of the employee has a
role in the relationship; employees who have a high need for personal growth and development
will respond more positively to a job high in motivating potential than employees with a lower
need for growth strength. According to them, growth need strength has a moderating effect on the
relationship. This statement is also argued by Furnham et al. (1998); they state that personality
differs in extent to how employees react to intrinsic and extrinsic values. Their research
concludes that for introverts extrinsic factors are more important, and extraverts are more
intrinsically motivated. Therefore introverts are less satisfied than stable individuals and perform
to a lesser extent. This concludes that there presumably also a relationship between personality
and performance exists (Gray, 1975).
Figure 4.1; Hackman and Oldham’s (1976) theory
20. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 20
However, the exact relation among motivation, satisfaction and performance is not yet defined.
Petty et al. (1984) argue that the relationship is circular and starts by a high performance causing
satisfaction. According to them, when the employee performs well on a particular task,
satisfaction will occur. Because of the internal satisfaction of the employee, the employee is
motivated to try to perform well in the future (Brass, 1981). The circular relationship between
performance, satisfaction and motivation is shown in figure 4.2. According to Hackman and
Oldham (1976) the result is “a self-reinforcing cycle of work motivation, powered by self-
generated rewards (satisfaction), that will continue until one of the three psychological stages is
no longer present, or until the employee no longer values the internal rewards (satisfaction no
longer occurs) form his/her good performance”. However, Hackman and Oldham’s (1976) theory
is based on intrinsic factors because they argue that an increase in extrinsic factors does not lead
to an increase in performance. However, other research suggests that the self-reinforcing circle
also could work for extrinsic motivators (e.g. Ansar et al., 1997; Kraimer et al., 2005).
Figure 4.2; The relationship of Performance, Satisfaction and Motivation
It can be concluded that the relationship between employee motivation and performance seems to
be circular. Starting by a high performance causing satisfaction, this increases the employee’s
motivation to try to perform well in the future. This circular relationship can be caused by
providing opportunities for high scores on the five job characteristics; skill variety, task identity,
task significance, autonomy and feedback. And according to other research the circular
relationship can also caused by certain extrinsic factors. However, as described in chapter three,
the employee must also have the abilities to perform well. In the next paragraphs it is explained
how employees can be intrinsically and/or extrinsically motivated to perform. At forehand must
21. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 21
be stated that in organisations it is likely that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivators are present
for most tasks that people do in their work (Amabile, 1993).
4.2 Motivating employees intrinsically to perform
Amabile (1993) states in her research that employees can be intrinsically and/or extrinsically
motivated. According to her there exist jobs which are purely extrinsic motivated, however pure
intrinsically motivated jobs are scarce. Deci (1972) argues that employees can be motivated to
perform well by the job itself and can derive satisfaction from a good performance.
The five job characteristics, as proposed by Hackman and Oldham (1976), Brass (1981), Griffin
et al. (1981), etc, are intrinsic motivators. They are designed in this way since, e.g. according to
Herzberg’s (1959) theory, only intrinsic factors can lead to an increase in motivation (extrinsic
factors cannot cause motivation according to Herzberg; they can only cause de-motivation when
not present on the job). This statement is also argued by Deci (1972); according to him there are
two essential aspects to motivating employees intrinsically. The first one involves designing tasks
which are interesting. And the second one is allowing workers to have some say in decisions
which concern them, also known as autonomy. Amabile (1993) adds to this discussion that
employees feel capable if they obtain feedback that indicates their progress in their jobs, or
suggests ways for improvement. However as Deci (1972) and Amabile (1993) argue, the
difficulty of the employee’s work should match his/her ability and intrinsic motivation cannot
exist unless the task is interesting in some degree. An interesting task arises from skill variety,
task identity and task significance (Deci, 1972). Hereby Deci (1972) refers to the five job
characteristics a certain job must have in order to produce high intrinsic motivation and
performance. Leavitt (1962) suggests that challenging jobs may be even more important than
allowing autonomy; however he argues that the most intrinsically motivating jobs are the ones
which have both.
According to Brass (1981) and Hackman and Oldham (1976) for a high performance, an
organisation has to be able to provide high scores on the five job characteristics. In case the
organisation does not succeed in this, the cycle of performance, satisfaction and motivation will
not longer be a reinforcing but a downward cycle. When an organisation does not provide the
right characteristics for a good performance, a person will not derive internal satisfaction and
motivation to perform well in the future will not arise (Griffin et al., 1981).
22. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 22
However, as argued before, the type of personality of an employee also has a role in the
employee’s level of intrinsic motivation; this seems to be related to the level of commitment of an
employee. Seligman (2002) refers to intrinsic motivation of employees by distinguishing three
kinds of work orientation: a job, a career and a calling; a job has the lowest level of commitment
(mostly extrinsically motivated) and a calling the highest level (a combination of high intrinsic
and extrinsic motivation). Seligman explains that the part of what turns a job into a calling is the
state known as flow; in other words flow has a mediating function. Csikszentmihalyi (1997)
defined flow as “complete absorption in an activity whose challenges mesh perfectly with one’s
ability”, hereby is referred to the abilities an employee needs to have to be able to perform. This
is also argued by Hunter (1986), who states that learning the job is the key to job performance
and that ability is a key predictor of performance. According to Ramlall (2008) employees who
experience flow are more productive than others. Ramlall (2008) additionally argues that if the
personality of the employee is in line with the organisation, it will create higher levels of
satisfaction as well as higher outputs.
In conclusion, it can be argued that organisations need to score high on the five job characteristics
(skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback). This is order to
intrinsically motivate their employees for generating a high performance. However, it also seems
that the personality and ability of an employee have a moderating effect on the relationship. In the
next paragraph it is described how employees can be extrinsically motivated.
4.3 Motivating employees extrinsically to perform
It is argued by Amabile (1993) that there exist numerous jobs which are purely extrinsic
motivated. However, when taking Herzberg’s (1959) Two-Factor theory into account, it is argued
that extrinsic factors (or hygiene factors) cannot cause motivation or satisfaction, so it is likely
that those factors are not causing high performances (Brass, 1981). Hackman and Oldham (1976)
argue that an exclusively increase in extrinsic factors will not lead to an increase in performance.
However, it seems that there are some extrinsic factors which can (in combination with intrinsic
factors) lead to higher performances (e.g. Ansar et al., 1997).
Extrinsic motivators are not a logically inherent part of the work, as Amabile (1993) describes.
She states that they are intended to control the performance of the work. Examples are: promised
rewards, praises, critical feedback, deadlines, surveillance and specifications on how the work
needs to be done. An example of a purely extrinsic task is doing formal performance reviews of
23. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 23
employees; that’s a task which is barely intrinsically motivated. In Seligman’s (2002) theory, a
person who is extrinsically motivated can be described as an employee who perceives his work
orientation as “a job”; this kind of worker performs his job for the paycheck at the end of the
month.
Salary is an extensively researched extrinsic motivator. Since it is labeled as an extrinsic factor, it
is not perceived as causing motivation in the workplace (Herzberg, 1959). However recent
research of Ansar, Cantor & Sparks (1997) resulted in considerable evidence that higher wages
directly affect job performance. They also argue that in the case that labour turnover is costly for
an organisation (because of severance, training and hiring costs), firms could pay higher wages to
decrease quit rates and save on turnover costs. These statements are confirmed by Rynes et al.
(2004); they argue that pay is probably the most important motivational factor. And Jurgensen
(1978) concluded that job applicants seemed to believe that pay is the most important attribute to
everyone except themselves. Ansar et al. (1997) also argue that that lowering wage levels to
market parity can even reduce worker productivity. However, Deci (1972) argues that pay can
decrease intrinsic motivation. Deci (1972) proved in his research that if payments are non-
contingently presented it decreases intrinsic motivation and it does not if payments are
contingently presented.
However, it not only seems that pay increases job performances but a high commitment to
supervisors and a high job security can obtain the same results (Becker et al., 1996; Kraimer et
al., 2005). Becker et al. (1996) concluded in their research that a high overall commitment to an
employee’s supervisors and peers increases job performance. But, they state that overall
commitment to organisations is uncorrelated with job performance. Kraimer et al. (2005) argue
that when organisations succeed in providing employees a high job security, job performances
will increase. And the other way around; they concluded that the less job security an employee
has, the fewer obligation the person has to perform well. However, Perry and Porter (1982) argue
that job security can be expensive for firms if they rely on temporary workers. But according to
Lindner (1998), managers should begin by focusing on pay and job security before focusing on
the five intrinsic job characteristics. Linder (1998) also argues that the reinforcing circle of
performance is applicable to salary, commitment to supervisors and peers and job security;
through one of these factors a higher performance is established, which causes satisfaction for the
employee and results in a higher motivation to perform well in the future.
24. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 24
It is argued by researchers that extrinsic factors do not contribute to an increase in performance.
However, it seems that for some forms of extrinsic factors the opposite is true. It is stated that
salary, commitment to supervisors and peers and job security can increase job performances.
Through providing one or more of these factors a higher performance is established, therefore the
employee gains external satisfaction and is motivated to perform well in the future. But managers
should be careful with extrinsic motivational factors, since in some cases they can decrease
intrinsic motivational factors.
4.4 Conclusion
Earlier research could not succeed in establishing a positive correlation between employee
motivation and performance. However, later research suggested that indeed a positive
relationship exists between the two. This relationship becomes clear when satisfaction is added in
the formula; the result is a self-reinforcing circle of performance, satisfaction and motivation. An
employee achieves a high performance because certain characteristics are provided at the job and
he has the ability to reach that performance. From the resulting high performance the employee
derives internal satisfaction and is motivated to perform well in the future (Hackman & Oldham,
1976).
Employees can be intrinsically motivated to perform well when the organisation succeeds in
providing high scores on the five job characteristics: skill variety, task identity, task significance,
autonomy and feedback. It seems that it is also possible to extrinsically motivate employees to
perform well; it is argued that also for salary, commitment with supervisors and peers and job
security the self-reinforcing circle is applicable. See figure 4.3 for a visual presentation.
It is also stated that there are many jobs which are purely extrinsically motivated and jobs which
are purely intrinsically motivated are scarce. However, most likely to occur are jobs which are
both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated (Amabile, 1993). But it is also stated that an
increase in extrinsic factors alone does not lead to an increase in performance. And at last, it is
argued that extrinsic factors have an influence on intrinsic motivation and in some cases can even
decrease intrinsic motivation.
25. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 25
Figure 4.3; Intrinsic and extrinsic factors leading to a high performance
26. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 26
Chapter 5: Conclusion
This chapter will give an answer to the problem statement of this thesis. The problem statement is
known as: to what extent can the different types of employee motivation influence the
performance of employees at the workplace? In the first paragraph the conclusions of the
literature research will be provided, after that the discussion points are described and in the last
paragraph some managerial implications will be given.
5.1 Conclusion
At first it can be concluded that it is indeed possible to motivate employees to perform well for an
organisation and that is a critical task for mangers. It seems that there exists a self-reinforcing
circular relationship between the performance, satisfaction and motivation of an employee; an
employee achieves a high performance, therefore internal satisfaction arises and the employee is
motivated to perform well in the future. It is stated that a high performance can be reached when
the organisation provides certain job characteristics.
Secondly, it is stated that employees can be both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated to
perform well. Most jobs are even both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated (Amabile, 1993).
It can also be concluded that intrinsic factors can contribute in a greater extent to employee
motivation than extrinsic factors. Some researchers even argue that an increase in extrinsic factors
solely does not lead to an increase in performance. Research proved that to intrinsically motivate
employees, the organisation needs to score high on five job characteristics: skill variety, task
identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback. And to extrinsically motivate employees, the
organisation needs to score high on salary, commitment to supervisors and peers and job security.
These job characteristics together with the ability of the employee provide the opportunity for a
high performance, which is the start of the self-reinforcing circle (Hackman & Oldham, 1976). It
is important that managers provide all job characteristics, since that will lead to the highest
employee performance. However, it must be argued that this relationship is not infinite; it could
be that the employee does not longer derive satisfaction from his performance or that one of the
three psychological stages is no longer present. Therefore organisations must make sure that
performances can be continuously improved.
At last, it can be argued that there are numerous other ways to increase the performance of
employees in organisations (e.g. diversity, leadership, etc.), thus management should not focus on
27. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 27
motivation solely. But it can be concluded that particularly intrinsic factors can greatly contribute
in increasing employee productivity.
5.2 Discussion
However, not all findings in the available literature were complementary. Some researchers made
contradictory statements on the fact how extrinsic motivators can contribute to motivation and
performance. E.g. on the topic of how salary influences employee motivation; some researchers
argue that salary does not increase and others argue that it is the most influencing motivator for
employees. An explanation could be that not all researchers follow Herzberg’s (1959) theory of
motivation or that researchers confuse satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
There also is some confusion noticeable at the topic of how motivation influences performance.
Earlier research conducted by Vroom (1964) resulted in the conclusion that employee motivation
and performance were uncorrelated. However, later research by Petty et al. (1984) concluded that
there indeed is a relationship, by using the 15 researches Vroom (1964) used and 20 more recent
researches. According to Petty et al.(1984) the differentiated results were possibly due to the fact
that in Vroom’s research 40% of the variance of correlations across the study was due to
sampling error and the other 60% to a combination of error of measurement, restriction in range,
other artifacts, or real differences between some of the studies. Petty et al. (1984) overcome these
problems by conducting their research in a more scientific manner.
5.2 Managerial implications
Intrinsic factors can lead to motivation when they are present in the organisation. However,
extrinsic motivators, when they are not present in the organisation, can lead to de-motivation of
employees. Therefore it is important that managers address both intrinsic and extrinsic
motivational factors. Managers should not make a selection of extrinsic motivational factors,
since a single extrinsic factor can cause dissatisfaction. And managers also need to take into
account the effects extrinsic factors can have on intrinsic motivation. For example Deci (1972)
proved that when payments are administered contingently, it decreases intrinsic motivation.
Secondly, it is argued by researchers that personalities of employees react differently to
motivational factors. Some persons are more intrinsically and others are more extrinsically
motivated and this causes different performances among employees. It is generally accepted that
an employee’s performance is based on individual factors, namely: personality, skills, knowledge,
28. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 28
experience and abilities (Vroom, 1964). Managers need to take these differences into account
when hiring and motivating employees.
At last, managers should be careful when measuring employees’ job performances. In most
organisations job performances are measured by supervisory ratings, however these ratings are
highly subjective (Kostiuk & Follmann, 1989). Objective measurements do exist, but they are
scarce. Therefore it could be difficult for managers to see the actual result of their attempts to
motivate employees to perform. Designing an objective way to measure job performance is also
an option for future research, since it could be very helpful for organisations.
29. B. Keijzers; Employee motivation related to employee performance in the organisation 29
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