The document describes several parts of the respiratory system including the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and lungs. The pharynx is a funnel-shaped tube located behind the nasal cavities, mouth, and larynx. It is divided into three parts and contains several muscles. The larynx is situated below the tongue and connects the pharynx to the trachea. It contains cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages which help form the vocal cords. The esophagus is a muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. The lungs are paired organs located in the thoracic cavity which is bounded by the ribs and sternum. Each

1. Dr. Haydar Muneer Salih

2. 
The Pharynx

3. 
The pharynx is situated behind the nasal
cavities, the mouth, and the larynx and
may be divided into nasal, oral, and
laryngeal parts.
The pharynx is funnel shaped, its upper,
wider end lying under the skull and its
lower, narrow end becoming continuous
with the esophagus opposite the 6th
cervical vertebra
The pharynx

5. 
The muscles in the wall of the pharynx
consist of the superior, middle, and
inferior constrictor muscles, whose fibers
run in a somewhat circular direction
and the stylopharyngeus and
salpingopharyngeus muscles, whose
fibers run in a somewhat longitudinal
direction
Muscles of the Pharynx

8. 
The pharynx is divided into three
parts:
the nasal pharynx,
the oral pharynx,
and the laryngeal pharynx.
Interior of the Pharynx

11. 
The esophagus is a muscular tube
about (25 cm) long, extending from the
pharynx to the stomach. It begins at the
level of the cricoid cartilage, opposite
the body of the sixth cervical vertebra
Anteriorly: The trachea.
Posteriorly: The prevertebral layer of
deep cervical fascia
The Esophagus

13. 
The Larynx

14. 
The larynx is an organ that provides a
protective sphincter at the inlet of the
air passage and is responsible for voice
production. It is situated below the
tongue and hyoid bone connected
between the pharynx and the trachea
located in the midline opposite the 4th,
5th, and 6th cervical vertebrae.
The Larynx

16. Thyroid cartilage: this is the largest
cartilage of the larynx hyaline cartilage
that meet in the midline in the prominent
V angle ( the so-called Adam’s apple) It is
lies between C4 and C6.
Cricoid cartilage: this cartilage is formed
from hyaline cartilage and shaped like a
signet ring. It lies below the thyroid
cartilage It is lie at C6
Cartilages of the larynx:

19. 
Cricoid Cartilage

20. Arytenoid cartilage: are small and pyramidal
in shape and formed from hyaline cartilage. It
is form framework of the true vocal cord
Epiglottis: this leaf shaped lamina of elastic
cartilage lies behind the root of the tongue. It
help prevent foreign bodies from entering the
larynx
Corniculate cartilage: &Cuneiform cartilage:
these 2 small rod-shaped elastic cartilages
Cartilages of the larynx:

22. 
Epiglottis

23. 
The vocal cord is a mobile fold on each
side of the larynx and is concern with voice
production. It is avascular and white in
color. (The vocal cord move with
respiration and its white in color is easy
seen when viewed with laryngoscope).
The gap between the vocal cords is called
Glottis which represents the narrowest
part of the larynx
Vocal Folds (Cords)

25. 
Thorax
Thorax is the part of trunk which extends
from the thoracic inlet or root of neck up
to the abdomen

26. 
consists of an Osseo-cartilaginous
framework made up of:
1-thoracic vertebrae
2-ribs
3-costal cartilages
4-sternum.
Thoracic cage

28. 
Separates the thoracic and abdominal
cavities. Number of openings to allow
passage of structures between thoracic
and abdominal cavities. Largest
openings for esophagus, aorta and
inferior vena cava. Only muscle that
must contract for quiet, relaxed
inspiration. Usually under both
conscious and unconscious control.
Diaphragm:

32. Lung is the organ of respiration. A pair of
lungs are present in the thoracic cavity
separated by mediastinum and heart . Each
lung is enveloped by a double layer of serous
membrane known as pleura. They are elastic
and spongy. Each lung is conical in shape
with one side flattened. Lung presents with
apex, base with three borders and two
surfaces.
LUNG

33. 
The right lung is divided into three lobes
by an oblique and a horizontal fissure. The
left lung is however divided into two lobes
by a single oblique fissure
At rest, human being breaths about 12-15
times per minute. 500 ml of air is taken in
each breath which equal to 6-8 liters of air
in 1 minute
LUNG