The document discusses the anatomy of the head and neck region. It describes the hyoid bone and muscles of the neck that attach to bones like the sternum, thyroid cartilage, and mastoid process. It outlines the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck, identifying structures like the thyroid gland, carotid arteries, jugular veins, and brachial plexus. The larynx, thyroid cartilage, vocal cords, and pharynx are described. It also discusses the teeth, salivary glands like the parotid and submandibular glands, and the process of swallowing.
In the human body, a complex network of fluids and vessels works tirelessly to transport essential substances, ensuring the proper functioning of every cell and organ. This system, known as the circulatory system, plays a vital role in distributing oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other crucial molecules while removing waste products.
In our journey through this topic, we will explore the composition of blood, the functions of various blood components, the mechanisms of circulation, and the importance of maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Understanding body fluids and circulation is not only essential for grasping the basics of human physiology but also for appreciating the intricate balance required to sustain life.
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Phonetics/ dental courses /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Uma phonetics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
In the human body, a complex network of fluids and vessels works tirelessly to transport essential substances, ensuring the proper functioning of every cell and organ. This system, known as the circulatory system, plays a vital role in distributing oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other crucial molecules while removing waste products.
In our journey through this topic, we will explore the composition of blood, the functions of various blood components, the mechanisms of circulation, and the importance of maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Understanding body fluids and circulation is not only essential for grasping the basics of human physiology but also for appreciating the intricate balance required to sustain life.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Phonetics/ dental courses /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Uma phonetics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. Neck Regions
When dissecting the neck from the
anterior surface, you will come across
the HYOID BONE.
The hyoid bone is the only bone in the
body that does not articulate with other
bones.
3. The base of the tongue is attached to the
hyoid bone.
The hyoid bone is attached by muscles to the
skull, providing for flexibility for speech.
It also attaches to the styloid process of the
TEMPORAL BONE.
The muscles in the neck are named for their
points of attachment.
4. From the STERNUM to the THYROID
CARTILAGE lies the STERNOTHYROID
MUSCLE. This muscle lies lateral and
deep to the STERNOHYOID MUSCLE.
From the STERNUM to the MASTOID
PROCESS lies the STERNOMASTOID
MUSCLE.
5. From the CLAVICLE to the MASTOID
PROCESS lies the CLEIDOMASTOID
MUSCLE.
In humans, the STERNOMASTOID and
the CLEIDOMASTOID are one muscle
called the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
MUSCLE.
6. The DIGASTRIC MUSCLE opens the jaw
and attaches to the mastoid process
and the inner border of the mandible at
the central portion (midline fusion
area).
10. Regions of the Neck
Anterior Triangle
-bounded by sternohyoid muscle, the
digastric muscle, and the sternomastoid
muscle.
Posterior Triangle
- bounded by the cleidomastoid
muscle, the clavotrapezius muscle, and
the clavicle.
11. Anterior Triangle
Thyroid Gland
-bilobate
-endocrine gland
Common Carotid Arteries and Branches
- cranial thyroid artery
- muscular branch (lateral to the CTA)
- cranial laryngeal artery
- lingual artery (sublingual artery)
- internal (brain) and external carotid arteries
(passes deep to the digastric muscle
12. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN runs with the
common carotid artery in the anterior
triangle.
The HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (cranial nerve XII)
runs with the sublingual artery.
The SPINAL ACCESSORY NERVE (cranial
nerve XI) innervates the cleidomastoid and
trapezius muscles.
The nerve that runs with the common carotid
artery is the VAGUS NERVE (cranial nerve X)
which is joined by the SYMPATHETIC TRUNK.
13. Posterior Triangle
The EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN runs
obliquely across this triangle.
The SPINAL ACCESSORY NERVE runs
from the cleidomastoid and
clavotrapezius. This nerve is the only
structure found in both triangles.
The SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY and VEIN are
found deep to the clavicle.
14. Deep to the clavicle you will find the
BRACHIAL PLEXUS. This complex of
nerves are VENTRAL RAMI from
C5-T1. It innervates the muscles and
provides sensation to the upper
extremity.
15. Muscles of the
Posterior Neck
Identify the Following:
Splenius capitis
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Supraspinal ligament
Trapezius
Semispinalis capitis
Splenius cervicis
Sternocleidomastoid
16. The Larynx and Thyroid Gland
The LARYNX
(voice box) is a
modified portion
of the trachea.
It is superior to
the trachea.
There are
cartilaginous
rings that are
connected by
dense connective
tissue forming a
tube.
17. The TYROID CARTILAGE is shaped like a
shield when viewed from the anterior surface.
This is the ADAM’S APPLE. This is not a
complete ring.
On the posterior side of the thyroid cartilage,
the CRICOID CARTILAGE extends superiorly
to where the thyroid cartilage would be. This
cartilage is sometimes called the SIGNET
RING CARTILAGE.
18. It has a narrow band across the
anterior side.
It is superficial to the thyroid cartilage
posteriorly where it is connected by the
CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT (dense
connective tissue).
Inferiorly, the cricoid is attached to the
first ring to the trachea by dense CT.
19. The EPIGLOTTIS is a spade shade cartilage
that is important during swallowing.
It tips inferiorly to seal off the glottis and
prevents food from entering the trachea.
The ARYTENOID CARTILAGE is below the
epiglottis at the entrance to the GLOTTIS.
The GLOTTIS is a passageway into the
trachea. The thyroid cartilage forms the walls
of the glottis. The arytenoid cartilage
extends inferiorly into the glottis.
20. The arytenoid cartilages anchor the vocal cords.
The true vocal cords are located inferiorly inside the
glottis.
As air passes over the vocal cords they flutter,
producing sound from the vibration.
Pitch can be changed by tightening or loosening the
cords.
In humans, the tongue is used to make sense of the
sounds (make words). You cannot talk if your tongue
is not functioning.
There are folds covering part of the epiglottis called
FALSE VOCAL CORDS.
21. Pharynx and Oral Cavity
Superior to the ORAL CAVITY is the
HARD PALATE composed of the
MAXILLARY and PALATINE bones.
Superior and posterior to the oral cavity
are the INTERNAL NARES.
From the internal nares, if we go
anteriorly we will find the EXTERNAL
NARES or NOSTRILS.
22. Posterior to the hard palate is the SOFT
PALATE. This is muscular tissue that is
moved during swallowing.
Hanging from the soft palate is a conical
structure called the UVULA.
The two nasal cavities are separated by the
NASAL SEPTUM which is formed by the union
of the VOMER and PERPENDICULAR PLATE of
the ETHMOID bones.
23. 3 Areas of the Oral Cavity
1. OROPHARYNX
-soft palate to epiglottis
-two sets of TONSILS
a. Palatine
b. Lingual
-the tonsils remove pathogens that
enter the pharynx. They contain
lymphocytes
24. 2. NASOPHARYNX
-located superior and posterior to
the soft palate.
-contains the PHARYNGEAL
TONSILS and TUBAL TONSILS
25. 3. LARYNGOPHARYNX
-inferior to the epiglottis and
posterior to the larynx.
- this division opens into the
esophagus and larynx.
26. Sagital section of cadaver
head
Notice the nasal conchae.
They serve to expand the
surface area to warm and
moisten breathed air.
Also, notice the position of
the spinal cord within the
vertebral canal.
28. 5 Openings into the Pharynx
1. Mouth
2. Left and right nasal passages
3. Eustachian tubes (connect middle ear
to the throat)
4. Larynx
5. Esophagus
29. Swallowing
Is a reflex.
When the mouth closes, the soft palate is pushed
superiorly and closes the nasal passages
A sphincter valve closes off the eustachian tubes
The glottis closes and respiration stops. The glottis
also bends and closes the entrance into the larynx.
The esophagus is opened by pressure of the food.
This allows the epiglottis to open.
Food then enters the esophagus.
30. Teeth
Very similar to bone.
Three major components:
1. hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH)
2. bone collagen
3. cells
31. The pH of the mouth is usually 7.2
There are acids in the mouth that come
from three sources:
1. stomach acid during vomiting
2. foods
3. waste products of mouth
bacteria
32. Types of Teeth
INCISORS – chisel shaped for nipping
food.
CANINES – cone shaped for tearing
PREMOLARS –
MOLARS - grinding food
32 teeth in the Permanent Dentition
20 teeth in the Deciduous Dentition
33. Tooth Anatomy
Enamel: hardest substance in the body
Pulp Cavity: contains arteries, veins, and
nerves.
Alveolus: made of alveolar bone
Root: made of dentin
Gingiva: gum
Periodontal membrane: periosteum found
around the tooth
Cementum: material that holds the tooth in
the alveolus.
35. Salivary Glands
When you dissect your cat, you will
notice two muscles on the inside of the
cheek.
The DIGASTRIC MUSCLE opens the jaw.
The MASSETER MUSCLE closes the jaw.
36. The masseter inserts on the mandible.
Superficial to part of the masseter and
anterior to the ear is the large PAROTID
GLAND. This gland produces SALIVARY
AMYLASE (ptyalin), a digestive enzyme.
The parotid gland is GRANULAR, it is
attached by fascia. It is also the largest
of the salivary glands.
37. The parotid empties into the PAROTID DUCT
which empties between the last two molars at
the angle of the jaw.
The parotid gland is an EXOCRINE GLAND.
Exocrine glands empty via a duct to a specific
location. The other type of gland is an
ENDOCRINE GLAND that empties directly into
the bloodstream.
38. Caudal and ventral to the parotid gland
is the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
(SUBMAXILLARY).
The SUBMAXILLARY DUCT empties this
gland. It runs on the lateral aspect of
the digastric muscle.
This gland carries saliva into the angle
of the lower jaw.
39. The SUBLINGUAL GLAND is on the
submaxillary duct. It is wedge shaped and it
is lateral to the digastric muscle.
The DORSAL and VENTRAL FACIAL NERVES
run around the outline of the masseter
muscle. These nerves come out in front of
the ear from the STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN
and branch across the face.