The document discusses the anatomy and imaging of the skull. It describes the bones that make up the skull vault and base. It lists common imaging modalities used to image the skull like plain X-rays, CT scans, MRI and angiography. It discusses standard X-ray views of the skull including lateral, PA, Towne's view. It also describes the anatomy of the neonatal skull and paranasal sinuses.

1. Rajesh Bushetty

2. SKULL
 CALVARIUM
 FACIAL BONES
 MANDIBLE

3. SKULL VAULT
 FRONTAL BONE
 PAIRED PARIETAL BONES
 GREATER WING OF SPHENOID
 SQUAMOUS PART OF TEMPORAL BONE
 OCCIPITAL BONE

4. BASE OF THE SKULL
 ORBITAL PLATES OF THE FRONTAL BONE
 SPHENOID BONE
 PART OF SQUAMOUS TEMPORAL BONE
 PART OF PETROUS TEMPORAL BONE
 OCCIPITAL BONE

5. IMAGING MODALITIES
 PLAIN X – RAY
 CT SCAN
 MRI
 ANGIOGRAPHY

6. X – RAY SKULL….STANDARD VIEWS
 OF 20
 LATERAL VIEW
 TOWNE ‘S VIEW
 SUBMENTO VERTEX VIEW( SMV )

7. X RAY SKULL LATERAL VIEW

8. X RAY SKULL PA VIEW

9. TOWNE’S VIEW

10. X – RAY SKULL PA VIEW

11. X –RAY SKULL LATERAL VIEW

12. NEONATAL SKULL
 OVERLAPPING OF CRANIAL BONES
 DIPLOIC SPACE IS NOT DEVELOPED
 VASCULAR MARKINGS NOT VISIBLE
 SINUSES ARE NOT AERATED
 SUTURES ARE STRAIGHT LINES
 SKULL IS 8 TIMES THE SIZE OF FACIAL
BONES
 FONTANELLES ARE OPEN

13. PARANASAL SINUSES
 FRONTAL SINUSES
 ETHMOID SINUSES
 SPHENOID SINUSES
 MAXILLARY SINUSES

14. PARANASAL SINUSES

15. PARANASAL SINUSES

17. ANATOMY OF BRAIN

19. CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
 CORTICAL GREY MATTER
 WHITE MATTER
 BASAL GANGLIA
 THALAMUS
 PITUITARY GLAND

27. PITUITARY FOSSA

28. CT SCAN

29. MRI BRAIN SAGITAL PLANE

30. BASAL GANGLIA(SUB CORTICAL
GREY MATTER
 CAUDATE & LENTIFORM NUCLEUS
 AMYGDALOID BODY
 CLAUSTRUM

33. MRI BRAIN

34. BRAIN STEM
 CONNECTS CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
WITH SPINAL CORD
 EXTENDS FROM JUST ABOVE TENTORIAL
HIATUS TO BELOW FORAMEN MAGNUM
 PONS IS THE WIDEST PART

35. CEREBELLUM
 TWO HEMISPHERES
 CENTAL VERMIS

36. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
 TOTAL VOLUME ….150 ML
 PRODUCED BY CHOROID PLEXUS
 ABSORBED BY ARACHNOID VILLI

37. VENTRICULAR SYSTEM
 TWO LATERAL VENTRICLES
 THIRD VENTRICLE
 FOURTH VENTRICLE

44. DILATED VENTRICLES

45. SUB ARACHNOID CISTERNS
 CISTERNA MAGNA
 PONTINE CISTERN
 INTERPEDUNCULAR CISTERN
 QUADRIGEMINAL CISTERN
 AMBIENT CISTERN
 SUPRASELLAR CISTERN

46. MENINGES
 DURA MATER
 ARACHNOID MATER
 PIAMATER

47. ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF BRAIN

48. Respiratory System
Anatomy

50.  Nose
 The nose is an irregular cavity at the
anterior part of the face, with an external
protuberance. The nose is divided in two
by the nasal septum which is composed of
cartilage. The floor of the nasal cavity is
formed by the roof of the mouth or hard
palate. The nasal cavity is lined with
ciliated mucous membrane.

52.  In the upper part of the nasal cavity, the
endings of the olfactory nerve neurones
provide the sense of smell. The irregular
internal structure causes turbulence which
spreads inhaled air over the surface where
mucus absorbs dust and other
contaminants, and provides a warming
and moistening action. The nasal cavity
opens into the pharynx

53. Pharynx
The pharynx is a cavity lying behind the
nose and mouth. Inferiorly, the pharynx
opens into the oesophagus and trachea.
The pharynx is divided into three areas: the
nasal pharynx, the oropharynx, and the
laryngopharynx.

54. Nasal pharynx
The nasal pharynx is the area immediately
superior to the soft palate. Like the nasal cavity,
the nasal pharynx is lined with ciliated mucous
membrane. Auditory tubes (Eustachian tubes) -
one from each middle ear - open into the sides of
the nasal pharynx.
Oropharynx
The oropharynx lies at the posterior part of the
mouth, and extends from the soft palate to the
epiglottis. A membranous passageway, known as
the fauces, separates the oropharynx from the
mouth. This passageway opens during swallowing
or when inhaling through the mouth.

55. Laryngopharynx
The laryngopharynx is the lowest part of
the pharynx and leads into the larynx. At
this point the airway and digestive
passages divide, the digestive passage
continuing as the oesophagus.

56. Larynx
The larynx forms the connection
between the pharynx and the
trachea. It also contains membranes
(the vocal cords) which allow the
production of sounds. The larynx is
supported by the thyroid cartilage,
the outline of which is visible as the
"Adam's Apple". The opening into
the larynx is protected by the
epiglottis. This is a flap of fibrous
tissue which moves over the larynx
during swallowing so that solids and
liquids are directed into the
oesophagus.

57. Vocal Cords
The vocal cords are made up from two
strips of epithelium at the base of the
larynx. The cords are supported between
the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid
cartilage. When muscles associated with
the arytenoid cartilage contract, the vocal
cords are pulled together, leaving only a
small gap. In a process termed
phonation, the vocal cords vibrate and
produce sound as air is forced through
the gap. This sound is then formed into
the voice by movement of the tongue,
mouth, and lips.

58. Trachea
Outer layer. This is composed of fibrous and
elastic tissue.
Middle layer. This is composed of cartilage and
bands of smooth muscle.
Inner layer. This is composed of ciliated mucous
membrane.

59. Bronchi and Bronchioles
The bronchi are two tubes which originate at the
division of the trachea. The left bronchus is
slightly longer than the right as it has to pass
around the heart to reach the left lung.

60. Lungs
The lungs, being the combination of the bronchi,
bronchioles, alveoli, and their connecting blood
vessels, occupy the majority of the thorax. The area
between the lungs, the mediastinum, is occupied by
the heart and major vessels.

61. Pleurae
Each lung is enclosed in a membranous sac, or
pleura. There are two layers of pleura:
Parietal pleura.
Visceral pleura..

62. Digestive System
Anatomy and Physiology

63. Mouth
 Hard Palate
– Anterior roof
 Soft Palate
– Posterior Roof
 Uvula
– Projection of soft palate
 Lingiuinal Frenulum
– Attaches tongue to mouth floor

64. Pharynx
 Passageway for food and air

65. Esophagus
 Tube carries food to stomach
 Peristalsis
– Muscle contractions that move the food

66. Stomach
 Cardioesophageal Sphincter
– Opening at top of stomach
 Gastric Juice
– Stomach acid
 Chyme
– Substance left after stomach digestion
 Pyloric Sphincter
– Opening at bottom of stomach leads to
intestines

67. Small Intestine
 Nearly all food absorption occurs here
 Three Sections
– Duodenum
– Jejunum
– Ileum

68. Large Intestine
 Absorbs water
 Get rid of waste
 Appendix
– Inflamed appendix=appendicitis

69. Salivary Glands
 Parotid glands- near ears in mouth
 Submandibular and sublingual glands
– Produce saliva under tongue
 Saliva
– Moistens food
– Helps start startch digestion

70. Teeth
 Deciduous teeth
– Baby teeth
 Incisors- cut food
 Canines- tear and
pierce food
 Molars- grinding

71. Pancreas
 Produces enzymes that break food down
 Empties into small intestine
 Neutralizes gastric acid
 Produces insulin and glucagon

72. Liver and Gall Bladder
 Produces bile
 Bile enters small intestine
 Helps breakdown lipids
 Gall bladder stores bile

73. RAJESH IMAGING
TECHNOLOGIST
BHUSHETTY

74. RADIOLOGY TEAM DR. RAMESH HOSPITALS.