Quality Use of Medicines means:
• Selecting management options wisely by:
Considering the place of medicines in treating illness and maintaining health, and
recognising that there may be better ways than medicine to manage many disorders.
• Choosing suitable medicines if a medicine is considered necessary so that the best available option is selected by taking into account:
- the individual
- the clinical condition
- risks and benefits
- dosage and length of treatment
- any co-existing conditions
- other therapies
- monitoring considerations
- costs for the individual, the community and the health system as a whole.
Medication therapy is becoming increasingly more complex as new drugs are developed and more therapeutic targets are elucidated. In addition, polypharmacy (≥5 scheduled medications) has become exceedingly common in geriatric patients and in patients with chronic disease states. As the complexity of drug therapy and the number of medications increase, patients are at a high risk for medication errors and adverse drug events (ADEs), or injuries resulting from medication. The type of adverse events may be associated with professional practices, healthcare products, procedures, and systems including prescription, communication through instructions, drug labeling, packaging and nomenclature, reformulation, dissolution, distribution, administration, education, monitoring, and use. Classification and evaluation of medication errors according to their importance may constitute an important factor for process improvement in order to render the administration of medicines as safe as possible. In hospitals, medication errors occur at a rate of about one per patient per day. A dispensing error is one made by pharmacy staff when distributing medications to nursing units or directly to patients in an ambulatory-care pharmacy; the error rates for doses dispensed via the cart-filling process range from 0.87% to 2.9%. Technology has grown to be a constituent part of medicine these days. A few advantages that technology can supply are categorized as follows: the assisting of communication between clinicians; enhancing medication safety; decreasing potential medical errors and adverse events; rising access to medical information and encouraging patient-centered healthcare. The aim of this article is to provide a compendious literature review regarding Medication errors
Quality Use of Medicines means:
• Selecting management options wisely by:
Considering the place of medicines in treating illness and maintaining health, and
recognising that there may be better ways than medicine to manage many disorders.
• Choosing suitable medicines if a medicine is considered necessary so that the best available option is selected by taking into account:
- the individual
- the clinical condition
- risks and benefits
- dosage and length of treatment
- any co-existing conditions
- other therapies
- monitoring considerations
- costs for the individual, the community and the health system as a whole.
Medication therapy is becoming increasingly more complex as new drugs are developed and more therapeutic targets are elucidated. In addition, polypharmacy (≥5 scheduled medications) has become exceedingly common in geriatric patients and in patients with chronic disease states. As the complexity of drug therapy and the number of medications increase, patients are at a high risk for medication errors and adverse drug events (ADEs), or injuries resulting from medication. The type of adverse events may be associated with professional practices, healthcare products, procedures, and systems including prescription, communication through instructions, drug labeling, packaging and nomenclature, reformulation, dissolution, distribution, administration, education, monitoring, and use. Classification and evaluation of medication errors according to their importance may constitute an important factor for process improvement in order to render the administration of medicines as safe as possible. In hospitals, medication errors occur at a rate of about one per patient per day. A dispensing error is one made by pharmacy staff when distributing medications to nursing units or directly to patients in an ambulatory-care pharmacy; the error rates for doses dispensed via the cart-filling process range from 0.87% to 2.9%. Technology has grown to be a constituent part of medicine these days. A few advantages that technology can supply are categorized as follows: the assisting of communication between clinicians; enhancing medication safety; decreasing potential medical errors and adverse events; rising access to medical information and encouraging patient-centered healthcare. The aim of this article is to provide a compendious literature review regarding Medication errors
Medication non-adherence is a growing concern, as it is increasingly associated with negative health outcomes and higher cost of care. Tackling the burden of non-adherence requires a collaborative, patient-centric approach that considers individual patient needs and results in intelligent interventions that combine high-tech with high-touch.
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Medication non-adherence is a growing concern, as it is increasingly associated with negative health outcomes and higher cost of care. Tackling the burden of non-adherence requires a collaborative, patient-centric approach that considers individual patient needs and results in intelligent interventions that combine high-tech with high-touch.
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An Essential Drug List, also known as a core drug list or medication list, is a carefully selected inventory of medications that are deemed essential for addressing the most prevalent health conditions within a specific population or country. It serves as a key component of national drug policies and pharmaceutical programs, ensuring the availability, accessibility, and affordability of essential medicines. The list is typically developed based on rigorous criteria, taking into consideration the medications' safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for primary healthcare settings.
Rational Drug Therapy refers to the systematic and evidence-based approach to prescribing medications, aiming to maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing the risk of adverse effects. It involves following established therapeutic guidelines and clinical protocols to ensure that medications are prescribed in a manner that is appropriate for the patient's condition, taking into account factors such as age, weight, co-existing conditions, drug interactions, and individual response. Rational drug therapy promotes the use of medications based on sound scientific evidence, emphasizing the principles of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness to optimize patient outcomes and improve overall healthcare quality.
Introduction: Medication adherence is defined by the World Health Organisation as “The degree to which the person's behaviour corresponds with the agreed recommendations from a health care provider
Factor Affecting Non-Adherance:Poor adherence or non-adherence to medical treatment severely compromises patient outcomes and increases patient mortality.
Non-adherence is a very common phenomenon in all patients with drug-taking behaviour.
The complexity of adherence is the result of an interplay of a range of factors, including patient views and attributes, illness characteristics, social contexts, access, and service issues.
Non-adherence: Non-adherence is the failure or refusal to comply with advice and can imply disobedience on the part of patient
5 step Factors: Social/economic and Economic Factors
Provider-patient/health care system factors
Condition-related factors
Therapy-related factors
Patient-related factors
Behavioural Factors:
Life style (smoking, alcohol, coffee use) Psychological and personality factors: anxiety, depression, coping style
Biological factors:
Gender, age, and genetic predisposition
Social and cultural factors:
Educational level, living situation, price of medication, policies.
Information Factors:
Have you received enough information? Satisfaction with the last visit?
Awareness factors:
Severity of the complaints (Baseline) quality of life,
Locus of control about patient adherence:
internal and external, stability and control about the cause of the complaints: internal and external, stability and controllability.
Stages to Overcome This Barrier
Pharmacovigilance (PV) is defined as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem. WHO established its Programme for International Drug Monitoring in response to the thalidomide disaster detected in 1961. Together with the WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring, Uppsala, WHO promotes PV at the country level. At the end of 2010, 134 countries were part of the WHO PV Programme. The aims of PV are to enhance patient care and patient safety in relation to the use of medicines; and to support public health programmes by providing reliable, balanced information for the effective assessment of the risk-benefit profile of medicines.
• Introduction
• The main activities of community pharmacists
• Processing of prescriptions
• Care of patients or clinical pharmacy
• Extemporaneous preparation and small-scale manufacture of medicines
• Traditional and alternative medicines
• Monitoring of drug utilization
• Responding to symptoms of minor ailments
• Informing health care professionals and the public
• Health promotion
• Domiciliary services
• Rational Use of Drugs
• Individualization of Drug
• Community Pharmacists Play Key Role in Improving Medication Safety
• Pharmacists as a Community Resource
• Conclusion
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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2. PHARMCOLOGY IN SEXUAL HEALTH
PHARMACOLGY IN SEXUAL
This topic focuses on the knowledge required to safely
HEALTH
administer prescribed and nurse initiated medications
commonly used in the sexual health setting.
OBJECTIVE:
Develop a sound knowledge base to deliver medication
3. 1.Pharmacology in sexual health
Bradford D. (2008: 126) explains: When
managing and treating STIs it is useful to
understand the natural history of the specific STI
you are dealing with; this is especially important
where there are no curative treatments available,
as is the case with the viral STIs.
4. Nurses working in this area:
can administer many of the STI treatments
because they are simple and effective
must have adequate knowledge of drug
dosage, side effects and interactions in
addition to an overall knowledge of current
therapeutics
5. Nurses working in this area:
must clinically assess the client including
allergy status, contraindications to the
medication and possible pregnancy because
these conditions may influence the choice of
medication
Reference:
Bradford, D. 2008 .In Bradford, D. et. al. HIV, viral hepatitis
and STIs: a guide for primary care. Australasian Society for
HIV Medicine, Darlinghurst, NSW.
6. 2. Quality use of medicines.
It is important to consider the impact of medication use
for a client when treating one or more STIs.
The goal of the National Strategy of the Quality Use of
Medicines is to make the best possible use of medicines
to improve health outcomes for all Australians. It
recognises that many people maintain their health
without using medicines, while for others, medicines
play an important role in maintaining health, preventing
illness and curing diseases such as STIs.
7. Quality use of medicines is defined as:
(a) Selecting management options wisely by:
considering the place of medicines in treating
illness and maintaining health and
recognising that there may be better ways than
medicine to manage many disorders
8. Quality use of medicines is defined as:
(b) Choosing suitable medicines if a medicine is
considered necessary so that the best available
option is selected by taking into account:
the individual
the clinical condition
risks and benefits
dosage and length of treatment
any co-existing conditions
other therapies
monitoring considerations
costs for the individual, the community and the
health system as a whole
9. Quality use of medicines is defined as:
(c) Using medicines safely and effectively to
get the best possible results by:
monitoring outcomes,
minimising misuse, over-use and under-use, and
improving people’s ability to solve problems
related to medication, such as negative effects or
managing multiple medications
Reference:
Government Department of Health and Ageing 2002
National Strategy of the Quality Use of Medicines. Available URL:
http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/nmp-
quality.htm
10. Activity
This activity demonstrates the importance of having a
sound knowledge of the medications you are
administering.
1. Choose a medication you are familiar with for the
treatment or prevention of STIs. Read the following
to note what consumers are informed about the drug
you have chosen.
2. Access the Consumer Medication Information
factsheet for that medication.
3. Consumer medicine information can be accessed via
the web-links provided by the Royal Australian
College of General Practitioners.
http://www.racgp.org.au/scriptcontent/medicalsearch/in
dex.cfm?Section=Search_medical_information
11. 3. Medication administration
All health organisations have guidelines for the safe
administration of medications. Policies and guidelines are
usually determined at the State level.
Each State Health Department will have policy directives to
inform and guide practice listed on the Health Department
website.
Reading
Read the following NSW Health policy, in particular sections
6.4.2 and 6.4.3 which describe who may administer
medications and the principles for safe medication
administration; and 6.4.9 nurse initiated medication.
12. NSW Health Policy Directive 2007 Medication Handling in NSW
Public Hospitals, Department of Health NSW. Available at URL:
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/policies/pd/2007/pdf/PD2007_07
7.pdf
The NSW Nurses Association guideline describes what schedule
of medication may be approved to be given under Nurse-
Initiated medication, Standing orders, Emergency telephone
orders and by Nurse Practitioners.
If you are from a state other than NSW, go to your State’s
Health Department website and locate the similar documents
for medication administration.
Reading
Guidelines on Nursing Responsibilities in Relation to Medications
2007 NSW Nurses Association. Available at URL:
http://www.nswnurses.asn.au/multiattachments/15375/Docum
entName/Res_Medications.pdf
13. Focus questions
How are the policy directives and guidelines put
into practice in the service you work in?
For example:
What medications are nurses able to nurse
initiate?
When do medications given under a standing
order need to be signed?
What is the accreditation process nurses in
your service need to complete to administer
medications?
14. Answer the multiple choice questions for
each medication. You must achieve a 100%
pass for this assessment.
For each medication you will need to access a Drug
Formulary, for example MIMS. Additional references that
will assist you to answer the questions for each
medication are provided in the following slides.
15. Azithromycin
National Management Guidelines for Sexually
Transmissible Infections 2008 Sexual Health Society
of Victoria. Available URL:
http://www.ashm.org.au/default2.asp?active_page_
id=248
Ceftriaxone and Metronidazole
Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database.
Australian Government Department of Health and
Ageing 2011. Available at URL:
http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm
16. Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B vaccines
National Health and Medical Research Council 2008
The Australian Immunisation
Handbook 9th edn, Department of Health and
Ageing, Canberra. Available URL:
http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immu
nise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook-home
Podophyllotoxin and Liquid Nitrogen (LN2)
Guidelines for the Management of genital HPV in in
New Zealand 6th edn, 2010 Professional Advisory
Board (PAB) of the New Zealand HPV Project.
Available URL:
http://www.hpv.org.nz/health/index.htm
17. Levonorgestrel (The Emergency Pill)
The following resource is not available online. Please
obtain a copy from your nearest family planning
organisation.
Contraception: an Australian clinical practice
handbook 2nd edn 2006 Sexual Health and Family
Planning, Australia. 119-128
18. Further Reading
Other medications given in the sexual health setting
include, but are not limited to Human Papilloma Virus
vaccination, Penicillin to treat syphilis, hormonal
contraceptives and antiviral medication for the
management of herpes and HIV infection.
19. You can find more information about these
medications in the following resources:
Family Planning NSW. n.d.
http://www.fpnsw.org.au/index_factsheets.ht
ml
National Health and Medical Research Council
2008 The Australian Immunisation
Handbook 9th edn, Department of Health and
Ageing, Canberra. Available URL:
http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/i
mmunise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook-
home
20. The Royal Australian College of General
Practitioners. n.d. Consumer medicine
information.
http://www.racgp.org.au/scriptcontent/medicalsearc
h/index.cfm?Section=Search_medical_information
HIV, viral hepatitis and STIs: a guide for primary
care 2008 Australasian Society for HIV
Medicine, Darlinghurst, NSW. 105-109
21. 5. Final thoughts
Effective, timely and appropriate treatment is
essential in the control of sexually transmitted
infections.
Nurses need to have an understanding of the natural
history of the infection they are treating.
Safe administration of medication includes assessing
the client and having knowledge of the actions,
contraindications, precautions and side effects of any
medication given.
23. WELL DONE!
You have completed the
accreditation package. After your
final test score of 100% has been
confirmed, a certificate of
completion will be provided. Please
print out a copy of your final test
results for your records.