Pharmacotherapeutics is the study of therapeutic uses and effects of drugs. It involves determining treatment objectives, selecting appropriate drugs, dosages, and treatment durations based on factors like the disease stage and patient characteristics. Rational pharmacotherapy means medicines are prescribed, delivered, and explained properly to patients. Evidence-based medicine systematically uses clinical research evidence to make patient care decisions. An essential medicines list identifies the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system, based on disease prevalence, costs, and availability.
An Essential Drug List, also known as a core drug list or medication list, is a carefully selected inventory of medications that are deemed essential for addressing the most prevalent health conditions within a specific population or country. It serves as a key component of national drug policies and pharmaceutical programs, ensuring the availability, accessibility, and affordability of essential medicines. The list is typically developed based on rigorous criteria, taking into consideration the medications' safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for primary healthcare settings.
Rational Drug Therapy refers to the systematic and evidence-based approach to prescribing medications, aiming to maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing the risk of adverse effects. It involves following established therapeutic guidelines and clinical protocols to ensure that medications are prescribed in a manner that is appropriate for the patient's condition, taking into account factors such as age, weight, co-existing conditions, drug interactions, and individual response. Rational drug therapy promotes the use of medications based on sound scientific evidence, emphasizing the principles of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness to optimize patient outcomes and improve overall healthcare quality.
An Essential Drug List, also known as a core drug list or medication list, is a carefully selected inventory of medications that are deemed essential for addressing the most prevalent health conditions within a specific population or country. It serves as a key component of national drug policies and pharmaceutical programs, ensuring the availability, accessibility, and affordability of essential medicines. The list is typically developed based on rigorous criteria, taking into consideration the medications' safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for primary healthcare settings.
Rational Drug Therapy refers to the systematic and evidence-based approach to prescribing medications, aiming to maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing the risk of adverse effects. It involves following established therapeutic guidelines and clinical protocols to ensure that medications are prescribed in a manner that is appropriate for the patient's condition, taking into account factors such as age, weight, co-existing conditions, drug interactions, and individual response. Rational drug therapy promotes the use of medications based on sound scientific evidence, emphasizing the principles of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness to optimize patient outcomes and improve overall healthcare quality.
Irrational drug use leads to
Ineffective and unsafe drug treatment
Worsening or prolonging of illness
Adverse drug reactions.
RDU defined as the use of an appropriate, efficacious, safe and cost effective drug given for the right indication in the right dose and formulation, at right intervals and for the right duration of time.
REVIEWING THE CLINICIANS PRESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT PROGRESSION IS THE FUNDAMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY OF PHARMACIST. THIS PRESENTATION WILL DEAL WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF REVIEWING PATIENT DRUGTHERAPY PLAN
An introduction to medication therapy managementKabito Kiwanuka
Pharmacists: An Untapped Resource: Pharmacists receive more training on the safe, effective and appropriate use of medications than any other healthcare professional
Rational Use of Medicine_Evidence Based Medicine_Therapeutic Drug Monitoring_...Dr Jeenal Mistry
Rational use of Medicine: Irrational use of medicines is a major problem worldwide. WHO estimates that more than half of all medicines are prescribed, dispensed or sold inappropriately, and that half of all patients fail to take them correctly. The overuse, underuse or misuse of medicines results in wastage of scarce resources and widespread health hazards. Examples of irrational use of medicines include: use of too many medicines per patient ("poly-pharmacy"); inappropriate use of antimicrobials, often in inadequate dosage, for non-bacterial infections; over-use of injections when oral formulations would be more appropriate; failure to prescribe in accordance with clinical guidelines; inappropriate self-medication, often of prescription-only medicines; non-adherence to dosing regimes.
Evidence based medicine: Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is "the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients."The aim of EBM is to integrate the experience of the clinician, the values of the patient, and the best available scientific information to guide decision-making about clinical management. The term was originally used to describe an approach to teaching the practice of medicine and improving decisions by individual physicians about individual patients.
Therapeutic drug monitoring: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a branch of clinical chemistry and clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication levels in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed.
A study on prescription pattern and rational use of statins in tertiary care ...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
Our objectives are to evaluate prescription pattern and rational use of statins in a tertiary care corporate hospital.
Methodology
It was a prospective observational study conducted for a period of 6 months and included various departments of 300
bedded multi specialty tertiary care corporate hospital. A total of 200 patients were included and the study criteria
was inpatients and induvial more than 18 years of either gender who are prescribed with HMG-CoA reductase
inhibitors.
Results
In the present study 200 patients belonged to the age group of above 18 years, out of which about 65% were male
and 35% were female. Atorvastatin (67%) was prescribed mostly and Rosuvastatin (29.5%) was also used.
Conclusion
It is finally concluded that Rational and prophylactic use of statins can reduce further complications of Diabetes
Mellitus (DM) and cardiac events.
Statins treatment is favourable in long term treatment of diseases, it is most effectively used in treatment of serious
disease conditions which has shown its immense therapeutic role in treatment
Central Nervous System, Epilepsy, Parkinson, Alzheimer, Stroke and Migraine.Dr. Kiran Dhamak
Central Nervous System is one of the unit in Pharmacotherapeutics Subject which is for Second Year Diploma in Pharmacy. The unit covers diseases like Epilepsy, Parkinson, Alzheimer, Stroke and Migraine. The presentation includes the point as per diploma in pharmacy students may understand very easily. The syllabus is framed by Pharmacy Council of India which is implemented by MSBTE ER 2020-2021
Irrational drug use leads to
Ineffective and unsafe drug treatment
Worsening or prolonging of illness
Adverse drug reactions.
RDU defined as the use of an appropriate, efficacious, safe and cost effective drug given for the right indication in the right dose and formulation, at right intervals and for the right duration of time.
REVIEWING THE CLINICIANS PRESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT PROGRESSION IS THE FUNDAMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY OF PHARMACIST. THIS PRESENTATION WILL DEAL WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF REVIEWING PATIENT DRUGTHERAPY PLAN
An introduction to medication therapy managementKabito Kiwanuka
Pharmacists: An Untapped Resource: Pharmacists receive more training on the safe, effective and appropriate use of medications than any other healthcare professional
Rational Use of Medicine_Evidence Based Medicine_Therapeutic Drug Monitoring_...Dr Jeenal Mistry
Rational use of Medicine: Irrational use of medicines is a major problem worldwide. WHO estimates that more than half of all medicines are prescribed, dispensed or sold inappropriately, and that half of all patients fail to take them correctly. The overuse, underuse or misuse of medicines results in wastage of scarce resources and widespread health hazards. Examples of irrational use of medicines include: use of too many medicines per patient ("poly-pharmacy"); inappropriate use of antimicrobials, often in inadequate dosage, for non-bacterial infections; over-use of injections when oral formulations would be more appropriate; failure to prescribe in accordance with clinical guidelines; inappropriate self-medication, often of prescription-only medicines; non-adherence to dosing regimes.
Evidence based medicine: Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is "the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients."The aim of EBM is to integrate the experience of the clinician, the values of the patient, and the best available scientific information to guide decision-making about clinical management. The term was originally used to describe an approach to teaching the practice of medicine and improving decisions by individual physicians about individual patients.
Therapeutic drug monitoring: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a branch of clinical chemistry and clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication levels in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed.
A study on prescription pattern and rational use of statins in tertiary care ...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
Our objectives are to evaluate prescription pattern and rational use of statins in a tertiary care corporate hospital.
Methodology
It was a prospective observational study conducted for a period of 6 months and included various departments of 300
bedded multi specialty tertiary care corporate hospital. A total of 200 patients were included and the study criteria
was inpatients and induvial more than 18 years of either gender who are prescribed with HMG-CoA reductase
inhibitors.
Results
In the present study 200 patients belonged to the age group of above 18 years, out of which about 65% were male
and 35% were female. Atorvastatin (67%) was prescribed mostly and Rosuvastatin (29.5%) was also used.
Conclusion
It is finally concluded that Rational and prophylactic use of statins can reduce further complications of Diabetes
Mellitus (DM) and cardiac events.
Statins treatment is favourable in long term treatment of diseases, it is most effectively used in treatment of serious
disease conditions which has shown its immense therapeutic role in treatment
Central Nervous System, Epilepsy, Parkinson, Alzheimer, Stroke and Migraine.Dr. Kiran Dhamak
Central Nervous System is one of the unit in Pharmacotherapeutics Subject which is for Second Year Diploma in Pharmacy. The unit covers diseases like Epilepsy, Parkinson, Alzheimer, Stroke and Migraine. The presentation includes the point as per diploma in pharmacy students may understand very easily. The syllabus is framed by Pharmacy Council of India which is implemented by MSBTE ER 2020-2021
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Learning Objectives
After studying the chapter, students will be able to
Understand the concept of Pharmacotherapeutics
Explain rational use of medicine
Understand the concept of evidence based
medicine
Use essential medicines list
Understand the concept of standard treatment
guidelines
Assess their knowledge and understand the
chapter through practice questions
3. Introduction
Pharmacotherapeutics is a branch of
Pharmacology.
It is the study of therapeutic uses and effects of
drugs.
It is the application of pharmacological information
of drugs to prevent mitigate treat and diagnose
diseases as well as to change normal functions
(such as contraception).
It includes determination of therapeutic objectives
selection of the most appropriate drug, route of
administration, dosage and duration of treatment
considering.
4. Pharmacotherapeutics is the study of
therapeutic uses and effects of drugs.
Stage of disease
The patient's current drugs
Pharmacokinetics of drugs
Contraindications
Adverse effects of drugs
The specific features of a patient
5. Only Rational Pharmacotherapy brings good
treatment results.
Rational pharmacotherapy means that medications
are prescribed sensibly delivered correctly and that
the patient is given the required information about
taking them.
Knowledge of pharmacotherapy is essential to
practice medicine.
Appropriate pharmacotherapy helps patients to
maintain their functional capacity and reduce the costs
to both patients and society.
The other forms of therapies to treat diseases are
surgical therapy, physical therapy, radiation therapy,
etc
6. Scope
The study of Pharmacotherapeutics imparts
knowledge and skills necessary to contribution to
quality use of medicines.
Pharmacotherapy focuses on the relationship
between drugs and their safe and efficient use to
humans.
It ensures proper and rational use of drugs.
Determination of therapeutic objectives, selection
of the most appropriate drug dosage and duration
of treatment considering the stage of disease and
the specific feature of a patient are a part of
pharmacotherapeutics
7. Objectives
The main objective of pharmacotherapeutics is to
enhance the safety of prescription maximize the
effects of drugs and to minimize side effects.
To prepare individualized therapeutic plans based
on diagnosis
To achieve defined therapeutic goals to improve a
patient's quality of life while minimizing harm.
To maintain drug therapy costs at an optimum
level and still provide quality and effective
treatment
To ensure patient compliance.
To avoid medical errors.
To exploit advances in knowledge made by
pharmacologists.
8. Rational Use of Medicine
The rational use of medicines results into a
more effective treatment at an affordable cost.
WHO defines rational use of medicines as
"Patients receive medications appropriate
to their clinical needs, in doses that meet
their own individual requirements, for an
adequate period of time, and at the lowest
cost to them and their community"
9. As per the Standard Treatment Protocol,
Public Health Department, Government of
Maharashtra, throughout the world, more than
50% of all medicines are prescribed
dispensed, or sold inappropriately, while 50%
of patients fail to take them correctly.
Moreover, about one-third of the world's
population lacks access to essential
medicines.
10. Some examples of irrational use of medicines
are: 1. Polypharmacy that is the use of at least
five drugs daily by an individual.
2. Inappropriate use of antibiotics, often in
inadequate dosage
3. Use of antibacterial antibiotics for viral
infections
4 Inappropriate self-medication, often for
prescription-only medicines.
5. Over-use of parenterals when oral
formulations would be more appropriate
11. Reasons for irrational use of medicines are
Lack of sufficient information
Faulty and inadequate training and education of
health professionals
No proper communication between health
professionals and patients
Confusion about diagnosis
Demand from the patient.
Defective drug supply system.
Ineffective drug regulation.
Promotional activities of pharmaceutical
12. Factors leading to need for rational use of medicines are:
Drug explosion: Availability of number of medicines for a
particular disease complicates selection of appropriate
drug.
Drug resistance: Irrational use of medicine may lead
development of resistance highly effective drugs to highly
effective drugs.
Easy availability of drug information: With the rapid
spread of internet and mobile technology, information
about drug development, its uses and adverse effects can
be accessed by any part of the world and is available at
the fingertips of consumers
Increased treatment cost: Rational use of medicine can
reduce the treatment cost and thus reduce economic
burden on the public as well as on the Government
Consumer Protection Act (CPA): Extension of consumer
protection act in medical profession may restrict the
irrational use of medicines.
13. WHO defines rational use of medicines as
"Patients receive medications appropriate
to their clinical needs, in doses that meet
their own individual requirements, for an
adequate period of time, and at the lowest
cost to them and their community.”
14. Evidence Based Medicine
Evidence based medicine (LBM) can be
defined as the "Systematic approach to
clinical problem solving which allows the
integration of the best available research
evidence with clinical expertise and patient
values".
15. Clinical expertise is the knowledge, experience
and clinical skill of the doctor Patient values
are individual characteristics, such as gender,
race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status and
emotional status that may influence a patient's
health, age and wellness
16. Evidence based medicine is a systematic
approach to medicine in which doctors and
other healthcare professionals use the
current, best scientific evidence from
clinical research to make decisions about
the care of individual patients.
17. Significance of Evidence Based
Medicine
The use of EBM is crucial in maintaining quality
medical care and ensuring good clinical
outcomes.
It provides cost effective medical care.
It promotes consistency of treatment and optimal
outcomes.
It helps to establish national standards of patient
care.
It keeps doctors and other healthcare professional
updated.
It identifies and promotes practices that work, and
eliminates those that are ineffective or harmful.
18. Clinical Pharmacology is the scientific study of
drugs in man and woman.
The aim of clinical pharmacology is to
generate data for optimum use of drugs and
the practice of evidence based medicine.
The randomized controlled clinical trial is
considered to provide the most reliable
evidence on the effectiveness of a drug.
19. Evidence based Medicine is dependant upon
wide availability and coverage of accurate
systematic reviews and meta-analysis of
clinical studies.
A physician’s clinical experience and patient’s
values and preferences play important role in
the process of using the evidence to make
decisions. The practice of evidence based
medicine involves five essential steps:
20. Converting information needs into answerable
questions.
Finding the best evidence with which to
answer the questions.
Critically appraising the evidence for its validity
and usefulness.
Applying the results of appraisal into clinical
practice.
Evaluating performance.
21. Essential Medicine List
WHO defines EML as the medicines that
satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the
population.
EML is prepared by considering:
Disease prevalence
Efficacy of medicines
Safety of medicines
Comparative cost effectiveness of medicines
Easy availability of medicines
22. The drugs from essential medicine list are
intended to be available in adequate amounts,
in appropriate dosage forms and strengths
with assured quality and adequate information,
and at an affordable price.
The list of essential medicines needs to be
updated/revised periodically. The updated
WHO List of Essential Medicines and List of
Essential Medicines for Children are published
every two years.
23. History of the Essential Medicines List:
In 1970, Tanzania became the first country to
prepare its EML Subsequently, the first WHO model
list of essential medicines was published in the year
1977 which contained 186 medicines.
The latest WHO model list of essential medicines is
22 list published in 2021 The Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare, Government of India prepared and
released the first National List of Essential Medicines
(NLEM) of India in 1996 consisting of 279 medicines.
This list was subsequently revised in 2003 containing
354 medicines, 2011containing 348 medicines, 2015
containing 376 medicines and now in 2021
containing 399 medicines.
24. Advantages of Essential Medicines List:
An essential medicines list (EML) results in better
quality of medical care, better management of
medicines and cost-effective use of healthcare
resources.
The essential medicines list has a positive impact
on the availability and rational use of medicines.
The essential medicines list can be used as
guidelines for the procurement and supply of
medicines in public sector, schemes for
reimbursement of drug costs and local drug
production.
In hospitals, it improves the quality of prescribing
25. Selection of Essential Medicines: The following
factors are considered for selection of essential
medicines:
Incidence and prevalence of disease (public health
relevance)
Efficacy, safety, and comparative cost effectiveness
of available medicines (price oftotal treatment is
considered and not the unit price of a medicine)
The medicine should be aligned with the current
treatment guidelines for the disease
Level of healthcare facility available.
Treatment facilities available
Training and experience of the available personnel
Local availability of individual drugs
Available financial resources
26. National List of Essential Medicines
(NLEM):
ICMR under Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare, Government of India revises and
publishes NLEM in India. Essential medicines
in NLEM have been marked into three
categories for being available at primary,
secondary and tertiary levels of health care
facility.
27. Purpose of the National List of Essential
Medicines:
Guide safe and effective treatment of priority
disease conditions of a population.
Promote the rational use of medicines
Optimize the available health resources
It is also a guiding document for:
a) State governments to prepare their list of
essential medicines
b) Procurement and supply of medicines in the
public sector
c) Reimbursement of cost of medicines by
organizations to its employees
28. STANDARD TREATMENT
GUIDELINES
Standard treatment guidelines are also known as
standard treatment protocols (STP) standard
treatment schedules, therapeutic guidelines and
prescribing policies.
These include the preferred pharmaceutical and
non-pharmaceutical treatments for common
health problems came across by people in a
specific health system.
These guidelines usually represent one of the
approaches to promote therapeutically effective
and economically efficient use of medicines
29. Purpose and Content of Standard Treatment
Guideline (STG):
An effectively implemented guideline (STG) is
advantageous for beneficiaries, healthcare
providers supply managers and health policy
makers.
As we know improper use or misuse of medicines
in the treatment of any medical condition is
extensive which is harmful for people.
The idea behind having STG is to have
standardization in terms of treatment and promote
effective and efficient treatment options STG may
be used at different stages of the therapeutic
process.
It could include medical supplies as also following
prescribed treatments. It could assist in better
30. Advantages of Standard Treatment Guidelines:
Provides standardized guidance to practitioners
Provides the most effective therapy in terms of
quality
Encourages practitioners for high quality care
The healthcare system needs to provide only the
medicines as per formulary or list of essential
medicines
Provides valuable assistance to all practitioners,
especially to those with lower level skills
Enables healthcare providers to concentrate on
making the correct diagnosis becausetreatment
options are available for them in the form of STG
Provides a basis for evaluating quality of care
31. Some of the standard treatment guidelines available in
India are:
Hypertension: Screening. Diagnosis Assessment, and
Management of Primary Hypertension in Adults in India,
AUGUST 2017, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,
Government of India
Treatment Guidelines for Antimicrobial Use in Common
Syndromes. 2 edition Publications of the ICMR, New Delhi
Guidelines for Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant
TB (PMDT)in India, March 2021, National TB Elimination
Programme. Central TB Division, Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi.
National Guidelines for Clinical Management of Dengue
Fever. National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme
WHO, 2015
Standard Treatment Protocol Public Health Department
Government of Maharashtra
Standard Treatment Guidelines. A Manual for Medical
Therapeutics, First Edition 2014 Gujarat Medical Services
Corporation Ltd. Health and Family Welfare Department,
Government of Gujarat.
Standard Treatment Guidelines (2016). Department of Public