The document discusses medication safety and reducing medication errors. It covers several key points:
1) Medication errors are common, especially during transitions of care between settings. The WHO aims to reduce medication-related harm by 50% through their "Medication Without Harm" challenge.
2) Medication errors can occur at various stages like prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, and administering. High-risk medications and situations like polypharmacy also increase error risk.
3) Strategies to improve safety include training, protocols, technology like CPOE, reconciliation, and empowering patients. A multidisciplinary team approach is important to strengthen systems and practices.
Medication error- Etiology and strategic methods to reduce the incidence of M...Dr. Jibin Mathew
A medication error is any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer
Medication error- Etiology and strategic methods to reduce the incidence of M...Dr. Jibin Mathew
A medication error is any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer
This presentation is prepared to enhance the adherence of patient to their specific medication as prescribed by the physician and the role of pharmacist in improving the adherence of patient to their medication including various factors influence the adherence ,methods to measure adherence and methods to improve adherence .
BRP Pharmaceuticals is a leader in physician dispensing services that provides instant medication to patients located in Burbank, CA. Visit: http://www.brppharma.com/
Self-medication is a global phenomenon and potential contributor to human pathogen resistance to antibiotics. The adverse consequences of such practices should always be emphasized to the community and steps to curb it.
Pharmaceutical care concepts - clinical pharmacy ShaistaSumayya
The pharmaceutical care is defined as “the direct, responsible provision of medication-related care for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life.”
Pharmaceutical care involves the process through which a pharmacist cooperates with a patient and other professional in designing , implementation, and monitoring a therapeutic plan that will produce specific therapeutic outcomes for the patient
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
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To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Study Resources:
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
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The hemodynamic and autonomic determinants of elevated blood pressure in obes...
Medication Safety- Administration and monitoring.pptx
1. Medication Safety-
Administration and Monitoring
of Medications
DR. L ATHA V E N KATESAN
P ROF. CUM P RINCIPAL
CO LLEGE O F NURSING
A IIMS, NE W DE LHI
2. Introduction
Medications have proven to be
effective and everyone uses it for
various reasons such as to diagnose,
cure, treat or prevent illness at some
or other point of time in their life.
It is essential for the public to know
that medications can also induce
harm if not correctly prescribed,
stored, dispensed, administered or
not monitored for side effects.
3. Introduction
In the ICUs, on an average, patients exposed to 1.7 errors/day and
medication errors account for 78% of medical errors.
The strategies of ‘Avoidable harm in health care’ include
prevention of medication errors and unsafe medication practices.
World patient safety day 2022 has selected the theme ‘Medication
safety’ with the slogan ‘Medication Without Harm’.
It is the responsibility of all the health care workers involved in
medication management, as well as the patients and their families to
promote medication safety.
4. Global Patient Safety Challenge:
Medication Without Harm
WHO initiated the third Global Patient Safety
Challenge: Medication without Harm (2017).
It is aiming to reduce the level of severe,
avoidable harm related to medications by 50%
over the next five years, globally.
The challenge was launched in March 2017, at
the Global Ministerial Summit on Patient
Safety in Bonn, Germany.
5. Global Patient Safety Challenge:
Medication Without Harm
Global Patient Safety Challenges identify a
patient safety burden that poses a significant
risk to health, then develop frontline
interventions and partner with countries to
disseminate and implement the interventions.
Each challenge focuses on a topic that poses a
major and significant risk to patient health and
safety.
6. Error Prone Processes
Medication error refers to any preventable event at
different stage of medication process such as
prescription, transcription, distributing medication, and
administration, which can lead to incorrect use of
medicines or damage to the patient.
Lack of medication knowledge of physicians and nurses
and weak inter-professional collaboration between
physicians and nurses is one of the main causes of
medication errors.
7. Types of medication error
Prescribing errors: incorrect dose, route, frequency, drug name,
duplication and illegible order by the physicians
Transcription errors: wrong drug, dose, route, frequency or
wrong bed number by the nurses
Administration errors: Wrong medication, Wrong patient, Wrong
time, Wrong dose, Wrong route, Wrong documentation
Dispensing errors: wrong drug / strength by the pharmacy,
Delays – when dispensing time exceeds 15 minutes for Stat
orders, Discharge medications delay 30 minutes and 45 minutes
for regular orders.
*Studies shows that one of every three medication errors could be attributed to either a lack of knowledge about the
medication or a lack of knowledge about the patient.
8. Near Miss Events
A patient safety event that reaches the patient
but does not cause harm also needs a close call.
Prescription Errors, Transcription errors and
dispensing errors are caught before they reach
the patient and they are called as near miss
events.
The errors caught by the prescription audit team
in the pharmacy are also included in this category.
9. Adverse Drug Reactions
(ADRs)
It is an undesirable response associated with use of a
drug that either compromises therapeutic efficacy,
enhances toxicity, or both.
ADRs can be manifested as diarrhoea or constipation,
rash, headache, or other nonspecific symptoms.
10. Adverse Drug
Event (ADE)
Any response to a drug which is
noxious and unintended and
which occurs at doses normally
used in humans for prophylaxis,
diagnosis or therapy of disease,
or for the modification of
physiological function.
11. Flagship Areas to improve Medication
Safety
The challenge aims to improve
medication safety by strengthening the
systems for reducing medication errors
and avoidable medication-related harm.
The three flagship areas of the challenge
defined by WHO are:
Polypharmacy
High-risk situations,
Transitions of care
12. Polypharmacy
Polypharmacy means the use of five or more medications
daily by an individual including prescription, over-the-
counter and complementary medicines.
Polypharmacy continues to grow in recent days because
of increase in aging populations.
Polypharmacy is not necessarily ill-advised.
It can lead to negative outcomes or poor treatment
effectiveness.
Polypharmacy is often associated with a decreased quality
of life, including decreased mobility and cognition
13. High-risk
situations
Three main factors contributing to
high-risk situations are:
• Medications
• particularly high-risk (high-alert)
medications
• provider/ patient factors, systems factors
(work environment).
The important five high-alert
medications are
• Insulin
• opiates and narcotics
• injectable potassium chloride (or
concentrate
• intravenous anticoagulants (heparin), and
• sodium chloride solutions above 0.9%
5
14. Transitions of
care
Transitions of care are recognised as an
area of high clinical risk for patients.
Passing from one care setting to another,
particularly for patients with complex and
chronic care needs, opens the potential for
mistakes, oversights, misunderstandings
and often, a marked absence of vital
information that should flow from the
hospital to the receiving carer.
15. Strategic Framework:
Working Together to
Make it Safer
The Strategic Framework for
medication safety needs
commitment to reduce
medication errors and
medication-related harm and
strengthen measurement and
safety monitoring systems.
16. Four fundamental problems lay the ground for the strategic framework
:
• System and Practices of
medication are complex and
often dysfunctional. It can be
made more resilient to risk
and harm if they are well
understood and designed.
• HCPs sometimes prescribe
and administer medicines in
ways and circumstances
that increase the risk of
harm to patients.
• Names and packaging can
be puzzling and sometimes
lack sufficient or clear
information. E.g. ‘look-alike
soundalike’ medicines are
often the sources of errors.
• Patients and the public are
often made to be passive
recipients of medicines and
not informed and
empowered to play their
part in making the process of
medication safer.
Patients &
Public
Medicines
Systems and
practices
Health care
professionals
17. Best Practices for improving medication
administration
Maintain up-to-date references of current medications and have those
references available at the time the drug is prescribed.
Maintain up-
to-date
Understand the patient’s condition and diagnosis and indications for the
medication considered, including all alternative therapies.
Understand
Diagnosis
Consider conditions that may affect the efficacy of the medication, such as
dosages, route of administration, patient weight, renal and hepatic
functioning, and other important patient characteristics, such as
pregnancy.
Consider
conditions
18. Best Practices for improving medication
administration
Understand the potential interactions between a newly prescribed
medication and other medications already being used by the patient,
including non-prescribed medications and supplements.
Understand
interactions
Recognize the potential risk of high-alert medications, those drugs that
bear a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm if there is an
error in the medication-use process. Eg. Intravenous oxytocin.
Recognize the
risk
Effective handover of responsibility of the patient to another health care
professional during shift changes and inter or intra hospital transfers
Effective
handover
19. Best Practices for improving medication
administration
Post-hospital medication reconciliation reduces the likelihood of medication
errors and adverse drug events
Post-Hospital
reconciliation
Identify patients on hospital admission who are most ‘at risk’ from medication-
related adverse drug events and actions
Identify patient at
Risk
Periodic education on the use of antibiotics for the doctors and nurses.
Education on
Antibiotics
Suitable updates on patterns of resistance, newer drugs, food and drug
interactions, problems encountered etc., shall be also communicated to the
doctors and nurses periodically by intranet or in departmental meetings
Suitable updates
20. Safe Prescription of Medication orders
•Name of the drug, dose
•Route of administration
•Frequency.
The Medication orders should be legible and
should include the following components:
Use Zeros and decimal points (eg, always write 0.1,
never write 1.0)
Standardized abbreviations and Verbal medication
orders should be limited to urgent situations in which
written (or electronic) medication orders are not
feasible.
22. Provide staff
training
Create a multidisciplinary team that
includes physicians, nurses, pharmacists,
and information technology personnel.
Assess opportunities to reduce
medication errors using a self-
assessment process (ISMP Medication
Safety Self-Assessment for Hospitals,
2011).
Create and deliver monthly or quarterly
education on medication error and
patient safety updates.
23. Create protocols
Create a universal checklist for medication
administration that includes:
◦ Patient name
◦ List of patient’s current medicines
◦ Medication to be given and its: • Dose • Route • Timing
◦ Documentation
◦ Systematize tools and practices: checklists for patient allergy
and medication interaction checks on every patient
24. Systems change with technology:
CPOE (Computerized
Provider Order Entry)
Medication barcoding Patient education and
adherence
Correct and on-time
medication
administration (Acute
Care Guidelines for
Timely Administration of
Scheduled Medications,
2011)
25. Empowering patients and families in
safe use of medications
Engaging patients to actively participate in their care to
improve health care delivery system quality and efficacy.
Patients gain knowledge of their health conditions,
treatment plans, or health care access through providers,
communities, or policy interventions.
Self-determination empowers patients to seek more health
information, acquire more knowledge of their health from
providers or other sources, and become more confident.
27. Future Areas of Research in
Medication Safety
? The recent Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on medication
safety (Hughes RG) identified several areas needing future
research
?What are the most effective mechanisms to improve
communication between patients and clinicians regarding the
safe use of medications?
?What are the most effective mechanisms to improve patient
education about the safe use of medications?
?Which self-management support strategies are effective in
improving patient outcomes?
28. Future Areas of Research in
Medication Safety
How can information about specific medications be effectively
used by patients? What is the impact of that information on
patients’ adherence and communication with clinicians?
How can patient-centered approaches to medication safety
decrease errors associated with medications and improve
patient outcomes?
How can medication-related competencies become a core
competency among the current workforce?
What is the impact of free samples on patient adherence and
health outcomes?
29. Conclusion
Medication management is a complex multi-stage and
multi-disciplinary process, involving doctors,
pharmacists, nurses and patients.
Errors can occur at any stage from prescribing,
dispensing and administering, to recording and
reporting.
There are a number of safety mechanisms built into the
medication management system and it is recognised
that nurses are the final stage of defence.
30. Conclusion
Medication management is a complex multi-stage
and multi-disciplinary process, involving doctors,
pharmacists, nurses and patients.
Errors can occur at any stage from prescribing,
dispensing and administering, to recording and
reporting.
There are a number of safety mechanisms built into
the medication management system and it is
recognised that nurses are the final stage of
defence.
31. References
Chen, J., Mullins, C. D., Novak, P., & Thomas, S. B. (2016). Personalized strategies to activate and empower patients in health care and reduce health disparities. Health
education & behavior, 43(1), 25-34.
Greenwald, J. L., Halasyamani, L., Greene, J., LaCivita, C., Stucky, E., Benjamin, B., ... & Williams, M. V. (2010). Making inpatient medication reconciliation patient centered,
clinically relevant and implementable: a consensus statement on key principles and necessary first steps. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 5(8), 477-485.
Hughes, R. (Ed.). (2008). Patient safety and quality: An evidence-based handbook for nurses.
Irajpour, A., Farzi, S., Saghaei, M., & Ravaghi, H. (2019). Effect of interprofessional education of medication safety program on the medication error of physicians and nurses in
the intensive care units. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 8.
Jordan, R., Lam, J., Lyren, A., Sims, N., & Yang, C. (2017). Actionable Patient Safety Solution (APSS)# 3A: Medication Errors.
The Joint Commission. Using medication reconciliation to prevent errors. Sentinel Event Alert Issue 35. Oakbrook Terrace (IL): Joint Commission; 2006. Available
at:http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/SEA_35.PDF. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
World Health Organization. (2017). Global diffusion of eHealth: making universal health coverage achievable: report of the third global survey on eHealth. World Health
Organization.