This document discusses various pharmaceutical engineering topics including fluid flow, size reduction, size separation, heat transfer, and evaporation. It provides definitions and diagrams of common instruments used to study fluid flow such as simple manometers, differential manometers, and the Reynold's experiment. Size reduction techniques like hammer mills and ball mills are described. Methods of size separation including sieve shaker machines, cyclone separators, and bag filters are also outlined. Finally, heat transfer processes and common types of evaporators like steam jacketed kettles and forced circulation evaporators are summarized.

1. Pharmaceutical Engineering
S. I MAKRANI
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutics
Ali Allana College of Pharmacy
Akkalkuwa.
Introduction of chapters and diagrammatic
representation of Instrumentation

2. Flow of fluids
• Flow of fluid may be defined as the flow of substances that do not
permanently resist distortion.( alteration of the original shape )
• Fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied
shear stress.
• Fluid are a subset of the matter and include liquids, gases.
• The subject of fluid flow can be divided into fluid statics and fluid
dynamics
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3. Simple manometers
Figure 1. Construction of Simple Manometers 2

4. Differential manometers
Figure 2. Construction of Differential Manometers 3

5. Reynold’s experiment
Figure 3. Assembly of the apparatus of the Reynold’s experiment 4

6. Orifice meter
Figure 4. Construction of Orifice meter 5

7. Venturi meter
Figure 5. Construction of Venturi meter 6

8. Pitot tube
Figure 6. Construction and assembly of Pitot tube 7

9. Rotameter
Figure 7. Construction of Rotameter 8

10. Size Reduction
• Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses (
vegetable or chemical substances ) into small unit masses,coarse
particles or fine particles.
• Size reduction is a process in which the particle size of a solid is made
smaller.
• The term size reduction is applied to ways in which particles of solids
are cut or broken into smaller pieces.
• Size reduction is necessary if the starting material is too coarse, and
the final product needs to be a fine powder.
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11. General Parts of Size reduction
Figure 8. General Parts of Size reduction 10

12. Hammer mill
Figure 9. Construction of Hammer mill 11

13. Ball mill
Figure 10. Construction of Ball mill 12

14. Fluid energy mill
Figure 11. Construction of Fluid energy mill 13

15. Edge runner mill
Figure 12. Construction of Edge runner mill 14

16. End runner mill
Figure 13. Construction of End runner mill 15

17. Size Separation
• Size separation is a unit operation that involves the separation of a
mixture of various sizes of particles into two or more portions by
means of screening surfaces.
• Size separation is also known as sieving, sifting, classifying or
screening.
• Size separation is the process of separation of different sizes of
particles with the help of sieve, microscope or sedimentation technique.
• Particle size analysis is the determination of the size of particles present
in the bulk substance or mixture.
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18. Sieve Shaker machine
Figure 14. Construction of Sieve Shaker machine 17

19. Cyclone separator
Figure 15. Construction of Cyclone separator 18

20. Air separator
Figure 16. Construction of Air separator 19

21. Bag filter
Figure 17. Construction of Bag filter 20

22. Heat Transfer
• Heat is a form of energy.
• According to the principles of thermodynamics, whenever a physical
or chemical transformation occurs,heat flows into the system.
• Heat flows from a region of high temperature to a region of low
temperature.
• Heat energy can be transferred from one body to the other or from
one location in a body to the other.
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23. Liquid to liquid heat interchanger
Figure 18. Construction of Liquid to liquid heat interchanger 22

24. Double pipe heat interchanger
Figure 19. Construction of Double pipe heat interchanger 23

25. Single pass tubular heater
Figure 20. Construction of Single pass tubular heater 24

26. Evaporation
• Evaporation is a process of vaporizing large quantities of volatile liquid
to get a concentrated product.
• Equipment used for the evaporation are known as evaporators.
• Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a
gas or vapor.
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27. Steam jacketed kettle
Figure 21. Construction of Steam jacketed kettle 26

28. Horizontal tube evaporator
Figure 22. Construction of Horizontal tube evaporator 27

29. Climbing film evaporator
Figure 23. Construction of Climbing film evaporator 28

30. Forced circulation evaporator
Figure 24. Construction of Forced circulation evaporator 29