The document discusses various methods of size reduction used in pharmaceutical processing. It describes common size reduction equipment like ball mills, fluid energy mills, colloidal mills, and hammer mills. For each method and equipment, it provides details on working principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It also discusses theories of size reduction proposed by Rittinger, Bond, and Kick which relate energy requirements to changes in particle size and surface area.
Generally, size reduction and size separation are combined to obtain powder with the desired particle size distribution (PSD) for acceptable flow and compressibility for downstream processing . The mechanical process of reducing the particle size of a solid is also called milling.
In this slide i have discussed about the size reduction, its objective, mechanism, principle and the different types of equipment used for size reduction and its applications.
Generally, size reduction and size separation are combined to obtain powder with the desired particle size distribution (PSD) for acceptable flow and compressibility for downstream processing . The mechanical process of reducing the particle size of a solid is also called milling.
In this slide i have discussed about the size reduction, its objective, mechanism, principle and the different types of equipment used for size reduction and its applications.
size reduction,laws involved in size reduction ,application & millsM Swetha
size reduction basic principles,laws&machanism of size reduction with all mills .I gave a note on size separation .it is very useful for the teaching staff &students of B.pharmacy
SIZE REDUCTION AND FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE REDUCTION IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRYAkankshaPatel55
In the realm of pharmacy, size truly matters! Particle size reduction, often referred to as comminution, plays a crucial role in transforming raw materials into effective and readily absorbable medications. It's like shrinking giants - turning bulky substances into microscopic warriors ready to combat ailments.
Why is size reduction so important? Imagine trying to swallow a whole apple compared to taking a bite. The smaller the pieces, the greater the surface area exposed, and the faster and more efficiently something dissolves or reacts. In the world of medicine, this translates to:
Enhanced drug bioavailability: Smaller particles dissolve quicker and more readily in the digestive system, leading to faster absorption and action of the medication. Think of it as opening wider doors for the drug to enter the bloodstream and reach its target.
Improved drug stability: Smaller particles tend to be more stable and less prone to degradation, ensuring the medication's potency and effectiveness over time.
Uniformity and mixing: Precise size control allows for consistent drug distribution within a dosage form, guaranteeing accurate and reliable dosing.
Tailored drug delivery: Size reduction facilitates the development of specialized drug delivery systems, like inhalers or sublingual tablets, where minute particles are crucial for targeted action.
How is size reduction achieved? A variety of techniques are employed, each with its own advantages and best suited for specific materials:
Milling: Mechanical grinding using ball mills, hammer mills, or jet mills physically breaks down larger particles into smaller ones.
Micronization: Specialized techniques like air jet milling or fluidized bed milling achieve ultra-fine particle sizes in the micron range (1-10 micrometers).
Cryo-milling: Grinding at cryogenic temperatures minimizes heat generation, preserving sensitive drug compounds.
Size reduction isn't just about brute force. Choosing the right technique and particle size depends on various factors, including the drug's physical and chemical properties, desired release profile, and dosage form. It's a delicate dance between effectiveness, stability, and manufacturability.
The impact of size reduction extends far beyond individual medications. It enables the development of innovative drug delivery systems, like controlled-release tablets or transdermal patches, that improve patient compliance and treatment outcomes. It also plays a vital role in research and development, allowing scientists to study drug interactions and optimize formulations at the microscopic level.
So, the next time you pop a pill, remember the invisible giants behind it - the power of size reduction silently working its magic to deliver healing and hope.
Introduction
Objectives
Methods of size reduction
Advantages of size reduction
Disadvantages of size reduction
Mechanism of size reduction
Laws governing to the size reduction
Principle of Size Reduction, Construction, working and uses of following-
Hammer mill
Ball mill
Fluid Energy Mill
Edge Runner Mill
End Runner Mill
Size reduction, process of size reduction, size reduction a topic of pharmac...RajkumarKumawat11
Size reduction, process of size reduction, size reduction a topic of pharmaceutics, cutter mill, roller mill, hammer mill, ball mill, fluid energy mill, the disintegrator, mills used in pharmaceutical process
(No "Download lock")........... Study it, Download it, Understand it, Apply it and Serve the community.
رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً (Arabic)..............Ameen.
Here's a short way to understand the concept of pharmaceutical engineering . Take a look of this amazing ppt who describes the Chapter -2 of Pharmaceutical engineering i.e. Size Reduction.
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses - vegetables or chemical substances into small unit masses, coarse particles, or fine particles. Size reduction is commonly employed in pharmaceutical industries. The size reduction process is also referred to as Comminution and Grinding.
size reduction,laws involved in size reduction ,application & millsM Swetha
size reduction basic principles,laws&machanism of size reduction with all mills .I gave a note on size separation .it is very useful for the teaching staff &students of B.pharmacy
SIZE REDUCTION AND FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE REDUCTION IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRYAkankshaPatel55
In the realm of pharmacy, size truly matters! Particle size reduction, often referred to as comminution, plays a crucial role in transforming raw materials into effective and readily absorbable medications. It's like shrinking giants - turning bulky substances into microscopic warriors ready to combat ailments.
Why is size reduction so important? Imagine trying to swallow a whole apple compared to taking a bite. The smaller the pieces, the greater the surface area exposed, and the faster and more efficiently something dissolves or reacts. In the world of medicine, this translates to:
Enhanced drug bioavailability: Smaller particles dissolve quicker and more readily in the digestive system, leading to faster absorption and action of the medication. Think of it as opening wider doors for the drug to enter the bloodstream and reach its target.
Improved drug stability: Smaller particles tend to be more stable and less prone to degradation, ensuring the medication's potency and effectiveness over time.
Uniformity and mixing: Precise size control allows for consistent drug distribution within a dosage form, guaranteeing accurate and reliable dosing.
Tailored drug delivery: Size reduction facilitates the development of specialized drug delivery systems, like inhalers or sublingual tablets, where minute particles are crucial for targeted action.
How is size reduction achieved? A variety of techniques are employed, each with its own advantages and best suited for specific materials:
Milling: Mechanical grinding using ball mills, hammer mills, or jet mills physically breaks down larger particles into smaller ones.
Micronization: Specialized techniques like air jet milling or fluidized bed milling achieve ultra-fine particle sizes in the micron range (1-10 micrometers).
Cryo-milling: Grinding at cryogenic temperatures minimizes heat generation, preserving sensitive drug compounds.
Size reduction isn't just about brute force. Choosing the right technique and particle size depends on various factors, including the drug's physical and chemical properties, desired release profile, and dosage form. It's a delicate dance between effectiveness, stability, and manufacturability.
The impact of size reduction extends far beyond individual medications. It enables the development of innovative drug delivery systems, like controlled-release tablets or transdermal patches, that improve patient compliance and treatment outcomes. It also plays a vital role in research and development, allowing scientists to study drug interactions and optimize formulations at the microscopic level.
So, the next time you pop a pill, remember the invisible giants behind it - the power of size reduction silently working its magic to deliver healing and hope.
Introduction
Objectives
Methods of size reduction
Advantages of size reduction
Disadvantages of size reduction
Mechanism of size reduction
Laws governing to the size reduction
Principle of Size Reduction, Construction, working and uses of following-
Hammer mill
Ball mill
Fluid Energy Mill
Edge Runner Mill
End Runner Mill
Size reduction, process of size reduction, size reduction a topic of pharmac...RajkumarKumawat11
Size reduction, process of size reduction, size reduction a topic of pharmaceutics, cutter mill, roller mill, hammer mill, ball mill, fluid energy mill, the disintegrator, mills used in pharmaceutical process
(No "Download lock")........... Study it, Download it, Understand it, Apply it and Serve the community.
رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً (Arabic)..............Ameen.
Here's a short way to understand the concept of pharmaceutical engineering . Take a look of this amazing ppt who describes the Chapter -2 of Pharmaceutical engineering i.e. Size Reduction.
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses - vegetables or chemical substances into small unit masses, coarse particles, or fine particles. Size reduction is commonly employed in pharmaceutical industries. The size reduction process is also referred to as Comminution and Grinding.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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2. Size Reduction
Size reduction is the operation carried out for reducing
the size of bigger particle into smaller one of desired
shapes and size with the help of external forces.
Comminution is another term used for size reduction.
3.
4. Objectives
To increase surface area
To produce smaller particle
To achieve proper mixing
To improve flow of powders
To prepare pharmaceutical dispersion
To improve handling of powders
To improve physical stability
To improve extraction process
To improve rate of absorption
To improve dissolution rate of powders
To dispose solid wastes easily
5. Advantages
Uniform flow
Content uniformity
Effective drying
Increase surface area or viscosity
Uniform mixing and drying
Improve dissolution rate
Improve rate of absorption .
smaller particles ∝ greater the absorption
6. Disadvantages
Drug degradation
contamination
Possible change in polymorphic form of API
Possible degradation by heat
Small particles as a result of static charge that may
decrease dissolution rate and flowability
Air adsorption, hence less wetting
7. Mechanism of size reduction
Impact- particle concussion by a single rigid
force(hammer).
Compression- particle disintegration by two rigid
forces(nutcracker)’
Shear- produced when the particle is compressed
between the edges of two hard surfaces moving
tangentially.
Attrition- arising from particles scraping against one
another or against a rigid surface(fluid energy mill).
8.
9. Factors affecting size reduction
1) Hardness
2) Toughness
3) Abrasiveness
4) Stickiness
5) Softening temperature
6) Material structure
7) Moisture content
8) Physiological effect
9) Purity required
10) Ratio of feed size to product ratio
10. 1) Hardness
- It is a surface property of the material.
- It is confused with a property named strength.
An arbitrary scale of hardness has been devised known as
Moh’s Scale:
Moh’s scale = 1 is for graphite
Moh’s scale < 3 is for soft material
Moh’s scale > 7 is for hard material
Moh’s scale = 10 is for diamond
If material is brittle then size reduction may present no
special problems.
- Harder the materials,more difficult to reduce the size.
11. 2) toughness
- toughness is the ability of a material to absorb
energy and resist impact.
- soft but tough material is more difficult to reduce
the size than hard but brittle.
- increase toughness,decrease in reduction of
sizes
12. 3) Abrasiveness
- Abrasiveness is a property of hard materials(particularly
those of mineral origin)
- It may limit the type of machinery that can be used.
- During the grinding of some very abrasive substances.
The final powder may be contaminated with more than
0.1 % of metal worn from the grinding mill.
.
13. 4) Stickiness
- a sticky material will tend to clog the grinding
equipment and it should therefore be ground in a
plant that can be cleaned easily.
- substances that are gummy or resinous may be
troublesome for size reduction.
- sometimes the addition of inert substances may be of
assistance such as a kaolin to sulphur.
14. 5) softening temperature
- Many of the size reduction processes result in the
generation of heat,which may soften some
substances
- example : waxy substances such as stearic acid and
drugs containing oils or fats.
- It may be possible to cool the mill,either by a water
jacket or by a passing a steam of air through the
equipment or to use liquid nitrogen.
15. 6) Material structure
- some substances are homogeneous in character.
- mineral substances may have lines of weakness along
which the material splits to form flate- like particles.
- vegetable drugs have a cellular structure often leading
to long fibrous particles.
16. 7) Moisture content
- moisture content influence a number of the properties
that affect size reduction as hardness, toughness or
stickiness.
- It is found that material do not flow well if they
contain between about 5% to 50% of moisture.
- Usually,less than 5% of moisture is suitable if the
substance is to be ground dry or more than 50% it is
being for wet grinding.
17. 8) Physiological effect
- Some substances are very potent and small
amounts of dust have an effect on the operators.
- To avoid this dust,enclose mills must be
used,systems that can extracts air are also
desirable ,and wet grinding also if possible, as it
eliminates the problem entirely.
.
18. 9) Purity required
- Certain types of size reduction apparatus cause the
grinding surfaces to wear,and such methods must be
avoided if a high degree of purity of product is
needed.
- Similarly,some machines will be unsutaitable if
cleaning between batches of different materials is
difficult.
10) Ratio of feed size to product size
- Machines that produce a fine product require a small
feed size.
19. Size reduction theories
The energy requirement for particle size reduction is a
function of input and output of particle
size,hardness,strength and other properties of solids.
Various theories for energy requirments are:
1) Rittinger’s theory
2) Bond’s theory
3) Kick’s theory
20. - The energy required to reduce the size of particles is
inversely proportional to the size raised to the some
power.
𝑑𝐸
𝑑𝐷
=-c/Dⁿ ………..(1)
where,
E= amt.of energy required to produce a change
D=size of unit mass
c,n =constants
21. Integrating equation ……(1)
E = C ℓn(
𝑑ᵢ
𝑑ₙ
) …….(2)
(dᵢ/dₙ)=reduction ratio
If n=1,0 equation (2)becomes kick’s theory
If n=1.5 equation (2)becomes bond’s theory
If n=2,0 equation (2)becomes Rittinger’s theory
22. (1) Rittinger’s theory
- According to this theory energy E required for size
reduction of unit mass is directly proportional to the
new surface area produced.
E = Kʀ (Sₙ-Sᵢ) …….(3)
where,
Sᵢ = initial surface area
Sₙ = new specific surface area
Kʀ= Rittinger’s constant
E = amount of energy
23. o Application
- Applicable to brittle materials undergoing
fine milling.
- This theory ignore deformation before fracture.
24. 2) Bond’s theory
- According to bond theory the energy used in crack
propagation is proportional to new crack length
produced.
- It states that energy required for deforming a set of
particle of equivalent shape is proportional to the
change in particle dimensions.
E = 2Kᴃ (
1
√𝑑ₙ
-
1
√𝑑ᵢ
) ……..(4)
25. where,
Kᴃ = Bond’s work index,energy per unit mass
dᵢ = initial dia.of particles,µm
dₙ = new dia.of particles,µm
26. (3) Kick’s theory
- It states that energy required for deforming a set of
particle of equivalent shape is proportional to the ratio
of the change in particle size.
E = Kĸ ℓn
𝑑ᵢ
𝑑ₙ
…….(5)
where,
Kĸ = kick’s constant,energy per unit mass K·W·h
dᵢ = diameter of particle in initial stage,µm
dₙ = diameter of new particle,µm
27. Summary
(1) Rittinger’s theory : (n =2,0)
- energy ά new surface area formed.
(2) Bond’s theory : (n =1,5)
- energy used in crack propagation ά crack
length produced.
(3) Kick’s theory : (n = 1,0)
- energy ά ratio of change in size.
For compression of large particles Kick’s theory is
useful.
28. Ball mill
Principle
- Ball mill works on the
impact between rapidly
moving Ball and powder
material.Both enclosed
in a hollow cylinder.
Thus,in the ball mill
impact or attrition or both
are responsible for
size reduction.
29. Working
- Ball mil grinds material by rotating a cylinder with
steel grinding balls causing the balls to fall back into
cylinder & on to the material to be ground.
- Ball occuping 30 to 50% of the mill vol.& its may be of
metal,porcelain or stones(pebble mill) .
- Drug is filled into cylinder 60% of the volume.
30.
31. Advantages
- suitable for both dry and wet grinding process.
Disadvantages
- very noisy machine.
- its not suitable for milling of soft,tacky and fibrous
materials.
Uses
- For production of ophthalmic & parentral products
- For milling dyes,pigments and insectiside at low
speed.
- fertilizers,silicate products,Limestone,granites,gypsum
products
32.
33. Fluid energy mill
Principle
- Fluid energy mill operates on the principle of impact
and attrition the feed stock is suspended with high
velocity air stream.
Working
- Powder is introduced through the inlet of
venture.Air introduce through the grinding nozzles
transport the powder in the circular track of the
mill.The turbulent air stream break the particles
colloids with each other & break.
-
34. - Particles are carried out to outlet and the
coarse particle undergo recirculation
35. Advantages
- it has no moving parts heat is not produced during
milling.
- contamination is not possible.
Disadvantages
- Equipment is expensive.
- Not suitable for milling of soft,tracky & fibrous
materials.
Uses
- It is used to reduce particle size (10-325 mesh)of most of
- drugs such as antibiotics and vitamins.
36.
37. Colloidal mill
Principle
- Colloidal mill consist
Of two steel disc
having very small
clearance between
them.one disc is
rotating while the
other one is stationary.
38. Working
- Suspension and emulsion are placed in hopper.The
solid are mixed with liquid vehicle before introduce
into colloid mill rotor is moved 3000 to 20,000 rpm.
- The dispersion flow down & adhere to the rotor.
39. Advantages
- Production of sterile products.
Disadvantages
- Not useful for dry milling.
Uses
- ointments,gels & high viscous fluids .
- Increased the stability of colloidal dispersion
dispersion,suspension,emulsions & ointments.
- comminution of solids.
40. Hammer mill
Principle
- The Hammer mill consist of a central shaft to which
four or more hammers are attached,
- These are mounted with swivel joints,so that the
hammers swing out to radial position when the shaft
is rotated.
- The lower part of the casing consists of a screen
through which material can escape .
- The screen can be changed according to the particle
size required.
41.
42. Advantages
- Easy to use
- Versatile as it process a wide range of materials.
- Grain,high fiber,high protein
- Can be set up for very fine grinding (90% - 60 mesh)
- Must be configured per application.
Disadvantages
- Heat build-up during milling is more.therefore,product
degradation is possible.
- Hammer mill cann’t apply to sticky,fibrous,hard
materials.
43. - The screen may get clogged.
- Many hammer mills vibrate & very noisy.
Uses
- Used in grinding spices,dried milk,sugar
agglomerate,cocoa press cake,dry fruits,dry
vegetables,extracted bones etc.