This document discusses various pharmaceutical engineering processes including distillation, drying, mixing, filtration, and centrifugation. It provides definitions of each process and diagrams to illustrate the construction and working of common types of equipment used for distillation (simple, flash, fractional, reduced pressure, steam, molecular, centrifugal molecular), drying (tray dryer, drum dryer, spray dryer, fluidized bed dryer, vacuum dryer, freeze dryer), mixing (double cone blender, V cone blender, ribbon mixer, sigma blade mixer, planetary mixer, propeller, paddle, turbine, silverson emulsifier), filtration (plate and frame filter press, filter leaf, drum filter, meta filter, cartridge filter), and centrifugation

1. Pharmaceutical Engineering
Introduction of chapters and
diagrammatic representation of
Instrumentation
S. I MAKRANI
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutics
Ali Allana College of Pharmacy Akkalkuwa

2. Distillation
• Distillation, process involving the conversion of a liquid into vapour
that is subsequently condensed back to liquid form.
• Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances
from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation.
• Distillation is defined as the separation of the components of a liquid.
mixture by a process involving vaporization and subsequent
condensation at another place.
• Examples of uses of distillation include purification of alcohol,
desalination, crude oil refining, and making liquefied gases from air.
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3. Simple distillation
Figure 26. Construction of Simple distillation 32

4. Flash distillation
Figure 27. Construction of Flash distillation 33

5. Fractional distillation
Figure 28. Construction of Fractional distillation 34

6. Distillation under reduced pressure
Figure 29. Construction of Distillation under reduced pressure 35

7. Steam distillation
Figure 30. Construction of Steam distillation 36

8. Molecular distillation
Figure 31. Construction of Wiped film Molecular distillation 37

9. Centrifugal molecular distillation
Figure 32. Construction of Centrifugal molecular distillation 38

10. Drying
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• Drying is defined as the removal of small amounts of water or other ·
liquid from a material by the application of heat.

11. Tray dryer
Figure 33. Construction of Tray dryer 40

12. Drum dryer
Figure 34. Construction of Drum dryer 41

13. Spray dryer
Figure 35. Construction of Spray dryer 42

14. Fluidised bed dryer
Figure 36. Construction of Fluidised bed dryer 43

15. Vaccum dryer
Figure 37. Construction of Vaccum dryer 44

16. Freeze dryer
Figure 38. Construction of Freeze dryer 45

17. Mixing
• Mixing is defined as a process that tends to result in a randomization of
dissimilar particles within a system.
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18. Double cone blender
Figure 39. Construction of Double cone blender 47

19. V cone blender
Figure 40. Construction of V cone blender 48

20. Ribbon mixer
Figure 41. Construction of Ribbon mixer 49

21. Sigma blade mixer
Figure 42. Construction of Sigma blade mixer 50

22. Planetary mixer
Figure 43. Construction of Planetary mixer 51

23. Propeller, Paddle
Figure 44. Construction of Propeller, Paddle 52

24. Turbine
Figure 45. Construction of Turbine 53

25. Silverson emulsifier
Figure 46. Construction of Silverson emulsifier 54

26. Filtration
• Filtration may be defined as a process of separation of solids from a
fluid by passing the same through a porous medium that retains the
solids but allows the fluid to pass through.
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27. Principle of filtration
Figure 47. Principle of filtration 56

28. Plate and frame filter press
Figure 48. Construction of Plate and frame filter press 57

29. Filter leaf
Figure 49. Construction of Filter leaf 58

30. Drum filter
Figure 50. Construction of Drum filter 59

31. Meta filter
Figure 51. Construction of Meta filter 60

32. Cartridge filter
Figure 52. Construction of Cartridge filter 61

33. Centrifugation
• Centrifugation is a unit operation employed for separating the
constituents present in a dispersion with the aid of centrifugal force .
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34. Perforated basket centrifuge
Figure 53. Construction of Perforated basket centrifuge 63

35. Non-Perforated basket centrifuge
Figure 54. Construction of Non-Perforated basket centrifuge 64

36. Semi-continuous centrifuge
Figure 55. Construction of Semi-continuous centrifuge 65

37. Super centrifuge
Figure 56. Construction of Super centrifuge 66

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