This study examines the causal linkage between the oil and gas (O&G) sector and construction industry in Malaysia from 1991-2010. It finds that the average output and growth of the O&G sector exceeded the construction industry over this period. Using Granger causality tests and unit root tests on annual time series data, the study determines there is no causal relationship between the sectors - i.e. growth in O&G does not lead to growth in construction or vice versa. The sectors are found to be independent over the study period.
Impact of Building Envelope Modification on Energy Performance of High-Rise A...drboon
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the impact of building envelope modifications on the energy performance of high-rise apartments in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Three high-rise apartment buildings were modeled using EnergyPlus software to analyze the effects of thermal insulation and glazing type on potential energy savings. The study found that integrating passive envelope design measures like improved insulation and higher performing glazing could help reduce energy consumption and peak cooling loads in the apartments. Modifying elements of the building envelope, especially the walls and windows, may enable significant energy savings potential for high-rise residential buildings in hot and humid climates.
Perspective View of Stakeholders into the Impact of Construction Industries D...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this paper is to explore the views of developers about the impact of construction industries development on the environment to ascertain feasibility practice of sustainable construction principles. A survey of developers registered with REHDA community was conducted to assess their views on the impact of construction industries development on the environment when implementation of their projects. Results reveal that environment problems are the effect of construction industries development. Furthermore, results identified a need for adopting environmental sound management approach in construction projects. Developers are very important people, who can play a significant role in planning and implementing sustainability strategies for the construction sector so environment and natural energies can be preserved for good. Cross-section views of these developers form the basis of this study, thus, it was a cross-sectional study based on the relationship of construction industries with environment within Penang. The study magnified the effect of localized construction industries into the environment, which was concurrent with the worldwide issues happening in the contemporary environment. The study of these relationships explores the current environmental practices in depth and incurs the attention of implementation of sustainability performance in built environment.
A var analysis of the relationship between energyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. It finds that:
1) Nigeria has significant energy potential from various renewable resources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass, but much of this potential remains untapped.
2) Previous studies on the relationship between energy and GDP in Nigeria and other countries have shown evidence of both uni-directional and bi-directional relationships.
3) The current study uses econometric analysis to explore the impact of energy consumption on economic growth in Nigeria, finding that energy consumption has a bi-directional relationship with GDP growth and directly contributes to economic development.
11.measuring energy intensity in selected manufacturing industries in indiaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the energy intensity of seven major manufacturing industries in India from 1979-2004. It finds that the industries - cement, aluminum, glass, fertilizer, paper, iron and steel, and chemicals - have energy intensities well above the national manufacturing average. The energy intensity varies between industries and changes over time within each industry. Reducing energy intensity in these industries could help lower India's energy demand and dependence on imports.
Measuring energy intensity in selected manufacturing industries in indiaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the energy intensity of seven major manufacturing industries in India from 1979-2004. It finds that the industries - cement, aluminum, glass, fertilizer, paper, iron and steel, and chemicals - have energy intensities well above the national manufacturing average. The energy intensity varies across industries and changes over time based on economic activities. The study aims to understand differences in energy consumption across these energy-intensive industries.
11.dynamic linkages between transport energy and economic growth in mauritiusAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that investigates the relationship between transport energy consumption and economic growth in Mauritius from 1970 to 2010. It finds a unidirectional causality from economic growth to transport energy consumption in the long run, indicating that increased economic activity leads to higher energy use for transport. However, it also finds a bidirectional relationship between transport energy and investment, suggesting that restricting energy use could negatively impact investment and long-term growth. The article discusses the implications of these results for energy and climate policy in Mauritius.
Dynamic linkages between transport energy and economic growth in mauritiusAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that investigates the relationship between transport energy consumption and economic growth in Mauritius from 1970 to 2010. It finds a unidirectional causality from economic growth to transport energy consumption in the long run, indicating that increased economic activity leads to higher energy use for transport. However, it also finds a bidirectional relationship between transport energy and investment, suggesting that restricting energy use could negatively impact investment and long-term growth. The article discusses the implications of these results for energy and climate policy in Mauritius.
Impact of Building Envelope Modification on Energy Performance of High-Rise A...drboon
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the impact of building envelope modifications on the energy performance of high-rise apartments in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Three high-rise apartment buildings were modeled using EnergyPlus software to analyze the effects of thermal insulation and glazing type on potential energy savings. The study found that integrating passive envelope design measures like improved insulation and higher performing glazing could help reduce energy consumption and peak cooling loads in the apartments. Modifying elements of the building envelope, especially the walls and windows, may enable significant energy savings potential for high-rise residential buildings in hot and humid climates.
Perspective View of Stakeholders into the Impact of Construction Industries D...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this paper is to explore the views of developers about the impact of construction industries development on the environment to ascertain feasibility practice of sustainable construction principles. A survey of developers registered with REHDA community was conducted to assess their views on the impact of construction industries development on the environment when implementation of their projects. Results reveal that environment problems are the effect of construction industries development. Furthermore, results identified a need for adopting environmental sound management approach in construction projects. Developers are very important people, who can play a significant role in planning and implementing sustainability strategies for the construction sector so environment and natural energies can be preserved for good. Cross-section views of these developers form the basis of this study, thus, it was a cross-sectional study based on the relationship of construction industries with environment within Penang. The study magnified the effect of localized construction industries into the environment, which was concurrent with the worldwide issues happening in the contemporary environment. The study of these relationships explores the current environmental practices in depth and incurs the attention of implementation of sustainability performance in built environment.
A var analysis of the relationship between energyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. It finds that:
1) Nigeria has significant energy potential from various renewable resources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass, but much of this potential remains untapped.
2) Previous studies on the relationship between energy and GDP in Nigeria and other countries have shown evidence of both uni-directional and bi-directional relationships.
3) The current study uses econometric analysis to explore the impact of energy consumption on economic growth in Nigeria, finding that energy consumption has a bi-directional relationship with GDP growth and directly contributes to economic development.
11.measuring energy intensity in selected manufacturing industries in indiaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the energy intensity of seven major manufacturing industries in India from 1979-2004. It finds that the industries - cement, aluminum, glass, fertilizer, paper, iron and steel, and chemicals - have energy intensities well above the national manufacturing average. The energy intensity varies between industries and changes over time within each industry. Reducing energy intensity in these industries could help lower India's energy demand and dependence on imports.
Measuring energy intensity in selected manufacturing industries in indiaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the energy intensity of seven major manufacturing industries in India from 1979-2004. It finds that the industries - cement, aluminum, glass, fertilizer, paper, iron and steel, and chemicals - have energy intensities well above the national manufacturing average. The energy intensity varies across industries and changes over time based on economic activities. The study aims to understand differences in energy consumption across these energy-intensive industries.
11.dynamic linkages between transport energy and economic growth in mauritiusAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that investigates the relationship between transport energy consumption and economic growth in Mauritius from 1970 to 2010. It finds a unidirectional causality from economic growth to transport energy consumption in the long run, indicating that increased economic activity leads to higher energy use for transport. However, it also finds a bidirectional relationship between transport energy and investment, suggesting that restricting energy use could negatively impact investment and long-term growth. The article discusses the implications of these results for energy and climate policy in Mauritius.
Dynamic linkages between transport energy and economic growth in mauritiusAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that investigates the relationship between transport energy consumption and economic growth in Mauritius from 1970 to 2010. It finds a unidirectional causality from economic growth to transport energy consumption in the long run, indicating that increased economic activity leads to higher energy use for transport. However, it also finds a bidirectional relationship between transport energy and investment, suggesting that restricting energy use could negatively impact investment and long-term growth. The article discusses the implications of these results for energy and climate policy in Mauritius.
- The creative industry in Indonesia has grown each year as seen by increases in the value of creative exports and number of creative industry workers.
- There is a strong positive correlation between real GDP, the rupiah exchange rate, and the value of creative exports and number of creative workers, showing the creative industry contributes to economic growth.
- The creative industry provides opportunities for sustainable economic growth in Indonesia by increasing exports of unique cultural products and using local materials, which makes the industry less impacted by inflation.
The document discusses manufacturing opportunities in India and China's healthcare system. It outlines that India represents a large economic opportunity as its economy grows. Manufacturing in India has averaged 9% growth annually across sectors like metals, textiles, electronics, chemicals, automobiles and food. India also has a large skilled workforce and is working to attract more foreign direct investment. The document then discusses China's healthcare system which currently covers workers and staff through state medical insurance. China is undertaking major healthcare reforms through 2009-2011 to expand basic coverage to 90% of its population and reform drug and hospital systems.
The Indonesian secondary industry, also known as the manufacturing industry, has undergone changes in business environment and plays an important role in Indonesia's economic development. It involves processing raw materials into finished goods. Indonesia's manufacturing industry has experienced four phases of rapid growth since 1967, driven first by liberalization and then by government-directed industrialization and private sector growth. While the manufacturing sector employs only about 10% of Indonesia's workforce, it remains an important source of exported goods. The oil and gas processing and cigarette industries are currently the largest sectors. To strengthen manufacturing, Indonesia needs to improve productivity and efficiency through increased IT usage while considering environmental impacts.
Energy input, price and industrial output in pakistanAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the relationship between disaggregate energy consumption (oil, gas, coal, electricity) and industrial output in Pakistan using cointegration and causality tests. The results show:
1) There is a positive relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial output in the long run.
2) Bidirectional causality exists between oil consumption and industrial output.
3) Unidirectional causality runs from electricity consumption to industrial output.
4) Industrial output causes coal consumption but there is no causality between gas consumption and output.
The government needs innovative energy policies to meet future energy demand and promote clean industrial growth using alternative energy sources like solar and wind.
The document discusses the sectoral distribution of the Indian economy. It is divided into three main sectors: the primary sector involves activities like agriculture, fishing, mining and forestry; the secondary sector includes industries like steel, textiles, energy and manufacturing; the tertiary sector or service sector involves industries like banking, insurance, hotels and airlines. The primary sector's contribution to GDP has declined from 50% in 1970 to around 25% now, while the secondary and tertiary sectors have grown in their share of the Indian economy.
The document provides background on Nigeria's economic challenges since the 1980s oil market crash, including high exchange rates, unemployment, underutilized manufacturing capacity, and declining agricultural sector and living standards. It discusses how the manufacturing sector can help diversify the economy and generate jobs and exports. The study aims to evaluate the manufacturing sector's contribution to economic growth by analyzing its performance and limitations, and recommending policies to improve productivity and growth. It will cover 1980-2014 and assess factors like manufacturing production, capacity utilization, exchange rates, government spending, and GDP.
This document summarizes a paper about earthquake risk to industry in Istanbul, Turkey. It discusses:
1) Istanbul contains 40% of Turkey's industrial facilities and 30% of its industrial workforce, making industrial earthquake risk management important.
2) A 1999 earthquake in Kocaeli caused $1.5-3.5 billion in insured losses to industry, showing Istanbul's industrial areas would likely face major damage and losses from a large quake.
3) The paper presents an inventory of Istanbul's industrial sectors and facilities to assess potential earthquake impacts and losses to inform better risk management and mitigation.
Construction project and change order management contemporary affirmIAEME Publication
This document provides a summary of the literature on construction project and change order management. It begins with an introduction to construction project management and the unique characteristics of construction projects. It then discusses contemporary research on change request and order management. Construction projects experience many changes for various reasons, so effective change management is important to control costs and schedules. The literature review identifies common causes of changes such as design errors, owner requests, and market conditions. It also examines the impacts of changes, including increased expenses and delays. Future research directions are needed to better understand change formation and dynamic configuration management in complex construction projects.
India has experienced significant economic growth since independence, transitioning from a primarily agricultural economy to one with a growing services and industrial sector. However, it still faces challenges such as widespread poverty, inadequate infrastructure, and high fiscal deficits. Key economic indicators show GDP growth around 8-9% annually in recent years, but inflation and external debt are still of concern. Major industries include textiles, food processing, chemicals, cement, steel, software and mining. The future outlook is positive if India can maintain high growth, but challenges include rising global competition, developing infrastructure, improving education and skills training, and reducing social issues like poverty and corruption.
finished THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WITH C...Eric Mwangi
1) The document discusses the role of environmental engineering in promoting economic development in Kenya. It provides the case studies of Konza Techno City, the Standard Gauge Railway, and developing an underground water aquifer in Turkana County.
2) Konza Techno City is envisioned as a technology hub in Kenya. Its construction and infrastructure will directly impact the environment through resource use and waste generation. Proper management will be needed to mitigate these impacts.
3) The Standard Gauge Railway project aims to spur economic growth through improved transportation. However, its construction may damage the environment if precautions are not taken.
4) Developing an underground water source in Turkana County could boost the
Zoran Aralica - Green Industrial ApproachGreen Academy
1) Croatia experienced long-term economic decline between 1980-2013, with low growth, declining employment, and debt increases. Traditional industries like manufacturing declined while real estate and construction grew.
2) Weak institutions, a small domestic market after Yugoslavia's breakup, and a focus on locations rather than development hindered Croatia's economic transition. R&D investment and innovation were insufficient.
3) Recent EU policies promote smart, sustainable and inclusive growth through industrial modernization, boosting key technologies, and strengthening markets. Green growth aims to decouple economic growth from resource use and pollution.
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture on industrialization and sustainability. It discusses key topics such as the necessity of industrialization, challenges for industry, critical issues like population growth and resource constraints, the sustainable industrialization process, and balancing technical progress with environmental sustainability. Global trends in industrialization are also examined, including the transformation to more innovative and localized production models.
The document compares various economic indicators between Germany and India over multiple years. It includes data on GDP growth, inflation rates, exchange rates, unemployment rates, budget revenues, government debt levels, and the sectoral contribution to GDP. Charts are provided to show the trends in these indicators between the two countries from 1999-2013. Sources from websites like the World Bank, IMF, CIA World Factbook, and others are cited.
This document provides an assessment of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting practices in China's mining and minerals industry from 2007 to 2010. It finds that while the number of disclosing companies has increased dramatically, the quality and substance of disclosures still needs considerable improvement. Chinese mining companies report some basic CSR information as well as topics unique to China, but reporting is still immature compared to global standards. The study uses a domestic Chinese sustainability reporting framework to analyze CSR reports and annual reports of 176 mining companies. It concludes CSR reporting has gained attention in China's mining industry but must engage more substantively with stakeholders to be truly useful.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Efficiency of islamic banking industry in malaysiaazlina ahamat
This document discusses several studies on the efficiency of the Islamic banking industry in Malaysia. It provides background on the development of Islamic banking in Malaysia, beginning with the establishment of Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad in 1983 as the first Islamic bank. Several key points are summarized:
- Studies have found that Islamic banks in Malaysia have achieved levels of technical and cost efficiency that are comparable to conventional banks, though efficiency scores are sometimes lower for Islamic banks given they have less experience.
- Factors like bank size, credit risk, and operational costs can influence efficiency levels. Studies recommend Islamic banks find ways to reduce costs to improve efficiency.
- Customer satisfaction and aligning with Islamic principles (maqasid al-sharia
The document discusses key aspects of construction project management. It outlines the goals of construction projects as completing projects on time, within budget and meeting quality standards. It also describes different types of construction projects and important elements that go into managing a construction project successfully such as resources, logistics, financing, experience, professional development and consulting. Construction project management involves planning and executing all stages of a project from concept to implementation and operation.
This document discusses Malaysia's economy and electronics industry. It provides statistics showing Malaysia is a middle-income country ranked 26th overall in competitiveness. It also shows the top industries approving investment in 2011, led by transport equipment, and production amounts of active electronics components in various countries from 2006-2009, led by countries like the US, Japan, and South Korea. Tables also compare Panasonic and Samsung Malaysia in terms of products, prices, and promotion strategies. The market structure is described as a mixture of competition types and an analytical framework is presented.
Malaysia Automotive Statistics Full Year 2014Uli Kaiser
In 2014, 668,479 vehicles were sold domestically in Malaysia. The top 10 best-selling brands were Perodua, Proton, Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Mitsubishi, Ford, Isuzu, Mazda, and Hyundai-Inokom. The market share of vehicle sales by brand are broken down into rankings from 1-50, with the top brands maintaining their market leadership from the previous year.
In January 2015, 50,106 vehicles were sold domestically in Malaysia. Perodua, Proton, Honda, Nissan, and Toyota held the top 5 spots, accounting for the majority of sales. BMW, Mercedes, Hino, Volkswagen, and Suzuki rounded out the top 12 best selling brands. The document also lists the market share and sales rankings of other brands between 13-24 and 25-34 for January 2015 domestic vehicle sales in Malaysia.
Malaysia's Automation Sector: Pursuit of Opportunities and Shift of Industria...Solidiance
The market for Malaysia’s industrial automation vendors seem to have fallen into a state of idle uncertainty in which they will need to re-orientate and adapt in the market. Oil & gas, electronics and the automotive industries are facing rising costs and increased competition from neighboring markets.
Albeit high investments in 2014, the focus is now leaning towards chemicals and refinement of petroleum. In this white paper, Solidiance screened 198 automation vendors in Malaysia with 10 in-depth interviews on the business outlook and future industrial opportunities. The survey showed that firms radically turn away from manufacturing sectors such as oil & gas, and instead see the future in processing industries, e.g. chemicals and food processing.
- The creative industry in Indonesia has grown each year as seen by increases in the value of creative exports and number of creative industry workers.
- There is a strong positive correlation between real GDP, the rupiah exchange rate, and the value of creative exports and number of creative workers, showing the creative industry contributes to economic growth.
- The creative industry provides opportunities for sustainable economic growth in Indonesia by increasing exports of unique cultural products and using local materials, which makes the industry less impacted by inflation.
The document discusses manufacturing opportunities in India and China's healthcare system. It outlines that India represents a large economic opportunity as its economy grows. Manufacturing in India has averaged 9% growth annually across sectors like metals, textiles, electronics, chemicals, automobiles and food. India also has a large skilled workforce and is working to attract more foreign direct investment. The document then discusses China's healthcare system which currently covers workers and staff through state medical insurance. China is undertaking major healthcare reforms through 2009-2011 to expand basic coverage to 90% of its population and reform drug and hospital systems.
The Indonesian secondary industry, also known as the manufacturing industry, has undergone changes in business environment and plays an important role in Indonesia's economic development. It involves processing raw materials into finished goods. Indonesia's manufacturing industry has experienced four phases of rapid growth since 1967, driven first by liberalization and then by government-directed industrialization and private sector growth. While the manufacturing sector employs only about 10% of Indonesia's workforce, it remains an important source of exported goods. The oil and gas processing and cigarette industries are currently the largest sectors. To strengthen manufacturing, Indonesia needs to improve productivity and efficiency through increased IT usage while considering environmental impacts.
Energy input, price and industrial output in pakistanAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the relationship between disaggregate energy consumption (oil, gas, coal, electricity) and industrial output in Pakistan using cointegration and causality tests. The results show:
1) There is a positive relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial output in the long run.
2) Bidirectional causality exists between oil consumption and industrial output.
3) Unidirectional causality runs from electricity consumption to industrial output.
4) Industrial output causes coal consumption but there is no causality between gas consumption and output.
The government needs innovative energy policies to meet future energy demand and promote clean industrial growth using alternative energy sources like solar and wind.
The document discusses the sectoral distribution of the Indian economy. It is divided into three main sectors: the primary sector involves activities like agriculture, fishing, mining and forestry; the secondary sector includes industries like steel, textiles, energy and manufacturing; the tertiary sector or service sector involves industries like banking, insurance, hotels and airlines. The primary sector's contribution to GDP has declined from 50% in 1970 to around 25% now, while the secondary and tertiary sectors have grown in their share of the Indian economy.
The document provides background on Nigeria's economic challenges since the 1980s oil market crash, including high exchange rates, unemployment, underutilized manufacturing capacity, and declining agricultural sector and living standards. It discusses how the manufacturing sector can help diversify the economy and generate jobs and exports. The study aims to evaluate the manufacturing sector's contribution to economic growth by analyzing its performance and limitations, and recommending policies to improve productivity and growth. It will cover 1980-2014 and assess factors like manufacturing production, capacity utilization, exchange rates, government spending, and GDP.
This document summarizes a paper about earthquake risk to industry in Istanbul, Turkey. It discusses:
1) Istanbul contains 40% of Turkey's industrial facilities and 30% of its industrial workforce, making industrial earthquake risk management important.
2) A 1999 earthquake in Kocaeli caused $1.5-3.5 billion in insured losses to industry, showing Istanbul's industrial areas would likely face major damage and losses from a large quake.
3) The paper presents an inventory of Istanbul's industrial sectors and facilities to assess potential earthquake impacts and losses to inform better risk management and mitigation.
Construction project and change order management contemporary affirmIAEME Publication
This document provides a summary of the literature on construction project and change order management. It begins with an introduction to construction project management and the unique characteristics of construction projects. It then discusses contemporary research on change request and order management. Construction projects experience many changes for various reasons, so effective change management is important to control costs and schedules. The literature review identifies common causes of changes such as design errors, owner requests, and market conditions. It also examines the impacts of changes, including increased expenses and delays. Future research directions are needed to better understand change formation and dynamic configuration management in complex construction projects.
India has experienced significant economic growth since independence, transitioning from a primarily agricultural economy to one with a growing services and industrial sector. However, it still faces challenges such as widespread poverty, inadequate infrastructure, and high fiscal deficits. Key economic indicators show GDP growth around 8-9% annually in recent years, but inflation and external debt are still of concern. Major industries include textiles, food processing, chemicals, cement, steel, software and mining. The future outlook is positive if India can maintain high growth, but challenges include rising global competition, developing infrastructure, improving education and skills training, and reducing social issues like poverty and corruption.
finished THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WITH C...Eric Mwangi
1) The document discusses the role of environmental engineering in promoting economic development in Kenya. It provides the case studies of Konza Techno City, the Standard Gauge Railway, and developing an underground water aquifer in Turkana County.
2) Konza Techno City is envisioned as a technology hub in Kenya. Its construction and infrastructure will directly impact the environment through resource use and waste generation. Proper management will be needed to mitigate these impacts.
3) The Standard Gauge Railway project aims to spur economic growth through improved transportation. However, its construction may damage the environment if precautions are not taken.
4) Developing an underground water source in Turkana County could boost the
Zoran Aralica - Green Industrial ApproachGreen Academy
1) Croatia experienced long-term economic decline between 1980-2013, with low growth, declining employment, and debt increases. Traditional industries like manufacturing declined while real estate and construction grew.
2) Weak institutions, a small domestic market after Yugoslavia's breakup, and a focus on locations rather than development hindered Croatia's economic transition. R&D investment and innovation were insufficient.
3) Recent EU policies promote smart, sustainable and inclusive growth through industrial modernization, boosting key technologies, and strengthening markets. Green growth aims to decouple economic growth from resource use and pollution.
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture on industrialization and sustainability. It discusses key topics such as the necessity of industrialization, challenges for industry, critical issues like population growth and resource constraints, the sustainable industrialization process, and balancing technical progress with environmental sustainability. Global trends in industrialization are also examined, including the transformation to more innovative and localized production models.
The document compares various economic indicators between Germany and India over multiple years. It includes data on GDP growth, inflation rates, exchange rates, unemployment rates, budget revenues, government debt levels, and the sectoral contribution to GDP. Charts are provided to show the trends in these indicators between the two countries from 1999-2013. Sources from websites like the World Bank, IMF, CIA World Factbook, and others are cited.
This document provides an assessment of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting practices in China's mining and minerals industry from 2007 to 2010. It finds that while the number of disclosing companies has increased dramatically, the quality and substance of disclosures still needs considerable improvement. Chinese mining companies report some basic CSR information as well as topics unique to China, but reporting is still immature compared to global standards. The study uses a domestic Chinese sustainability reporting framework to analyze CSR reports and annual reports of 176 mining companies. It concludes CSR reporting has gained attention in China's mining industry but must engage more substantively with stakeholders to be truly useful.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Efficiency of islamic banking industry in malaysiaazlina ahamat
This document discusses several studies on the efficiency of the Islamic banking industry in Malaysia. It provides background on the development of Islamic banking in Malaysia, beginning with the establishment of Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad in 1983 as the first Islamic bank. Several key points are summarized:
- Studies have found that Islamic banks in Malaysia have achieved levels of technical and cost efficiency that are comparable to conventional banks, though efficiency scores are sometimes lower for Islamic banks given they have less experience.
- Factors like bank size, credit risk, and operational costs can influence efficiency levels. Studies recommend Islamic banks find ways to reduce costs to improve efficiency.
- Customer satisfaction and aligning with Islamic principles (maqasid al-sharia
The document discusses key aspects of construction project management. It outlines the goals of construction projects as completing projects on time, within budget and meeting quality standards. It also describes different types of construction projects and important elements that go into managing a construction project successfully such as resources, logistics, financing, experience, professional development and consulting. Construction project management involves planning and executing all stages of a project from concept to implementation and operation.
This document discusses Malaysia's economy and electronics industry. It provides statistics showing Malaysia is a middle-income country ranked 26th overall in competitiveness. It also shows the top industries approving investment in 2011, led by transport equipment, and production amounts of active electronics components in various countries from 2006-2009, led by countries like the US, Japan, and South Korea. Tables also compare Panasonic and Samsung Malaysia in terms of products, prices, and promotion strategies. The market structure is described as a mixture of competition types and an analytical framework is presented.
Malaysia Automotive Statistics Full Year 2014Uli Kaiser
In 2014, 668,479 vehicles were sold domestically in Malaysia. The top 10 best-selling brands were Perodua, Proton, Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Mitsubishi, Ford, Isuzu, Mazda, and Hyundai-Inokom. The market share of vehicle sales by brand are broken down into rankings from 1-50, with the top brands maintaining their market leadership from the previous year.
In January 2015, 50,106 vehicles were sold domestically in Malaysia. Perodua, Proton, Honda, Nissan, and Toyota held the top 5 spots, accounting for the majority of sales. BMW, Mercedes, Hino, Volkswagen, and Suzuki rounded out the top 12 best selling brands. The document also lists the market share and sales rankings of other brands between 13-24 and 25-34 for January 2015 domestic vehicle sales in Malaysia.
Malaysia's Automation Sector: Pursuit of Opportunities and Shift of Industria...Solidiance
The market for Malaysia’s industrial automation vendors seem to have fallen into a state of idle uncertainty in which they will need to re-orientate and adapt in the market. Oil & gas, electronics and the automotive industries are facing rising costs and increased competition from neighboring markets.
Albeit high investments in 2014, the focus is now leaning towards chemicals and refinement of petroleum. In this white paper, Solidiance screened 198 automation vendors in Malaysia with 10 in-depth interviews on the business outlook and future industrial opportunities. The survey showed that firms radically turn away from manufacturing sectors such as oil & gas, and instead see the future in processing industries, e.g. chemicals and food processing.
The document provides an overview of the construction industry, including its history, types of construction projects, major construction companies in India, and challenges facing the industry. It discusses how the construction industry involves building infrastructure through various project roles. It profiles several large Indian construction companies, including their areas of focus and engineering landmarks. It also analyzes strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the industry through a SWOT analysis. Some of the key problems facing the industry are a lack of trained manpower, managerial skills, and financing for small and medium contractors.
The construction industry consists of building infrastructure projects like buildings, roads, bridges, ports, and power systems. It is a major contributor to GDP and employment. Construction requires effective planning and coordination to consider factors like costs, scheduling, safety, and environmental impacts. The demand for construction is dependent on interest rates, financing availability, and government investment. The industry faces challenges like rising costs and stalled projects. However, increased government spending on infrastructure and policy changes are expected to benefit major construction companies and drive growth in the industry over the next few years.
Slides from Madani Sahari's talk on Malaysia's National Automotive Policy (NAP) 2014 & the automotive industry at the Asian Automotive World Class Manufacturing Summit 2015, Jakarta.
This document summarizes statistics and forecasts for the automotive industry in the ASEAN region from 2005-2021. It outlines key drivers of growth including increasing gasoline consumption, emerging electric vehicles and autonomous technologies, improving logistics performance, evolving tax regimes, investments in education and infrastructure, and national government policies. Production is forecasted to reach 6 million vehicles annually by 2020, led by Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Challenges include inconsistent policies, high taxes, and underdeveloped infrastructure in some countries.
Overview Of Agriculture Sector In Malaysiaranzcdadavao
The document provides an overview of Malaysia's agriculture sector. It is divided into two sub-sectors: the estate sub-sector which is highly commercialized and efficiently managed, and the smallholders' sub-sector which is less commercialized and efficient. The agriculture sector has transformed over time from being the main economic driver to now accounting for about 8% of GDP. The government aims to further increase competitiveness and productivity through policies that promote mechanization, commercialization, and value addition activities.
This document discusses economic bubbles, providing examples and theories. It focuses on the United States and Malaysian housing bubbles. Different types of bubbles are defined, including market, commodity, stock, and credit bubbles. The document outlines the history of bubbles like the tulip mania and dot-com bubble. Social psychology theories for bubbles are explained, and the effects of bubbles discussed. The US housing bubble and its causes are analyzed, along with the impact on employment. Malaysia's housing bubble is also examined, outlining factors like foreign investment and government efforts to manage supply and demand.
Developing essential oils in Malaysia - A list of potential oils to develop. (This is a 2006 presentation to MIFB Agro-Business Conference, PWTC Kuala Lumpur, July 2006)
Doing Business 2015: Going Beyond Efficiency, a World Bank Group flagship publication, is the 12th in a series of annual reports measuring the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 189 economies—from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe—and over time.
Doing Business measures regulations affecting 11 areas of the life of a business. Ten of these areas are included in this year’s ranking on the ease of doing business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing Business also measures labor market regulation, which is not included in this year’s ranking.
Data in Doing Business 2015 are current as of June 1, 2014. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms of business regulation have worked, where and why. This year’s report introduces a notable expansion of several indicator sets and a change in the calculation of rankings.
More >> http://goo.gl/6KiQ70
2009 04 Automotive Market Outlook Frost & SullivanAlvin Chua
A grim market condition awaits automakers, burdened with a huge pile-up of inventory, due to weak demand and have had to cutback significantly on vehicle production plans and profitability targets for 2009 since the advent of the economic slowdown. The uncertainty surrounding economic recovery and the continued lack of sufficient credit in the market is hurting sales and consumer confidence, which are key requirements for re-bound in positive sales.
This presentation provides Frost & Sullivan\'s perspective on how growth is expected to unfold in the next two years and what the opportunities under current market conditions are.
Take the opportunity to submit a question by sending an email to alvin.chuafrost.com and include the title of the event in the subject line.
Government Capital Expenditure and Manufacturing Sector Output in Nigeriaijtsrd
The study explored the effect of government capital expenditure on manufacturing sector output in Nigeria using time series data from 1981 to 2018. The manufacturing sector output taken as the total volume of inflation adjusted value of output produced by all the manufacturing industries was the dependent variable. The government capital expenditure was disaggregated into four functional expenses as capital expenditures on the road, health, communication, and power electricity . The annual time series data employed were analysed for unit roots using the augmented Dickey Fuller ADF , and regression techniques based on the Autoregressive Distributive Lag ARDL to determine the relationships. The findings revealed that capital expenditure on road infrastructure has a short run positive significant effect on manufacturing sector output, but an insignificant adverse impact on manufacturing sector output in Nigeria capital expenditure on health has significant impacts on the manufacturing sector output in Nigeria driving at negative in the short run and then positive in the long run capital expenditure on telecommunication has a significant positive impact on manufacturing sector output in Nigeria both in the long run and short run whereas capital expenditure on the power supply has an insignificant negative effect in long and short periods. The study hence recommended increased expenditure on road, health, electricity and telecommunication to boost the manufacturing sector propensity for growth and productivity. Okpala, Osita Victor "Government Capital Expenditure and Manufacturing Sector Output in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49683.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/49683/government-capital-expenditure-and-manufacturing-sector-output-in-nigeria/okpala-osita-victor
The document provides an overview of the International Energy Agency (IEA), including its mission to enhance energy reliability, affordability and sustainability. It lists the 31 member countries and 11 association countries of the IEA and notes the IEA examines issues across the full spectrum of energy through its work.
Economic structure & pattern of malaysia has been discussed in this assignment. Political parties, development procedure, etc. are discussed here in a decent way.
The document discusses Indonesia's economy. It notes that Indonesia has a well-structured economy due to balanced development across industries. While agriculture historically contributed significantly to GDP, the industrial and services sectors have grown. The economy relies on agriculture, manufacturing, and services for growth. It discusses recommendations to enhance key sectors like improving market access for agriculture, permitting foreign investment in manufacturing, and increasing support for education to develop the services sector. The conclusion is that Indonesia has grown strongly but faces challenges improving livelihoods, health, education, and regional interconnectivity to support domestic supply chains.
11.growth of industrial production in selected indian manufacturing industriesAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the growth of industrial production in selected Indian manufacturing industries between 1979-2004 to determine if it was driven by productivity growth or input accumulation. The key findings are:
1) Output growth in industries like steel, aluminum, cement, fertilizer, chemicals, and paper was mainly driven by input accumulation rather than productivity growth.
2) The growth rate of total factor productivity declined in most industries, especially during the post-reforms period of 1991-2004.
3) Economic reforms in the 1990s may have contributed to the changing pattern from productivity-driven growth to input-accumulation driven growth in these key Indian manufacturing sectors.
Growth of industrial production in selected indian manufacturing industriesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research article that examines the sources of output growth (productivity growth vs. input accumulation) in selected Indian manufacturing industries from 1979-2004. The study finds that:
1) Output growth in the industries studied was mainly driven by inputs accumulation, while the contribution of productivity growth was minimal or negative.
2) The growth rate of total factor productivity declined over time, especially during the post-reforms period beginning in 1991.
3) The changing pattern of output growth may be due to economic liberalization policies undertaken in the 1990s.
Energy Services Market: Conceptual Framework and Mechanism of FormingIJCMESJOURNAL
The energy services market is the youngest, compared to other types of energy markets, but also the most actively expanding worldwide in two priority areas: energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. At the same time, the incompleteness of the theoretical foundations substantially slows down its development. This paper provides an overview of the legal and regulatory frameworks associated with energy services market formation, brings together conceptual ideas and innovation studies from developed countries, and offers a theoretical foundations (model) of the energy services market formation based on the synergetic combination of energy systems requirements analysis and set theory. A new organizational structure of the energy services market clients’ interaction with energy-and-fuel markets, markets of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies and markets of consumers, as well as a new organizational mechanism for supporting the effective functioning of the energy services market based on a system of corresponding equations are proposed. In general, the proposed framework allows the researchers and engineers to define in more depth and more clearly the system-coordinated pathways to improve the energy services market functioning.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Consulting club presents 'The Indian Econonmic Outlook'Consultancyscmhrd
The document discusses the Indian economic outlook and provides statistics on key indicators. It summarizes that India has the 10th largest economy in the world by GDP. Several sectors of the Indian economy are discussed in detail, including agriculture, industry, services, banking/IT, telecom, healthcare, and infrastructure. While India has experienced strong growth in recent years, the economy has also slowed with GDP growth falling from over 8% to 5% and several sectors contracting. The document also notes trends of increasing foreign debt and decreasing foreign exchange reserves and budget/fiscal deficits as a percentage of GDP.
A var analysis of the relationship between energyAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. It begins with an abstract that outlines the study's objectives to investigate the direction of the relationship between energy and economic development using causality tests, as well as examine the impact of energy consumption on economic growth. The introduction provides context on energy's important role in development and standard of living. Nigeria faces issues of insufficient electricity supply and increasing demand. The literature review discusses concepts of energy as a critical factor of production and its role in supporting economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development. The study aims to empirically analyze the direction of causality between energy and GDP, and energy's contributions to Nigeria's economic development.
Jurnal Internasional – Dampak Energi Terbarukan Terhadap Ketenagakerjaan di I...Dani Gunawan
Sebuah permintaan global untuk energi telah memaksa banyak negara untuk mencari energi alternatif dan terbarukan . Efek diantisipasi pengembangan terbarukan adalah peningkatan lapangan kerja sebagai bagian dari penciptaan lapangan pekerjaan hijau baru , manfaat besar bagi Indonesia untuk mengatasi tingkat pengangguran yang tinggi . Makalah ini menjelaskan dampak pengembangan energi terbarukan pada penciptaan lapangan kerja di Indonesia .
This document discusses causes of cost overrun in construction projects in India. It first provides background on the size and importance of the construction industry in India. It then discusses common issues like delays, cost overruns, and deficiencies in planning, procurement and management that contribute to problems. The researcher conducted a literature review and identified major causes of cost overrun according to previous studies. These include inadequate project formulation, planning, contract management, and project management during execution. The researcher designed a study using questionnaires to identify and rank important causes of cost overrun from the perspective of clients, consultants, and contractors. The results would help determine which causes require the most attention.
Industrial growth and environment in bangladesh basharAbu Khairul Bashar
A country's economic and social development essentially depends on the industrial sector. A growing Industrial sector is a prerequisite for growth, employment creation and improvement in people's livelihood.
The contribution of this important sector to Bangladesh economy has been increasing. The contribution of the broad industry sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has increased from 17.31% in 1980-81 to 31.98% in 2013-14. The industrial sector plays a importance role for economic growth as well as rapid employment generation.
Surapong soponkij cluster growth and energy demand cld ai summitSurapong Soponkij
This paper uses system dynamics modeling to simulate the relationships between cluster growth, economic growth, and energy demand. It presents two reinforcing causal loops showing that cluster growth drives employment and government policy, and cluster growth promotes collaboration between research institutions and innovative SMEs. A balancing causal loop diagrams the interactions between various energy factors and how changes in energy requirements can bidirectionally impact energy consumption, price, and imports. The model suggests cluster growth and higher energy efficiency can enhance economic efficiency by reducing energy intensity and demand. Government policy aims to improve cluster energy efficiency and leverage infrastructure to support new industrial SMEs and regional development.
Basahr-Industrial Growth and Environment in BangladeshAbu Khairul Bashar
The industrial sector in Bangladesh has increasingly contributed to economic growth and employment generation over time. Starting from a low base after independence, sectors like RMG, pharmaceuticals, leather, and others grew in the 1980s-1990s. More industries emerged in the 2000s across electronics, ceramics, and others. However, rapid industrialization has also caused environmental and occupational health and safety issues that the government is working to address through training and new regulations.
Marine fisheries sector in promoting industrial growthAlexander Decker
This document discusses the role of the marine fisheries sector in promoting industrial growth and labor absorption in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. It begins by providing background on regional autonomy and how this has shifted authority over coastal areas and marine resource management from the central government to local governments. It then analyzes Gorontalo Province's 2000 input-output table to examine the linkages between economic sectors and the contribution of the marine fisheries sector. The analysis finds that the output multiplier for the marine fisheries sector is 155.380, meaning a 1 million rupiah increase in final demand for the sector would lead to a 155.380 million rupiah increase in total regional production. The sector also has a labor coefficient of 0.
Impact of CNG Load Shedding on Daily Routine: A Study of PakistanMuhammad Arslan
People of Pakistan are facing a number of problems due to CNG load shedding. This study investigated the consequences of energy on routines of people and also on social and economic performance of people. Primary data has been collected by conducting video recorded interviews and comment based interviews from twin cities i.e. Islamabad and Rawalpindi of Pakistan. The sample of study includes students, housewives, businessmen and professional workers who are affecting by this CNG shortage. This study focuses on relationship between CNG shortage and its effect on daily routine life and performance of people. It also focuses on psychological issues as well as the economic issues that are caused due to this shortage. This study utilizes in depth semi structured interviews to conduct the qualitative study. N-Vivo 10 is used as tool of data analysis. The CNG shortage in Pakistan caused many critical issues like unemployment, decrease in export contracts and commodities prices are increasing due to this shortage. Less working hours, lack of social and family gathering, increase in work load, depression and anxiety are results caused by CNG shortage. It is concluded that CNG shortage has bad impact on people’s lives and on their overall performance.
This document provides an ex-post critical evaluation of energy policies in Malaysia from 1970 to 2010. It analyzes key policies through the lens of historical institutionalism, tracing their origins and impacts. The analysis reveals three notable successes: 1) establishing PETRONAS as the national oil company, 2) reducing reliance on oil by growing natural gas production, and 3) creating an oil and gas industry ecosystem. However, dependence on non-renewable resources remains high despite renewable potential. The policies have had mixed results in shaping Malaysia's energy mix.
The document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) and its impact on the growth of India's manufacturing sector, specifically the electronic and automobile industries, following economic reforms in the late 20th century. It analyzes production growth rates in these two sectors between 2001-2012, finding a decreasing trend. However, FDI has allowed India to become an export platform in this period. The document reviews literature on the importance of manufacturing and technology for economic growth, and the role FDI plays in facilitating technology transfer. It aims to examine how FDI influenced production in India's automobile and electronics industries.
This document discusses construction and demolition (C&D) waste in India. It provides an overview of the construction industry in India and estimates that C&D waste in 2010 may be around 24 million tons. The construction industry is a major part of the Indian economy, accounting for around 7% of GDP, and materials such as concrete make up a large portion of construction costs and resulting C&D waste. However, India lacks adequate policies and practices for handling this waste, with landfilling currently the primary method.
Similar to Growth linkage between oil and gas and construction industry of malaysia (1991 2010) (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Profiles of Iconic Fashion Personalities.pdfTTop Threads
The fashion industry is dynamic and ever-changing, continuously sculpted by trailblazing visionaries who challenge norms and redefine beauty. This document delves into the profiles of some of the most iconic fashion personalities whose impact has left a lasting impression on the industry. From timeless designers to modern-day influencers, each individual has uniquely woven their thread into the rich fabric of fashion history, contributing to its ongoing evolution.
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Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...Neil Horowitz
On episode 272 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Brian Fitzsimmons, Director of Licensing and Business Development for Barstool Sports.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
Best Competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai - ☎ 9928909666Stone Art Hub
Stone Art Hub offers the best competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai, ensuring affordability without compromising quality. With a wide range of exquisite marble options to choose from, you can enhance your spaces with elegance and sophistication. For inquiries or orders, contact us at ☎ 9928909666. Experience luxury at unbeatable prices.
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Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
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Growth linkage between oil and gas and construction industry of malaysia (1991 2010)
1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Growth Linkage between Oil and Gas and Construction Industry
of Malaysia (1991-2010)
Raza Ali Khan1* Mohd Shahir Liew2 Zulkipli Bin Ghazali3
1. Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Malaysia ;
2. Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Malaysia;
3. Humanities and Management Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Malaysia;
* alikhan.raza@gmail.com
Abstract
Oil and gas sector has become very important and fundamental sector of any economy. Oil and gas are essential
and, high-value commodities for both developed and developing countries. These two products are indispensable
for industry, industrial process, and industrial output. The demand for these commodities are continues to grow
because of their various use and direct link to the industry and social well-being of the society. The two
characteristics high consumption and high value increases the hopes and expectations of governments, citizens,
local communities, and the oil and gas companies that provide the essential services of exploration, extraction,
and distribution. The construction sector play significant role to manage these activities. The objective of this
study is to describe and identify the causal link and the direction of the link between the Malaysian construction
industry (MCI) and oil and gas sector (O&G) of Malaysia over the period of 1991 to 2010. The Granger
causality technique is used to determine the effect of one sector to another sector. The outcome of the study is
neither O&G lead to MCI nor MCI lead to O&G. The O&G and MCI are independent and there is no causality
link between them during study period 1991-2010.
Keywords: Linkage, causality,
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduce the Problem
Oil and gas are essential, high-value products for both developed and developing economies. These commodities
are not only using for operating vehicles and home appliances but equally important for industrial process and
economic development of a country. The demands for these products are continually increasing due to
diversified consumption in modernized manufacturing sector. Oil and gas also use as a traditional source of
energy for such industry like chemical, metal, paper, plastics and oil refining industry. The two products have
direct links with economy and social well being of the society.
Oil and gas sector presumable has strong backward and forward linkage with other sector of the economy due to
its multidisciplinary nature, which implies that the development in oil and gas sector play important role in the
growth of other sectors. The growth in oil and gas sector generating the demand for the output of associated
sectors like the heavy machinery and equipment’s and different kinds of chemical that use in oil and gas industry
received from the manufacturing sector. The construction industry facilitates it by constructing heavy offshore
structure, building and platforms. Similarly the output of oil and gas sector consumed as input in the
manufacturing, construction and other sectors of the economy such as diesel fuel, motor oil, kerosene, jet fuel, ,
asphalt, paraffin wax, gasoline and many other commodities. Therefore it is necessary to understand the nature
of the link among the sectors. Particularly there is a need to conduct an empirical analysis for measuring the
nature of the relationship and direction of linkage between the sectors.
The purpose of this study is to examine the causal link between construction and oil and gas sector of Malaysia
and to find out the direction of link, whether there is a uni-directional or bi directional association between the
two sectors. The finding of the study is useful for government, policy makers, economic planning unit of
Malaysia and interested parties.
1.2 Oil and gas and construction industry of Malaysia
The oil and gas and construction are the two key sectors of the Malaysian economy. They have significant socioeconomic environment and manpower effect in the Malaysian economy.
The Malaysia is ranked 28th in the world in term of crude oil reserves and the 14th largest in term of gas
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reserves(CIA, 2012). It has approximately 615,100 km2 of acreage available for oil and gas exploration. The oil
and gas sector contributes approximately 40% of the nation’s total revenues. It is continuously rising and
expected to generate RM131billion in Gross National Income by 2020. Therefore it has been identified as a
significant sector for national economy under Malaysia’s Economic Transformation Program (Lee, 2013).
First Oil in Malaysia was discovered in 1909 and production started in 1910. Before 1975 oil companies had
exclusive rights to explore and produce resources and paid royalty and tax to the Malaysian government.
However 30 years ago the Malaysian government passed the Petroleum Development Act (1974). By this act oil
and gas resources considered as a state property and PETRONAS is the custodian of resources.(Razalli, 2005).
Since then the industry has developed and recognized as one of higher value economic sectors of Malaysia.
From 1974 to the end of 2011 the industry had contributed RM653 billion to the federal government and various
state governments of Malaysia (Lee, 2013).
The O&G industry of Malaysia is continuously engaged in developing the building blocks at each level of
production and consumption in such major sectors of the Malaysian economy like construction, agriculture,
manufacturing, and services, chemicals, and petrochemical industries.
The construction industry and construction professionals play a very important role in oil and gas industry. The
civil engineers have plentiful opportunities to contribute to the various aspects of the O & G industry, from frontend engineering design and construction of oil production facilities to the design and construction of heavy
structure oil refineries and chemical plants (Solbai, 2005).
The Malaysian Construction Industry (MCI) is another important and valuable industry of the Malaysian
economy. It plays a significant role in the development of Malaysia. The average contribution of MCI to GDP is
around 4%, which is relatively small as compared to other sectors of the economy. However it has a powerful
role in the growth and development of the other key sectors of the economy because of its strong backward
linkages. It approximately facilitates to 140 other industries of the Malaysia including O&G. Furthermore more
than one million people are engaged in this industry which is 8-9 % of total available work force (Malaysia
Economic Statistics Time Series, 2011)
In short the two industries O&G and MCI have a significant role in the socio- economic development of
Malaysia, generate considerable amount of foreign exchange, attract foreign investors and a generate good
amount of revenue for the Federal government in term of taxes and duties.
2. LITRATURE REVIEW
The growth in aggregate economy is the function of the sectoral growth rate in the economy, which is highly
depended on the linkages among the sectors of the economy (Hoen 2002 CHUSER). The rationale of linkage
theory is that an industry that has potential to motivate and improve the growth of the other sectors should be
given more attention to accelerate the overall economic development process (Saka & Lowe, 2010).
Today oil and gas has become an essential component of the industrialized and competitive world. The Petro
products have revolutionized human lives, improved standard of living and generating lots of revenue for oil and
gas producing countries. The O&G products support to grow a number of other key sectors of the economy
through its forward and backward linkages such as manufacturing, chemical and construction (Forde,
MacKenzie, Stuart, & Perrett, 2005).
The numbers of research studies are available on the role of the O&G sector in the economy and its linages with
the rest of the economy. In the light of available literature O&G industrial linkages can be divided into four
main categories (Fiscal, Environmental, Backward and Forward linkage).
(1) Fiscal linkages deal with resource management, revenue issues and social political and cultural incidences.
(2) Environmental linkages deal with environmental issues
(3) Forward linkages deal with pricing and supplying of industrial output
(4) Backward linkages deal with factor of production such as material, machinery, equipment and technology
(Griffin & H., 1986; Teka, 2011)
The available literature on backward linkage in the oil and gas industry suggests that spillovers between the oil
and gas and the aggregate economy arose in the manufacturing sector because the intermediate industry
development process takes place in the manufacturing sector. The manufacturing sector supply factors of
production like machinery, equipment, material and other technical inputs (Teka, 2011).
A study was conducted under the title “Forests and poverty alleviation. In: Food and Agriculture Organization”
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concluded that backward linkage of the O&G projects demanded input from the other sectors of economy at
different stages like designing and planning, installation and construction and operational stage (Sunderlin,
Angelsen, & Wunder, 2003). Similarly another study on backward linkage of oil and gas industry conducted by
Al-moneef (2006), pointed out that the backward linkages affect the oil and gas sector and its operation (Almoneef, 2006).
Hanson (2013) conducted study on linkage between the world oil price shock and the agriculture sector. The
main finding of this study is the oil price shock impact on agriculture is not limited to the direct and indirect
energy cost (Hanson, Robinson, & Schluter, 1993).
Gergeas (2009) submitted a report to Alberta Finance Enterprise under the title “improving construction
productivity on Alberta oil and gas capital projects” reveals the link between construction mega projects and
rapid growth in oil and gas sector of Alberta. The outcome of the report is a significant increase in the growth of
oil and gas sector in Alberta, Canada over the past decade setting a trend of constructing “mega” projects that are
both labour and capital intensive (Oyejide & Adewuyi, 2011).
The available literature suggests that O&G sector plays very strong role in the industrialized economy because of
its wide ranging linkages with the other sectors of the economy. However very few studies are available on the
nature of the linkage between construction and O&G sector. The objective of this study is to examine the
relationship and the causal link between MCI and O&G sector of Malaysia
3. Data and Methodology
The quantitative paradigm of research is used to examine the linkage between the concerned sectors (O&G and
Construction). The annual time series data of MCI and O&G growth for the period 1985-2010 is obtained from
the Department of Statistics Government of Malaysia. The descriptive statistical analysis is conducted to
understand the basic properties of data and making a comparison of the growth of the two sectors O&G and
Construction. The inferential statistical analysis used to measure the relationship and causal link between the
sectors. The data series are transformed in the natural logarithm form for causal analysis i.e. LOGS and LCONS.
The Granger causality model is used to know the direction of linkage between the LOGS and LCONS.
The basic requirement of Granger analysis is the variable series should be stationary and free from unit root.
Therefore unit root test for each variable series is conducted to satisfy the Granger causality assumption. The
most popular Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillip Peron (PP) tests are used here to examine the
stationary problem with the variable series. The equations for stationarity /unit root test are as under.
(1)
(2)
Where LOGS and LCONS are log series for growth of O&G and construction sectors respectively.
= LOGSt – LOGS1
= LCONSt – LCONS1
= drift term
T = trend in the series
The equation 1 is used to test stationarity and unit problem in LOGS series, while equation 2 is used to test same
problem in LCONS series.
The null hypothesis for equation one is LOGS series has unit root or stationary problem, s
lem, statistically H0:
=0
against the alternate hypothesis LOGS series is free from unit root statistically H1:
≠ 0. Similarly LCONS
th
series test with the null hypothesis that LCONS has a unit root problem H0:
= 0 against the alternate
≠0.
hypothesis H1:
Once series become stationary and free from the unit root than Granger causality analysis can be conducted. The
following causality equations are developed in the light of Granger causality model equations for testing the
causality between the concerned series LOGS and LCONS.
(3)
(4)
Where
LOGS = Log of O&G sector output series
LCONS = Log of construction sector output series
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Vol.
o.11,
and
d
= Uncorrelated error terms
The Granger causality between O&G and MCI can be determined by testing equation (3) and equation (4) for the
following null and alternate hypothesis.
Null hypothesis for equation (3) is LOGS does not cause LCONS, statistically H0: c1= 0 tested against alternate
hypothesis LOGS cause LCONS, statistically H1: c1 ≠ 0
Similarly null hypothesis for equation (4) is LCONS does not cause LOGS, statistically H0: c2 = 0
tested against the alternate hypothesis LCONS cause LOGS, statistically H1: c2 ≠ 0. Noted that if the c1 is
significant but c2 is not significant or vice versa implies that there is a uni directional relationship. If c1 and c2
both coefficients are significant for their respective equations imply that there is a bi-directional relationship
between the variables.
The decision regarding accepting or reject the null hypothesis is taken on the basis of the F-statistics. If the
estimated value of F-statistic greater than the F-critical at 1%, 5% or 10 % significance level, it represents reject
the null hypothesis and accept the alternate and vice versa.
4. Results and Discussions
4.1 Basic Fact of O&G and MCI
Table 1 depicts the basic statistical information about the two major industries O&G and MCI of the Malaysian
economy for the last two decades 1991-2010. The average output of the O&G sector during 1991 – 2010 was 3.6
times higher than the MCI i.e. RM.52201 and RM.14416 respectively. The average growth rate of O&G sector
was doubled and the average contribution to GDP was tripled as compared to MCI during the last twenty years.
The O&G sector of Malaysia is rapidly expanded during the last two decades. The average output of O&G
during 1991-2000 was RM27301 million, while in 2001-2010 it was RM 77101 million, which is three times
higher than 1991-2000. Similarly the average growth and average contribution to GDP were almost double in
the same period of time. The average growth rate of MCI during 1991-2010 was approximately 2% higher than
the O&G sector i.e. 7.22%, but it sharply declined in 2001-2010 and reached to 2.27% due to various reasons
such as global financial crises, lack of investment and support from the government, and completion of the heavy
structure running project..
Table 1. Comparison of Output, Growth and Contribution to GDP
Description
Average Output RM (Million)
Average Growth %
Average Contribution to GDP %
Total Output RM(Million)
1991-2000
OGS
CONS
27301
13508
5.78
7.22
9.65
4.77
273009
135083
2001-2010
OGS
CONS
77101
15324
11.6
2.27
16.2
3.41
771009
153246
1991-2010
OGS
CONS
52201
14416
8.69
4.74
12.93
4.1
1044018 288329
4.2 Correlation Test
The association of the two concerned sectors is examined through Pearson correlation technique and found that
that there is a moderate relationship neither strong nor week between O&G and MCI output during the study
period as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Pearson correlation
Sectors
O&GS
CONS
4.3 Unit Root Test
O&GS
1
0.43
CONS
0.43
1
Prior to conducting causality analysis, stationarity / unit root tests by using equation 1 and equation 2, are
conducted for each variable data series to satisfy the Granger causality test assumption and also determine the
order of integration of the variables series. As mentioned in the methodology section, ADF and PP test at level
and first difference are used to examine the unit root and stationary problem with the series. The Mackinnon
critical value used as a reference for rejection of the null hypothesis of a unit root.
Table 3 shows that the null hypothesis of a unit root statistically cannot be rejected at level for both data series
that implies the both variables have stationarity and unit root problem at the level. However at the first difference
of series unit root problem removed from the series and both variables series have become stationary. Both ADF
and PP tests reject the null hypothesis of a unit root at first difference and suggested that series are integrated
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order 1, I(1) mean there is a possibility of the long run relationship between the variables.
Table 3. Unit Root Test Results
Series
# of Lag
DF (Level)
ADF (First Diff.)
Without intercept
Without intercept
LOGS
0
2.108
-3.096***
LCONS
0
1.602
-2.522**
Steric ***and ** indicate significance at 0.01 and 0.05 levels respectively
PP (First Diff.)
Without intercept
-3.096***
-2.522**
4.4 Pair wise Granger Causality Analysis
The Granger causality results are obtained by testing equation 3 and equation 4 and reported in Table 4. These
results provide some interesting and surprising information about the two concerned sectors. The O&G and MCI
are independent and there is no causality link between them during study period 1991-2010. Neither O&G lead
to MCI nor MCI lead to O&G. The estimated value of F-statistics and corresponding p- value does not provide
significant evidence to reject the two set null hypothesis, even the changing in lag order has not able to change
the results.
Table 4. Granger Causality Results
Null Hypothesis
LOGS does not Granger cause LCONS
LCONS does not Granger cause LOGS
F- Statistics
0.3576
0.6402
Probability
0.7059
0.5430
Decision
Accept
Accept
5. Conclusion
The O&G and construction sector are the key sectors of the Malaysian economy, play a significant role in the
socio economic development of Malaysia. In the last two decades oil and gas industry of Malaysia rapidly
expand its output and contribution to GDP. It’s greatly affected the Malaysian economy through its backward and
forward linkages with other sectors of the economy. However this study concludes that the O&G sector of
Malaysia does not have an impact on MCI out output and similarly MCI does not influence the O&G sector of
Malaysia. Their behavior is indifferent to each other and there is a moderate correlation between the two sectors
means neither strong nor week during the study period.
Acknowledgements
This research was conducted with the support of Department of Civil Engineering Universiti Technologi
PETRONAS (UTP). The author would like to thank UTP for providing facilities and environment for conducting
research.
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