This document discusses modeling as a psychotherapy technique based on observational learning. It summarizes that modeling involves demonstrating desired behaviors for a client to imitate. The key processes of observational learning are attentional processes, retention processes, motor production processes, and motivational processes. Modeling can be presented live, symbolically through video/film, or through covert imagery. Imitation and vicarious learning are forms of modeling that can result in acquisition, strengthening, or weakening of behaviors. Factors like successful consequences, similarity between model and observer, behavior complexity, attention, context, repetition, and feedback impact modeling effectiveness.

1. Modeling
Dr. Khushboo
Ashokkumar Mishra,
Assistant Professor,
P. G. Centre of
Psychology,
Gaya College, Gaya,
Bihar
(A Constituent Unit of
Magadh University,
Bodh Gaya, Bihar)

2. Introduction
 Based on Observational Learning which was
propounded by Albert Bandura
 Modeling is relatively simple and is designed to
assist clients in learning new behaviour patterns
or in changing/modifying the undesired behaviour
patterns
 Modeling is a psychotherapy technique utilized to
produce changes in a client’s behavioural repertoire
by providing a demonstration of the desired
behaviour patterns and then affording
opportunities for imitation

3. Processes of Observational Learning
 First, Attentional Processes are important in that they
affect how much of an impact the modeled event will have
on the observer.
 Second, Retention Processes are involved, including
factors as symbolic coding of the modeled behaviour.
 Third, Motor Production Processes are important
influences in observational learning. Physical capabilities
of the observer/learner is important in this context
 Finally, Motivational Processes such as external
reinforcement, reward and punishment, and self-reward or
-punishment all are relevant to determining whether
observing a model will produce imitation.

4. Presentation of the modeled
behaviour
Traditional form involves a live (in vivo) model
demonstrating the desired responses.
Second is symbolic modeling which can be
achieved via the use of several different
modeling formats like video, films, slides and
so on.
Finally Covert modeling involves carrying out
the intervention via imagery.

5. Imitation involves simply repeating or
matching the demonstrated behaviour or
response.
Vicarious learning involves a change in
the likelihood of the targeted response
being imitated as a function of observing
the model being rewarded or punished for
engaging in the targeted behaviour.
Forms of Modeling

6. Effects of Modeling
Observing a model can result in the acquisition
of previously unlearned behaviours
It can result in a strengthening or weakening
of inhibitory responses, referred to as
inhibitory or disinhibitory effects
Modeling may evoke previously learned
behaviour patterns, referred to as the response
facilitation effect

7. Factors which influence the
effectiveness of modeling
 First, it must result in successful consequences for the model.
 Second, model must be similar to the observer.
 Third, the complexity of the behaviour modeled should be
appropriate.
 Fourth, the observer has to attend to the model to have an effect.
 Fifth, the modeled behaviour must occur within the proper
context.
 Sixth, the modeled behaviour should be repeated as frequently as
necessary.
 Finally, the observer should be given opportunities to imitate the
modeled behaviour, with corrective and positive feedback provided.

8. Thank You