This document provides information on personal protective equipment (PPE) for chemical emergencies. It discusses the need for PPE, levels of protection from level A to D, types of protective equipment including respiratory, eye/face, skin, and noise protection. It also covers elements of a PPE management program including training, limitations of PPE, and medical management considerations like clearance levels and monitoring for PPE use. Basic decontamination procedures are outlined for victims and first responders, as well as considerations for decontaminating infants and children. Wound management guidance is also provided for nerve agent exposure.
This document provides guidance on the selection and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings. It outlines the goals and objectives of a PPE program, which include providing information on selecting and using PPE safely as well as practicing donning and doffing techniques. The document defines PPE and discusses OSHA regulations and CDC recommendations regarding appropriate use. It describes different types of PPE like gloves, gowns, masks, goggles, and respirators and provides details on proper use, doffing, and when to use PPE according to standard and transmission-based precautions.
This document discusses personal protective equipment (PPE) used in healthcare settings. It defines various types of PPE including gloves, gowns, masks, respirators, goggles, and face shields. It explains that PPE is designed to protect the wearer from injury or spread of infection. The document provides details on proper selection and use of PPE, including effective removal to prevent exposure. It emphasizes that the sequence of donning PPE is important, with gowns then masks/respirators, followed by goggles and gloves. Hand hygiene is emphasized before and after using PPE.
This document provides information on proper donning and doffing of personal protective equipment (PPE). It defines different types of PPE like gloves, gowns, masks, respirators, goggles, and face shields. It explains how to properly put on and take off each type of PPE to prevent the spread of infections. Key steps include hand hygiene, putting on items from clean to dirty, and removing items from dirty to clean. PPE must be worn correctly during patient care and removed carefully to avoid contaminating oneself or the environment.
Medical asepsis refers to practices that limit the transmission of disease-causing microorganisms between patients and their environment. Key methods of medical asepsis include isolation precautions, hand washing, use of protective equipment like gowns and gloves, disinfection of surfaces and equipment, and maintaining staff and patient health and hygiene. Isolation systems used in healthcare facilities include category-specific isolation, disease-specific isolation, and universal precautions based on CDC guidelines.
The document discusses principles for the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by public health practitioners. It defines PPE as specialized clothing or equipment worn to protect against dangerous or infectious materials. The document outlines various types of PPE including gowns, masks, respirators, goggles, gloves, and shoe covers. It provides guidance on properly donning and removing PPE to prevent the spread of infection. Maintaining good hand hygiene and properly disposing of used PPE are emphasized.
The document outlines standard safety measures that should be used in healthcare settings to prevent the transmission of infections. It discusses 19 different safety measures including hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe injection practices, waste disposal, and environmental cleaning. Adhering to standard safety measures helps control the spread of communicable diseases in hospitals and prevents cross-infection. Proper implementation of practices such as sanitation, sterilization, isolation protocols, and immunization are crucial for maintaining health and safety.
This document provides procedures for donning and doffing personal protective equipment (PPE). It outlines the correct order and steps for putting on (donning) a gown, mask, goggles, and gloves and taking off (doffing) gloves, goggles, gown, and mask. Safety tips are included to avoid self-contamination when wearing and removing PPE.
The document provides guidance on the selection, use, and reuse of personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. It outlines the recommended PPE for different levels of precautions, including contact, droplet, and airborne precautions. It describes how to properly don and doff different types of PPE like gowns, masks, respirators, gloves, and eye protection. It also provides tips for optimizing PPE availability and guidelines for rational reuse of equipment to address global shortages.
This document provides guidance on the selection and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings. It outlines the goals and objectives of a PPE program, which include providing information on selecting and using PPE safely as well as practicing donning and doffing techniques. The document defines PPE and discusses OSHA regulations and CDC recommendations regarding appropriate use. It describes different types of PPE like gloves, gowns, masks, goggles, and respirators and provides details on proper use, doffing, and when to use PPE according to standard and transmission-based precautions.
This document discusses personal protective equipment (PPE) used in healthcare settings. It defines various types of PPE including gloves, gowns, masks, respirators, goggles, and face shields. It explains that PPE is designed to protect the wearer from injury or spread of infection. The document provides details on proper selection and use of PPE, including effective removal to prevent exposure. It emphasizes that the sequence of donning PPE is important, with gowns then masks/respirators, followed by goggles and gloves. Hand hygiene is emphasized before and after using PPE.
This document provides information on proper donning and doffing of personal protective equipment (PPE). It defines different types of PPE like gloves, gowns, masks, respirators, goggles, and face shields. It explains how to properly put on and take off each type of PPE to prevent the spread of infections. Key steps include hand hygiene, putting on items from clean to dirty, and removing items from dirty to clean. PPE must be worn correctly during patient care and removed carefully to avoid contaminating oneself or the environment.
Medical asepsis refers to practices that limit the transmission of disease-causing microorganisms between patients and their environment. Key methods of medical asepsis include isolation precautions, hand washing, use of protective equipment like gowns and gloves, disinfection of surfaces and equipment, and maintaining staff and patient health and hygiene. Isolation systems used in healthcare facilities include category-specific isolation, disease-specific isolation, and universal precautions based on CDC guidelines.
The document discusses principles for the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by public health practitioners. It defines PPE as specialized clothing or equipment worn to protect against dangerous or infectious materials. The document outlines various types of PPE including gowns, masks, respirators, goggles, gloves, and shoe covers. It provides guidance on properly donning and removing PPE to prevent the spread of infection. Maintaining good hand hygiene and properly disposing of used PPE are emphasized.
The document outlines standard safety measures that should be used in healthcare settings to prevent the transmission of infections. It discusses 19 different safety measures including hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe injection practices, waste disposal, and environmental cleaning. Adhering to standard safety measures helps control the spread of communicable diseases in hospitals and prevents cross-infection. Proper implementation of practices such as sanitation, sterilization, isolation protocols, and immunization are crucial for maintaining health and safety.
This document provides procedures for donning and doffing personal protective equipment (PPE). It outlines the correct order and steps for putting on (donning) a gown, mask, goggles, and gloves and taking off (doffing) gloves, goggles, gown, and mask. Safety tips are included to avoid self-contamination when wearing and removing PPE.
The document provides guidance on the selection, use, and reuse of personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. It outlines the recommended PPE for different levels of precautions, including contact, droplet, and airborne precautions. It describes how to properly don and doff different types of PPE like gowns, masks, respirators, gloves, and eye protection. It also provides tips for optimizing PPE availability and guidelines for rational reuse of equipment to address global shortages.
Safety measures and precautions that should be followed in process industries include properly identifying and assessing the health and safety risks of chemicals, implementing control measures to limit worker exposure to hazardous chemicals, and ensuring chemicals and containers are properly labeled with hazard and safety information. Key risks to workers from chemicals include various diseases, injuries, and even death. A risk assessment should identify all hazards and evaluate risks to determine necessary precautions, which include substituting hazardous chemicals when possible, automating processes, enclosing processes, and protecting workers through personal protective equipment or avoiding direct contact with chemicals.
infection control in dental office by dr.k.ashok vardhan (mds)Ashok Vardhan
This document outlines key aspects of infection control in dental offices. It discusses the importance of infection control to protect patients and dental health care professionals from pathogens. It provides guidelines on standard precautions, personal protective equipment, instrument processing, sterilization, medical waste management, and maintaining water quality in dental unit waterlines. The overall goal of a dental infection control plan is to educate staff and implement protocols to prevent exposures and manage any potential occupational exposures.
Due to shortage of PPE in this covid 19 crisis we have to priortize our use of PPEs. also precautions to be taken while handling covid 19 suspect/patient.
This document provides guidance on selecting and using personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings. It outlines the goals of a PPE program which are to improve safety through appropriate PPE use. It defines PPE and outlines regulations and recommendations from OSHA and CDC on PPE use. The document describes different types of PPE like gloves, gowns, masks, goggles and respirators and provides details on proper donning, use and removal to prevent exposure to infectious materials.
This document provides guidance on the safe use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for the treatment of infectious diseases of high consequence. It covers a range of topics including relevant regulations, PPE components, considerations for use, donning and doffing procedures, operational considerations, and staff training. The target audience is trainers in healthcare settings. The document emphasizes that staff safety requires a comprehensive approach and proper training. Selection of PPE should be based on risk assessments and follow manufacturer's instructions. Regular training is important to ensure effective use of PPE and protect healthcare workers.
Biosafety barriers in labs include personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, masks, and gowns as primary barriers. Biological safety cabinets (BSCs) are also primary barriers that control hazards at their source. Secondary barriers include the laboratory structure, such as sealed perimeters, HEPA filters on exhausts, sinks for handwashing, and sealed containment areas. Proper facility design and construction help provide increasing levels of protection depending on the biological agent risk level.
Guidance for the selection and use of personalErum Virani
This document provides guidance on the selection and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings. It defines PPE and outlines regulations from OSHA and recommendations from CDC on appropriate PPE use. The document describes different types of PPE including gloves, gowns, masks, respirators, goggles, and face shields. It provides details on proper donning, use, and removal of PPE to prevent the spread of infectious materials and outlines PPE recommendations for standard and expanded isolation precautions. The overarching goal is to improve personnel safety through appropriate PPE use in healthcare environments.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), general laboratoryEugenia Leonova
Content structure:
1. Hazards in general laboratory
2. Chemical hazards classification
3. Sources to look for the hazard information
4. Safety regulation standards by OSHA
5. Standards for handling chemicals by OSHA
6. Standards for PPE by OSHA
7. PPE Recommendations by NIOSH
8. Standard Tests and Certifications
9. 5 Things to consider when choosing a PPE
The document defines standards and safety, and describes various types of safety including normative, substantive, and perceived safety. It then lists common safety measures such as root cause analysis, visual inspections, safety factors, training, and regulations. Specific standard safety measures for hospitals are also outlined, including physical environment, biomedical waste management, and standard precautions such as hand hygiene and personal protective equipment.
The document discusses standard precautions for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. It defines standard precautions as a set of infection prevention measures that should be used for all patient care. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, safe injection practices, and proper waste handling and surface disinfection. The document provides guidance on these standard precaution measures.
We can can minimize the risks of disease transmission to our self and to the patients in the dental office through carefully following the infection control and safety guidelines,
Dr. Hesham Dameer
Barrier technique personal protective equipment [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for appropriate use of personal protective equipment Barrier technique personal protective equipment
Dr. Nahla Abdel Kader.MD, PhD. Infection Control Consultant, MOH Infection Control Surveyor, CBAHI Infection Control Director,KKH.
1) The document discusses infection control and medical asepsis, including hand hygiene, isolation precautions, and caring for patients with multidrug-resistant organisms.
2) Key aspects of infection control are reducing transmission of infections, protecting patients and healthcare providers, and practicing proper hand hygiene.
3) Medical asepsis and isolation precautions aim to reduce the spread of organisms and prevent the transfer of infections between patients or from patients to healthcare providers.
Biosafety barriers in labs include personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, masks, and gowns as primary barriers. Biological safety cabinets (BSCs) are also important primary barriers that control hazards at their source. Secondary barriers include the laboratory structure like sealed perimeters, HEPA filters in exhaust systems, and specialized ventilation. Proper facility design and worker training are also crucial for effective biocontainment.
The document discusses workplace safety and personal protective equipment (PPE). It notes that many workplace injuries are preventable through the use of various safety strategies, including PPE. PPE includes equipment that protects the head, eyes, ears, face, respiratory system, hands, and feet from hazards like chemicals, falling objects, noises, burns, and other dangers. Proper use and maintenance of PPE is important to ensure worker safety.
This document discusses personal barrier protection for dental professionals. It outlines that barrier protection like masks, protective eyewear, gloves, and gowns are standard to prevent exposure to infectious materials. The key aspects of personal barrier protection covered are handwashing, protective overgarments, hair protection, masks, gloves, and protective eyewear. Proper use and disposal of each type of personal protective equipment is explained to minimize risk of contamination or exposure.
This document discusses personal protective equipment (PPE) used in laboratory environments. It notes that laboratories can involve exposure to pathogens, bacteria, viruses, and chemicals, making PPE necessary. PPE helps protect the body from injury or infection and addresses physical, electrical, heat, chemical, biohazard, and airborne risks. Common PPE used in labs includes lab coats, gloves, goggles, masks, and respirator. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends PPE like gowns, gloves, and respirators to prevent laboratory workers from being exposed to infectious diseases if other safety protocols are not followed. Proper donning and doffing of PPE is also emphasized.
This document discusses biological agents and biosafety. It describes different types of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. It outlines biosafety containment levels from 1 to 4 with increasing precautions. It also discusses classification of biological agents into four risk groups based on pathogenicity and treatment availability. The principles of biosafety cabinets are explained along with examples of engineering, administrative, and personal protective controls used to minimize exposure to biological hazards in laboratories.
The document discusses biosafety and biosecurity. Biosafety involves containment principles, technologies, and practices to prevent exposure to biological hazards and their accidental release. Biosecurity protects pathogens from threats. A hazard is something that can cause harm, while a threat is a person intending to cause harm. Risk is the likelihood of an undesirable event occurring, based on a hazard or threat. Laboratory biosafety focuses on preventing unintentional exposure or release of pathogens. Laboratory biosecurity protects and controls valuable biological materials to prevent unauthorized access. Common causes of laboratory acquired infections include equipment failure and human error.
This document discusses rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 era. It outlines the components of PPE including masks, gloves, gowns and describes their proper use. Face masks and respirators are discussed in detail, including the differences between medical masks and N95 respirators. Guidelines are provided for donning and doffing PPE correctly as well as extended use and limited reuse of equipment to address shortages. Proper sanitization of phones and other frequently touched items is also recommended.
Personal protective equipment guidance for the selection and use of ppe 2012Charles Brawley
The goal of the PPE program is to improve personnel safety through appropriate use of PPE. The document provides information on selecting and using various types of PPE, including gloves, gowns, masks, respirators, goggles and face shields. It discusses factors to consider for PPE selection such as the anticipated exposure, durability for the task, and proper fit. The document also provides guidance on properly donning, using, and removing different types of PPE to protect healthcare workers from exposure to hazardous materials.
Safety measures and precautions that should be followed in process industries include properly identifying and assessing the health and safety risks of chemicals, implementing control measures to limit worker exposure to hazardous chemicals, and ensuring chemicals and containers are properly labeled with hazard and safety information. Key risks to workers from chemicals include various diseases, injuries, and even death. A risk assessment should identify all hazards and evaluate risks to determine necessary precautions, which include substituting hazardous chemicals when possible, automating processes, enclosing processes, and protecting workers through personal protective equipment or avoiding direct contact with chemicals.
infection control in dental office by dr.k.ashok vardhan (mds)Ashok Vardhan
This document outlines key aspects of infection control in dental offices. It discusses the importance of infection control to protect patients and dental health care professionals from pathogens. It provides guidelines on standard precautions, personal protective equipment, instrument processing, sterilization, medical waste management, and maintaining water quality in dental unit waterlines. The overall goal of a dental infection control plan is to educate staff and implement protocols to prevent exposures and manage any potential occupational exposures.
Due to shortage of PPE in this covid 19 crisis we have to priortize our use of PPEs. also precautions to be taken while handling covid 19 suspect/patient.
This document provides guidance on selecting and using personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings. It outlines the goals of a PPE program which are to improve safety through appropriate PPE use. It defines PPE and outlines regulations and recommendations from OSHA and CDC on PPE use. The document describes different types of PPE like gloves, gowns, masks, goggles and respirators and provides details on proper donning, use and removal to prevent exposure to infectious materials.
This document provides guidance on the safe use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for the treatment of infectious diseases of high consequence. It covers a range of topics including relevant regulations, PPE components, considerations for use, donning and doffing procedures, operational considerations, and staff training. The target audience is trainers in healthcare settings. The document emphasizes that staff safety requires a comprehensive approach and proper training. Selection of PPE should be based on risk assessments and follow manufacturer's instructions. Regular training is important to ensure effective use of PPE and protect healthcare workers.
Biosafety barriers in labs include personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, masks, and gowns as primary barriers. Biological safety cabinets (BSCs) are also primary barriers that control hazards at their source. Secondary barriers include the laboratory structure, such as sealed perimeters, HEPA filters on exhausts, sinks for handwashing, and sealed containment areas. Proper facility design and construction help provide increasing levels of protection depending on the biological agent risk level.
Guidance for the selection and use of personalErum Virani
This document provides guidance on the selection and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings. It defines PPE and outlines regulations from OSHA and recommendations from CDC on appropriate PPE use. The document describes different types of PPE including gloves, gowns, masks, respirators, goggles, and face shields. It provides details on proper donning, use, and removal of PPE to prevent the spread of infectious materials and outlines PPE recommendations for standard and expanded isolation precautions. The overarching goal is to improve personnel safety through appropriate PPE use in healthcare environments.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), general laboratoryEugenia Leonova
Content structure:
1. Hazards in general laboratory
2. Chemical hazards classification
3. Sources to look for the hazard information
4. Safety regulation standards by OSHA
5. Standards for handling chemicals by OSHA
6. Standards for PPE by OSHA
7. PPE Recommendations by NIOSH
8. Standard Tests and Certifications
9. 5 Things to consider when choosing a PPE
The document defines standards and safety, and describes various types of safety including normative, substantive, and perceived safety. It then lists common safety measures such as root cause analysis, visual inspections, safety factors, training, and regulations. Specific standard safety measures for hospitals are also outlined, including physical environment, biomedical waste management, and standard precautions such as hand hygiene and personal protective equipment.
The document discusses standard precautions for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. It defines standard precautions as a set of infection prevention measures that should be used for all patient care. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, safe injection practices, and proper waste handling and surface disinfection. The document provides guidance on these standard precaution measures.
We can can minimize the risks of disease transmission to our self and to the patients in the dental office through carefully following the infection control and safety guidelines,
Dr. Hesham Dameer
Barrier technique personal protective equipment [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for appropriate use of personal protective equipment Barrier technique personal protective equipment
Dr. Nahla Abdel Kader.MD, PhD. Infection Control Consultant, MOH Infection Control Surveyor, CBAHI Infection Control Director,KKH.
1) The document discusses infection control and medical asepsis, including hand hygiene, isolation precautions, and caring for patients with multidrug-resistant organisms.
2) Key aspects of infection control are reducing transmission of infections, protecting patients and healthcare providers, and practicing proper hand hygiene.
3) Medical asepsis and isolation precautions aim to reduce the spread of organisms and prevent the transfer of infections between patients or from patients to healthcare providers.
Biosafety barriers in labs include personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, masks, and gowns as primary barriers. Biological safety cabinets (BSCs) are also important primary barriers that control hazards at their source. Secondary barriers include the laboratory structure like sealed perimeters, HEPA filters in exhaust systems, and specialized ventilation. Proper facility design and worker training are also crucial for effective biocontainment.
The document discusses workplace safety and personal protective equipment (PPE). It notes that many workplace injuries are preventable through the use of various safety strategies, including PPE. PPE includes equipment that protects the head, eyes, ears, face, respiratory system, hands, and feet from hazards like chemicals, falling objects, noises, burns, and other dangers. Proper use and maintenance of PPE is important to ensure worker safety.
This document discusses personal barrier protection for dental professionals. It outlines that barrier protection like masks, protective eyewear, gloves, and gowns are standard to prevent exposure to infectious materials. The key aspects of personal barrier protection covered are handwashing, protective overgarments, hair protection, masks, gloves, and protective eyewear. Proper use and disposal of each type of personal protective equipment is explained to minimize risk of contamination or exposure.
This document discusses personal protective equipment (PPE) used in laboratory environments. It notes that laboratories can involve exposure to pathogens, bacteria, viruses, and chemicals, making PPE necessary. PPE helps protect the body from injury or infection and addresses physical, electrical, heat, chemical, biohazard, and airborne risks. Common PPE used in labs includes lab coats, gloves, goggles, masks, and respirator. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends PPE like gowns, gloves, and respirators to prevent laboratory workers from being exposed to infectious diseases if other safety protocols are not followed. Proper donning and doffing of PPE is also emphasized.
This document discusses biological agents and biosafety. It describes different types of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. It outlines biosafety containment levels from 1 to 4 with increasing precautions. It also discusses classification of biological agents into four risk groups based on pathogenicity and treatment availability. The principles of biosafety cabinets are explained along with examples of engineering, administrative, and personal protective controls used to minimize exposure to biological hazards in laboratories.
The document discusses biosafety and biosecurity. Biosafety involves containment principles, technologies, and practices to prevent exposure to biological hazards and their accidental release. Biosecurity protects pathogens from threats. A hazard is something that can cause harm, while a threat is a person intending to cause harm. Risk is the likelihood of an undesirable event occurring, based on a hazard or threat. Laboratory biosafety focuses on preventing unintentional exposure or release of pathogens. Laboratory biosecurity protects and controls valuable biological materials to prevent unauthorized access. Common causes of laboratory acquired infections include equipment failure and human error.
This document discusses rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 era. It outlines the components of PPE including masks, gloves, gowns and describes their proper use. Face masks and respirators are discussed in detail, including the differences between medical masks and N95 respirators. Guidelines are provided for donning and doffing PPE correctly as well as extended use and limited reuse of equipment to address shortages. Proper sanitization of phones and other frequently touched items is also recommended.
Personal protective equipment guidance for the selection and use of ppe 2012Charles Brawley
The goal of the PPE program is to improve personnel safety through appropriate use of PPE. The document provides information on selecting and using various types of PPE, including gloves, gowns, masks, respirators, goggles and face shields. It discusses factors to consider for PPE selection such as the anticipated exposure, durability for the task, and proper fit. The document also provides guidance on properly donning, using, and removing different types of PPE to protect healthcare workers from exposure to hazardous materials.
The document discusses standard work precautions for healthcare workers, including standard and transmission-based precautions. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe handling of sharps, and cleaning/disinfection. Transmission-based precautions include contact, droplet, and airborne precautions depending on the transmission route. PPE selection is based on the anticipated risk of exposure to blood or body fluids and the precautions needed. Needlestick injuries can be prevented through safe practices like avoiding recapping and proper disposal of sharps.
The document discusses standard work precautions for healthcare workers, including standard and transmission-based precautions. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe handling of sharps, and cleaning/disinfection. Transmission-based precautions include contact, droplet, and airborne precautions depending on the transmission route. PPE selection is based on the anticipated risk of exposure to blood or body fluids and the precautions needed. Needlestick injuries can be prevented through safe practices like avoiding recapping and proper disposal of sharps.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to protect the body against contact with known or anticipated chemical hazards has been divided into four levels.
These levels have been established and agreed upon by the US EPA, US Coast Guard, OSHA, DOT, NIOSH, and other agencies.
Standard precautions are the minimum infection prevention practices that should be used for all patient care to protect healthcare workers and prevent the spread of infections. They include proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment like gloves, gowns and masks, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, safe handling of equipment and waste, and cleaning and disinfection of surfaces. Standard precautions aim to assume all patient body fluids could be infectious and help minimize exposure to hazards in the healthcare setting.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on COVID-19 safety protocols. It recommends actively engaging students by asking questions about blank slides before providing information. The presentation should be rerun multiple times to reinforce learning. It also includes slides on standard, droplet, contact, and airborne precautions; personal protective equipment; hand hygiene; respiratory etiquette; and sanitization procedures.
This document provides an overview of a training course on personal protective equipment (PPE). It discusses the importance of using PPE to prevent workplace injuries. The course contains several modules that cover specific PPE like head, eye, and foot protection as well as hearing, respiratory, and fall protection. It emphasizes that PPE should be used along with engineering and administrative controls and proper training. Hazard assessments are required to select the appropriate PPE for each job's hazards. Employers must provide and pay for required PPE and ensure it is properly worn and maintained.
This document discusses infection control guidelines for dentistry. It states that dental professionals are at risk of exposure to diseases through contact with blood or other infectious materials. By carefully following infection control and safety guidelines from the CDC, ADA, and OSHA, the dental team can minimize risks of disease transmission to themselves and patients. The document outlines various infection control procedures including hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, instrument sterilization, surface disinfection, and more.
This document provides objectives and information about chemical safety and hazard communication for an engineering chemistry module. The objectives are to identify hazardous chemicals, assess associated hazards, properly label containers, and implement spill response procedures. The discussion covers recognizing health and physical hazards, routes of exposure, toxicity levels, hazard labeling requirements, the NFPA diamond system, minimizing hazards through elimination, substitution and controls. Personal protective equipment like lab coats, gloves, glasses and respirators are also discussed. Proper spill response procedures for small and large spills are outlined.
The document discusses routine maintenance checks that should be performed on a vehicle weekly. It describes how to check fluid levels such as engine oil, transmission fluid, brake fluid, coolant, power steering fluid, windshield washer fluid, and battery acid level. Basic safety checks are also outlined like inspecting lights, glass, seat belts, tires, and for leaks. The proper locations and procedures for performing each check are explained. A diagram labels parts of the car related to routine maintenance. Performing these minor weekly checks can help reduce breakdowns and save money on repairs.
1) Occupational biohazards refer to infectious agents or hazardous biological materials that can harm workers' health directly through infection or indirectly by damaging the working environment.
2) Biological hazards in the workplace include viruses, bacteria, fungi, toxins, and other microorganisms that can enter the body through inhalation, contact, or ingestion and cause disease.
3) Controlling biological hazards involves proper use of personal protective equipment, good hygiene practices, sterilization procedures, and maintaining biosafety levels in laboratories commensurate with the pathogenicity of the microorganisms being handled.
Lab safety and regulations by dr.brahmesh, PG BIOCHEMISTRY, AMC, VIZAG, AP, I...Guntamukkala Brahmayesu
This document discusses laboratory safety regulations and guidelines. It outlines the responsibilities of both employers and employees to maintain a safe work environment. Some of the main hazards identified in clinical laboratories include chemicals, biological specimens, fires, electricity, and compressed gases. The document recommends various safety practices and use of personal protective equipment. It also describes U.S. regulations regarding occupational safety, including OSHA, and guidelines from organizations like NIOSH, NFPA, and NCCLS. Biological safety practices for handling infectious specimens are emphasized.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is required to prevent workplace injuries when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible. PPE includes equipment like safety glasses, gloves, earplugs, and fall protection. Employers must assess workplace hazards, select appropriate PPE, train employees on proper use, and ensure PPE is properly worn and maintained. Common hazards requiring PPE include chemicals, falling objects, sharp tools, extreme temperatures, and more. Proper PPE selection depends on the specific hazard and must be worn correctly to be effective.
infection-control _ standard precautions and transmission based precautions.pptxssuser69abc5
This document provides guidance on infection control precautions including standard precautions and transmission-based precautions. It discusses the chain of infection and outlines standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and respiratory etiquette. It also describes different modes of disease transmission and the corresponding transmission-based precautions for contact, droplet, and airborne diseases. Finally, it reviews regulations and recommendations for personal protective equipment and provides guidance on selecting and using PPE like gloves, gowns, and face protection in healthcare settings.
Ems tb 14 007 - Use of Medical Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Jeferson Espindola
This document provides guidelines for EMS providers on the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE). It defines the different levels of isolation precautions and their associated PPE components. The guidelines specify that EMS providers should wear gloves, gowns, and appropriate eye, face and respiratory protection when interacting with patients who may have communicable diseases. It also outlines the proper procedures for putting on and removing PPE to minimize risk of contamination. EMS providers are instructed to carefully follow these PPE guidelines and isolation precautions for every patient contact.
This document provides guidance on the selection and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings. It outlines the goals and objectives of a PPE program, which include providing information on selecting and using PPE safely as well as practicing donning and doffing techniques. The document defines PPE and discusses OSHA regulations and CDC recommendations regarding appropriate use. It describes different types of PPE like gloves, gowns, masks, goggles, and respirators and provides details on proper use, doffing, and when to use PPE according to standard and transmission-based precautions.
Advance planning and training are necessary to develop an effective Contingency Plan to protect workers and the community from emergencies. The plan should identify personnel roles and responsibilities, emergency equipment, medical procedures, decontamination protocols, site mapping, communication methods, and training for hazard recognition and response. Regular drills and critiques are needed to ensure all personnel are prepared to respond decisively in case of an emergency.
The document provides an overview of quantitative risk assessment (QRA). It defines key terms like risk, frequency, hazard, and incident. It describes the general steps of a QRA which include defining potential incidents, evaluating consequences, estimating frequencies, calculating risk, and identifying risk reduction measures. The document also discusses difference between QRA and HAZOP studies. It provides details on consequence analysis, frequency estimation, risk calculation methods like individual and societal risk, and limitations of QRA.
Basic of Instrumentation and Control | Gaurav Singh RajputGaurav Singh Rajput
This document provides an overview of a course on basics of instrumentation and control. The course topics include introduction to measurement and control concepts, pressure, flow, level and temperature measurement, control valves, process control loops, and control systems. The document defines key terms like process variable, controller, control loop components. It also describes types of control loops and control systems. Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) and common instrument symbols are discussed.
Lifting Plan | Lifting Plan for Different Process Equipment | Gaurav Singh Ra...Gaurav Singh Rajput
The document contains lifting plans for various loads, including a gate valve, concrete block, pipe bundle, big motor, valve dumper, five elbow spool, heat exchanger, and spool. For each load, the net weight is provided along with the required hitch arrangement, sling angle, hitch capacity calculation, and equipment needed such as wire rope slings, shackles, and safety equipment. The load must be lifted in a balanced condition and placed at the location identified by the test monitor.
The document discusses the history and importance of chocolate in human civilization. It notes that chocolate originated in Mesoamerica over 3000 years ago and was prized by the Aztecs and Mayans for its taste. Cocoa beans were used as currency and their cultivation was tightly regulated. The Spanish brought cocoa beans back to Europe in the 16th century, starting chocolate's global spread and popularity as both a drink and confection.
This document provides information about instrumentation symbols and Piping & Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs). It defines what a P&ID is, the different types of diagrams, and outlines the key elements of a P&ID legend including balloon symbols, instrument identification letters, loop diagrams, and field vs control room mounted symbols. The document emphasizes that P&IDs are a graphical representation of the instrumentation and process hardware, not scale drawings.
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Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Personal protective equipment
1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Need for PPE
• PPE Selection
• Levels of PPE
• Types of Protection
• Elements of a PPE Management Program
• Limitations of PPE
• Medical Management
o Levels of Clearance
• References and Additional Resources
Need for PPE
Personal protective equipment, or PPE, is designed to provide protection from serious injuries or
illnesses resulting from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other
hazards. Careful selection and use of adequate PPE should protect individuals involved in chemical
emergencies from hazards effecting the respiratory system, skin, eyes, face, hands, feet, head, body,
and hearing. No single combination of protective equipment and clothing is capable of protecting
against all hazards. Thus PPE should be used in conjunction with other protective methods, including
exposure control procedures and equipment.
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PPE Selection
The onsite incident commander will define the PPE ensemble required based on the conditions at the
scene. For first receivers and hospitals, PPE selection is based on the institution's chemical emergency
procedures.
2. • Guidance used for selecting appropriate PPE for chemical emergencies is available.
o For First Responder - OSHA/NIOSH Interim Guidance: Chemical - Biological -
Radiological - Nuclear (CBRN) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Selection
Matrix for Emergency Responders (OSHA, NIOSH, April 2005)
o For Hospital Providers - OSHA Best Practices for Hospital-Based First
Receivers of Victims from Mass Casualty Incidents Involving the Release of
Hazardous Substances (PDF - 1.93 MB) (OSHA, January 2005)
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Levels of PPE
Personal protective equipment is divided into four categories based on the degree of protection
afforded.
• Level A protection should be worn when the highest level of respiratory, skin, eye
and mucous membrane protection is needed. A typical Level A ensemble includes:
o Positive pressure (pressure demand), self contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA) (NIOSH approved), or positive-pressure supplied air respirator with
escape SCBA.
o Fully encapsulating chemical protective suit.
o Gloves, inner, chemical resistant.
o Gloves, outer, chemical resistant.
o Boots, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank; (depending on suit boot
construction, worn over or under suit boot.)
• Level B protection should be selected when the highest level of respiratory
protection is needed, but a lesser level of skin and eye protection is needed. Level B
protection is the minimum level recommended on initial site entries until the hazards
have been further identified and defined by monitoring, sampling, and other reliable
methods of analysis, and equipment corresponding with those findings utilized. A
typical Level B ensemble includes:
3. o Positive-pressure (pressure-demand), self-contained breathing apparatus
(NIOSH approved), or positive-pressure supplied air respirator with escape
SCBA.
o Chemical resistant clothing (overalls and long-sleeved jacket, coveralls,
hooded two-piece chemical splash suit, disposable chemical resistant
coveralls.)
o Gloves, outer, chemical resistant.
o Gloves, inner, chemical resistant.
o Boots, outer, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank.
• Level C protection should be selected when the type of airborne substance is known,
concentration measured, criteria for using air-purifying respirators met, and skin and
eye exposure is unlikely. Periodic monitoring of the air must be performed. A typical
Level C ensemble includes:
o Full-face or half-mask, air-purifying respirator (NIOSH approved).
o Chemical resistant clothing (one piece coverall, hooded two piece chemical
splash suit, chemical resistant hood and apron, disposable chemical resistant
coveralls.)
o Gloves, outer, chemical resistant.
o Gloves, inner, chemical resistant.
o Boots, steel toe and shank, chemical resistant.
• Level D protection is primarily a work uniform and is used for nuisance
contamination only. It requires only coveralls and safety shoes/boots. Other PPE is
based upon the situation (types of gloves, etc.). It should not be worn on any site
where respiratory or skin hazards exist.
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Types of Protection
There are many types of protective equipment, each with specific applications and use requirements.
Information on common elements of the PPE ensemble include:
• Respiratory
4. o Responders should use appropriate respirators to protect against adverse
health effects caused by breathing contaminated air.
NIOSH Respirators Guidance (CDC/NIOSH)
• Eye & Face
o Eye and face protection should protect responders from the hazards of flying
fragments, hot sparks, and chemical splashes.
NIOSH Eye Safety Guidance (CDC/NIOSH)
• Skin
o Skin protection should be used when responders may be exposed to harmful
substances.
NIOSH Protective Clothing & Ensembles Guidance (CDC/NIOSH)
• Noise
o Earplugs or earmuffs can help prevent damage to hearing. Exposure to high
noise levels can cause irreversible hearing loss or impairment as well as
physical and psychological stress.
NIOSH Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention Guidance (CDC/NIOSH)
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Elements of a PPE Management Program
PPE use requires the implementation of a management program. Some elements of an effective
program include:
• Respirator Use Certification and Fit Testing
o OSHA respirator fit testing (OSHA)
• Training - OSHA Training Information (OSHA)
o Proper donning of PPE
o Limitations of PPE
o Maintenance and Care of PPE
o Useful life of PPE, disposal
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5. Limitations of PPE
Decisions about PPE use must consider its limitations.
• Safety Hazards
o Restricted movement due to weight
o Restricted vision due to visual field limitations
o Difficulty communicating due to face protection
• Physiological/Psychological stressors
o Psychological stress resulting from confining nature of full suits
o Heat stress and risk of dehydration
o The highest levels of PPE generally cannot be worn continuously for more
than 30 minutes
• Management Requirements
o Need for a management program that ensures effective use of PPE
Facial hair interferes with proper fit of masks
Improper use, penetration/tears are potentially hazardous
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Medical Management
Because of the psychological and physiological stresses involved. PPE use requires medical
surveillance and clearance.
• OSHA Medical Clearance Questionnaire (OSHA)
• Levels of PPE Clearance
o Level 1 - Escape devices only
o Level 2 - Air purifying only (with dermal protection)
6. Screening- occupational and medical history, vital signs including
(BP), EKG, PE of cardio/pulmonary systems, spirometry, hearing and
vision screening
o Level 3 - Full spectrum of PPE
Screening - Level 2 evaluation plus Exercise tolerance test
(dependent upon and CV evaluation)
• Medical Monitoring for use scenarios
o Pre-entry
Record weight, vital signs
Record recent medical history
Compare to individuals baseline information per institution policy
Report any concerns to physician
Place identification tape with name and role on the back of the
responder
Complete safety check by a second person
Record the starting time PPE is put on
o During the event
Monitor staff time in PPE
Have second team preparing to relieve first team in PPE
o Post-entry
Decontamination
Record amount of time in PPE (general guideline is 30 minutes)
Record weight, vital signs
Ensure hydration
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References
1. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management. Personal Protection
Equipment (PDF - 96 KB) (Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management)
2. Fact Sheet: Personal Protection Equipment (PDF - 52 KB) (OSHA, 2006)
3. Personal Protection Equipment (PDF - 629 KB) (OSHA, 2003)
4. Safety and Health Topics: Personal Protection Equipment (OSHA)
7. Additional Resources
1. Personal Protection Equipment (OSHA)
2. U.S. Department of Transportation. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) (DOT)
3. Personal Protection Equipment Training (DHS)
Basic Decontamination
Set up Considerations
• Use pictorial and written posted instructions for victims to self decon when able, use locale-
appropriate multilingual signage.
• Double bag contaminated clothing etc. (place hearing aids, valuables in small bag). Place bag
in container by showers.
• Victims who are able may assist with their own decontamination.
• Children and the elderly are at increased risk for hypothermia - provide warm
showers, blankets.
• Privacy must be considered, if possible.
• The decontamination system should be designed for use in children of all ages, by parentless
children, the non-ambulatory child, the child with special needs, and also allow families to
stay together.
• Use step-by-step child friendly instructions that explain to the children and parents what they
need to do, why they are doing it, and what to expect.
• Take into consideration that infants when wet are slippery and will need a way to get them
through the decontamination process - i.e. plastic buckets, car seats, stretchers...
• Designate a holding area and provide staff to support and supervise the children.
• Recommended age appropriate staffing ratios for untended children:
o 1 adult to 4 infants
o 1 adult to 10 preschool children
o 1 adult to 20 school-age children
Washing Instructions
• If there will be significant delay to decontamination, have the victims disrobe (disposable
clothing kits should be available).
8. • Remove all clothing (at least down to their undergarments) and place the clothing in a labeled
durable 6-mil polyethylene bag (removal of clothing, at least to the undergarment level will
reduce victim's contamination by 85 %).
• If exposure to liquid agent is suspected, cut and remove all clothing and wash skin
immediately with soap and water.
• If exposure to vapor only is certain, remove outer clothing and wash exposed skin with
soap and water.
• The eyes must be decontaminated within minutes of exposure to liquid nerve agent to limit
injury. Flush the eyes immediately with water for about 5 to 10 minutes by tilting the head to
the side, pulling eyelids apart with fingers, and pouring water slowly into eyes. There is no
need to flush the eyes following exposure to nerve agent vapor. Remove contact lenses if
easily removable without additional trauma to the eye.
• If clothes have been exposed to contamination, then extreme care must be taken when
undressing to avoid transferring chemical agents to the skin - i.e. any clothing that has to be
pulled over your head should be cut off instead of being pulled over your head.
• Scraping with a wooden stick, i.e. a tongue depressor or popsicle stick, can remove bulk
agent.
• Cover all open wounds with plastic wrap prior to performing head to toe decontamination
(particular attention should be made to open wounds because cyanide is readily absorbed
through abraded skin).
• Flush the exposed skin and hair with plain water for 2 to 3 minutes then wash twice with mild
soap. Rinse thoroughly with water. Be careful not to break the patient/victim's skin during
the decontamination process.
• Caution - many people shower as they as they do it at home rather than conducting
a rapid decontamination of their bodies. Too aggressive scrubbing can lead to
further damage to skin and open wounds.
• Irrigate exposed or irritated eyes with plain water or saline for 5 minutes. Continue eye
irrigation during other basic care or transport. Remove contact lenses if easily removable
without additional trauma to the eye.
• Utilizing large amounts of water by itself is very effective (limit pressure in infants).
• If water supplies are limited, and showers are not available an alternative form of
decontamination is to use 0.5 % sodium hypochlorite solution, or absorbent powders such as
flour, talcum powder, or Fuller's earth.
9. • Sodium hypochlorite is not recommended for use in infants and young children.
• Certification of decontamination is accomplished by any of the following: processing
through the decontamination facility; M9 tape; M256A1 ticket; or by the Chemical
Agent Monitor (CAM).
• If still contaminated repeat shower procedure.
In cases of ingestion, do not induce emesis. If the victim is alert, asymptomatic, and has a gag reflex,
administer slurry of activated charcoal (administer at 1 gm/kg, usual adult dose 60-90 g, child dose
25-50 g). A soda can and a straw may be of assistance when offering charcoal to a child (consider
naso-gastric tube - if possible contact ED prior to use of NG tube in infants and children [risk vs.
benefit of inducing emesis with NG tube placement]).
Decontamination of First Responder
• Begin washing PPE of the first responder using soap and water solution and a soft brush.
Always move in a downward motion (from head to toe). Make sure to get into all areas,
especially folds in the clothing. Wash and rinse (using cold or warm water) until the
contaminant is thoroughly removed.
• Remove PPE by rolling downward (from head to toe) and avoid pulling PPE off over the head.
Remove the SCBA after other PPE has been removed.
• Place all PPE in labeled durable 6-mil polyethylene bags.
Decontamination of Infants and Children
• Video: Decontamination of Infants and Children (HHS/AHRQ, Children's Hospital Boston)
(Watch video)
o Decontamination of Children (HHS/AHRQ) provides a step-by-step decontamination
demonstration in real time, and trains clinicians about the nuances of treating
infants and children, who require special attention during decontamination.
Wound Management
• Link to Wound Management
References
1. Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook, 2nd edition, September, 1995
2. Braue EH, Boardman CH. Decontamination of Chemical Casualties
3. Jagminas L. CBRNE - Chemical Decontamination (eMedicine)
10. Nerve Agents Wound Management
• Following total body decontamination the plastic wrap is removed and the wounds
are flushed. Bandages are replaced only if bleeding reoccurs. Tourniquets are
replaced with clean tourniquets and the sites of the original tourniquets are
decontaminated. Splints are thoroughly decontaminated (removed only by a
physician).
• The new dressings are removed in the operating room and submerged in a 5%
solution of hypochlorite or placed in a plastic bag and sealed
• The blood and necrotic tissue of the wound "buffers" the nerve agents. Nerve agent
that reaches viable tissue is rapidly absorbed. The potential risk from contaminated
wounds arises from chemical agent in the wound and from thickened agents
combined with the debridement process.
• Wound contamination assessment - The Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM) can be used
to locate contaminated objects within a wound (30 seconds are require to achieve a
bar reading). The CAM detects vapor, but may not detect a thickened agent or liquid
on a foreign body.
• Thickened Agents
o Thickened agents are chemical agents that have been mixed with another
substance (commonly an acrylate) to increase their persistency.
o They do not dissolve as quickly in biological fluids, nor are they absorbed as
rapidly by tissue as other similar agents.
o Though the vapor hazard to surgical personnel is extremely low, contact
hazard does remain.
• Off-Gassing
o The risk from vapor off-gassing from chemically contaminated shrapnel and
cloth in wounds is low and not significant.
o There is no vapor release from contaminated wounds without foreign bodies.
o Off-gassing from a wound during surgical exploration will be negligible.
o No eye injury will occur from any of the agents (a chemical-protective mask
is not required for surgical personnel)
• Wound Exploration/Debridement
o No single glove material protects against every substance. Butyl rubber
gloves generally provide better protection against chemical warfare agents
11. and most toxic industrial chemicals (but not all) than nitrile gloves, which are
generally better than latex surgical gloves.
o Surgeons and assistants are advised to wear two pair of gloves: a nitrile
(latex if nitrile is not available) inner pair covered by a butyl rubber outer
pair.
o Thicker gloves provide better protection but less dexterity. Latex and nitrile
gloves are generally 4 to 5 mils thick (1 mil = 1/1,000 of an inch). The
recommended butyl rubber glove is 14 mils thick; if greater dexterity is
needed a 7-mil butyl glove may be worn. A study at the US Army Soldier and
Biological Chemical Command showed breakthrough times for distilled
mustard (HD) and sarin (GB) depended on glove material and thickness. N-
Dex (Best Manufacturing, Menlo, GA) nitrile gloves (4 mil) had a
breakthrough time of 53 minutes for HD and 51 minutes for GB. North (North
Safety Products, Cranston, RI) butyl gloves (30 mil) had a breakthrough time
of over 1,440 minutes for both HD and GB. The safety standard operating
procedure at USAMRICD for working with neat (referring to a chemical's neat
means it's full-concentration, undiluted state) agents requires a maximum
wear time of 74 minutes for HD and 360 minutes for G agents (volatile nerve
agents) and VX (a low volatility nerve agent) when wearing 7-mil butyl
rubber gloves over 4-mil N-Dex nitrile gloves. Wearing this glove combination
is recommended until users ascertain that no foreign bodies or thickened
agents are in the wound [2].
o Double latex surgical gloves have no breakthrough for 29 minutes in an
aqueous medium; they should be changed every 20 minutes (changing
gloves is especially important when puncture is likely because of the
presence of bone spicules or metal fragments).
o The wound should be explored with surgical instruments rather than with
fingers.
o Superficial wounds should be subjected to thorough wiping with 0.5%
hypochlorite and subsequent irrigation with normal saline or irrigation with
saline or water for an additional 5- 10 minutes [3]
o Removed fragments of tissue, pieces of cloth and associated debris must not
be examined closely, and quickly disposed of in a container of 5%
hypochlorite.
o Bulky tissue such as an amputated limb should be placed in a plastic or
rubber bag (chemical proof) which is then sealed.
12. o The wound can then be checked with the CAM which may direct the surgeon
to further retained material. It takes about 30 seconds to get a stable
reading from the CAM. A rapid pass over the wound will not detect remaining
contamination.
o The wound is debrided and excised as normal, maintaining a no-touch
technique.
o Hypochlorite solution (0.5%) may be instilled into deep non-cavity wounds
following the removal of contaminated cloth. This solution should be removed
by suction to an appropriate disposal container. Within a short time, i.e., 5
minutes, this contaminated solution will be neutralized and nonhazardous.
Subsequent irrigation with saline or other surgical solutions should be
performed.
o Penetrating abdominal wounds caused by large fragments or containing large
pieces of contaminated cloth chemically contaminated cloth will be
uncommon.
o Surgical practices should be effective for the majority of wounds in
identifying and removing the focus of remaining agent within the peritoneum.
When possible the CAM may be used to assist.
o Saline, hydrogen peroxide, or other irrigating solutions do not necessarily
decontaminate agents, but may dislodge material for recovery by aspiration
with a large bore sucker. The irrigation solution should not be swabbed out
manually with surgical sponges. The risk to patients and medical attendants
is minuscule. However, safe practice suggests that any irrigation solution
should be considered potentially contaminated.
o Following aspiration by suction the suction apparatus and the solution should
be disposed of in a solution of 5% hypochlorite.
o Instruments that have come into contact with possible contamination should
be placed in 5% hypochlorite for 10 minutes prior to normal cleansing and
sterilization.
o Reusable linen should be checked with the CAM, M-8 paper, or M-9 tape for
contamination. If found to be contaminated it should be disposed of in a 5-
10% hypochlorite solution.
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References
13. 1. Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook, 2nd edition, September,
1995
2. Braue EH, Boardman CH. Decontamination of Chemical Casualties
3. Jagminas L. CBRNE - Chemical Decontamination (eMedicine)