DRIVING_CORE_CBLM.pdf

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MAYCHENGCHANG TECHNICAL SCHOOL, INC.
DRIVING NCII

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INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-1
“CLEANING SUPPLIES, TOOLS/ EQUIPMENT”
INTRODUCTION
Today, cleaning is a very serious concern to have a well conducive
environment for living. Our home, working places and the whole
environment require serious treatment in order to give us clean atmosphere
where we can easily live.

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SOURCE:
https://quizlet.com/112069425/types-and-used-of-cleaning-tools-equipment-supplies-and-
materials-flash-cards/

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SELF CHECK 1.1-1
Choose the letter of the correct answer
1. Used for reaching and sweeping of floor without a stool.
a. Floor buffer
b. Cleaning detergent
c. Vacuum cleaner
d. Cobwebber
2. Surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with" cleaning properties in diluted
solutions that is also used in cleaning purposes.
a. Floor buffer
c. Vacuum cleaner
d. Cobwebber
3. Electrical appliance that is used to clean and maintain non-carpeted
floors.
a. Floor buffer
c. Vacuum cleaner
d. Cobwebber
4. Used to remove the contaminants of any tool and equipment
a. Scrubbing foam
c. Vacuum cleaner
d. Cobwebber
5. A device that uses an air pump to create a partial vacuum to suck up
dust and dirt
a. Scrubbing foam
c. Vacuum cleaner
d. Cobwebber
6. A garment that covers the whole hand of a person that performs
household services
a. Baking soda
b. Glove
c. Waste containers
d. Water hose

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ANSWER KEY 1.1-1
1. D
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. B

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“OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (OHS)”
INTRODUCTION
Occupational safety and health, also commonly referred to as health and
safety, occupational health and safety, occupational health, or occupational
safety, is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and
welfare of people at work.

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Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment
worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries
and illnesses. These injuries and illnesses may result from contact with
chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace
hazards. Personal protective equipment may include items such as gloves,
safety glasses and shoes, earplugs or muffs, hard hats, respirators, or
coveralls, vests and full body suits.
What can be done to ensure proper use of personal
protective equipment?
All personal protective equipment should be safely designed and
constructed, and should be maintained in a clean and reliable fashion. It
should fit comfortably, encouraging worker use. If the personal protective
equipment does not fit properly, it can make the difference between being
safely covered or dangerously exposed. When engineering, work practice,
and administrative controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient
protection, employers must provide personal protective equipment to their
workers and ensure its proper use. Employers are also required to train
each worker required to use personal protective equipment to know:
 When it is necessary
 What kind is necessary
 How to properly put it on, adjust, wear and take it off
 The limitations of the equipment
 Proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of the equipment
If PPE is to be used, a PPE program should be implemented. This program
should address the hazards present; the selection, maintenance, and use of
PPE; the training of employees; and monitoring of the program to ensure its
ongoing effectiveness.
Types of PPE you can use
1. Eyes
Hazards: Chemical or metal splash, dust, projectiles, gas and vapour,
radiation
Options: Safety spectacles, goggles, face screens, faceshields, visors

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Note: Make sure the eye protection chosen has the right combination of
impact/dust/splash/molten metal eye protection for the task and fits the
user properly
2. Head and neck
Hazards: Impact from falling or flying objects, risk of head bumping, hair
getting tangled in machinery, chemical drips or splash, climate or
temperature
Options: Industrial safety helmets, bump caps, hairnets and firefighters'
helmets
Note:
 Some safety helmets incorporate or can be fitted with specially-
designed eye or hearing protection
 Don't forget neck protection, eg scarves for use during welding
 Replace head protection if it is damaged
3. Ears
Hazards: Noise – a combination of sound level and duration of exposure,
very high-level sounds are a hazard even with short duration
Options: Earplugs, earmuffs, semi-insert/canal caps
Note:
 Provide the right hearing protectors for the type of work, and make
sure workers know how to fit them
 Choose protectors that reduce noise to an acceptable level, while
allowing for safety and communication
4. Hands and arms
Hazards: Abrasion, temperature extremes, cuts and punctures, impact,
chemicals, electric shock, radiation, biological agents and prolonged
immersion in water
Options: Gloves, gloves with a cuff, gauntlets and sleeving that covers part
or all of the arm

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Note
 Avoid gloves when operating machines such as bench drills where the
gloves might get caught
 Some materials are quickly penetrated by chemicals – take care in
selection, see HSE’s skin at work website
 Barrier creams are unreliable and are no substitute for proper PPE
 Wearing gloves for long periods can make the skin hot and sweaty,
leading to skin problems. Using separate cotton inner gloves can help
prevent this
5. Feet and legs
Hazards: Wet, hot and cold conditions, electrostatic build-up, slipping, cuts
and punctures, falling objects, heavy loads, metal and chemical splash,
vehicles
Options: Safety boots and shoes with protective toecaps and penetration-
resistant, mid-sole wellington boots and specific footwear, eg foundry boots
and chainsaw boots
Note:
 Footwear can have a variety of sole patterns and materials to help
prevent slips in different conditions, including oil - or chemical-
resistant soles. It can also be anti-static, electrically conductive or
thermally insulating
 Appropriate footwear should be selected for the risks identified
6. Lungs
Hazards: Oxygen-deficient atmospheres, dusts, gases and vapors
Options:
 Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE)
 Some respirators rely on filtering contaminants from workplace air.
These include simple filtering face pieces and respirators and power-
assisted respirators
 Make sure it fits properly, e.g. for tight-fitting respirators (filtering face
pieces, half and full masks)
 There are also types of breathing apparatus which give an
independent supply of breathable air, eg fresh-air hose, compressed
airline and self-contained breathing apparatus

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Note
 The right type of respirator filter must be used as each is effective for
only a limited range of substances
 Filters have only a limited life. Where there is a shortage of oxygen or
any danger of losing consciousness due to exposure to high levels of
harmful fumes, only use breathing apparatus – never use a filtering
cartridge
 You will need to use breathing apparatus in a confined space or if
there is a chance of an oxygen deficiency in the work area
 If you are using respiratory protective equipment, look at HSE’s
publication Respiratory protective equipment at work: A practical
guide
7. Whole body
Hazards: Heat, chemical or metal splash, spray from pressure leaks or spray
guns, contaminated dust, impact or penetration, excessive wear or
entanglement of own clothing
Options: Conventional or disposable overalls, boiler suits, aprons, chemical
suits
Note:
 The choice of materials includes flame-retardant, anti-static, chain
mail, chemically impermeable, and high-visibility
 Don't forget other protection, like safety harnesses or life jackets
SOURCE:
https://www.hse.gov.uk/toolbox/ppe.htm
http://www.oshc.dole.gov.ph/images/Files/OSH%20Standards%202017.pdf

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SELF CHECK 1.1-2
Multiple Choice (circle the correct answer):
1. Companies are required to
a. Provide certain types of PPE at no cost to the employee.
b. Train employees on the use of PPE.
c. Monitor and enforce the use of required PPE.
d. All of the above.
2. Eye protection should be
a. Durable
b. Not interfere with vision.
c. Kept in good repair.
d. All of the above
3. Bump caps
a. Have a ratchet suspension system.
b. Are designed to protect employees from falling objects.
c. Are rated at 20,000 volts.
d. None of the above.
True or False:
4. __________ Properly selected hand protection can protect employees from
burns, electrical shock, and chemical absorption.
5. __________ PPE must be inspected prior to use.
6. __________ The primary objective of PPE is to protect employees by
creating a barrier against workplace hazards.
7. __________ Personal protective equipment can protect employees from all
workplace hazards.
8. __________ Safety glasses used in conjunction with a face‐shield provide
the greatest level of protection when using grinding equipment.
9. __________ Cotton gloves provide superior protection against corrosive
chemicals.
10. __________ Foam earplugs provide greater protection than earmuffs.

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ANSWER KEY 1.1-2
1. D
2. D
3. D
4. T
5. T
6. T
7. F
8. T
9. F
10. T

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“MINOR ROUTINE CHECKS”
INTRODUCTION
Basic car maintenance saves you money and helps reduce the risk of a
breakdown.
These basic safety checks are easy to do and only take a few minutes each
week.
Basic safety checks
1. Check all exterior lights are working. This can be easily done in the
garage by checking their reflection against the walls.
2. Check that glass surfaces (including the mirrors) are clean and free
from chips, cracks, and scratches.
3. Check that the windscreen wipers and washers operate efficiently.
4. Make sure the horn works.
5. Test the handbrake to ensure it 'holds' the car on steep hills.
6. Check the condition of the seat belts. Make sure the webbing is not
worn, damaged or sun bleached. Test the mechanism by giving the
belt a sharp tug to make sure it locks.
7. Check tyre pressures, condition, and tread wear and depth.
8. Watch for oil or coolant spots on the garage floor. These could indicate
an emerging problem.
Fluid level checks
Engine
Check your engine oil weekly when the car is warm and on level ground.
Stop the engine and wait a few minutes for the oil to settle, remove the
dipstick and wipe it clean. Push the dipstick all the way in, wait a second,
and then withdraw it and check the level. The oil should be between the two
marks. Remember to push the dipstick fully in when refitting.
Automatic transmission
If your vehicle has a transmission dipstick (check your owner's handbook for
its location), check the fluid weekly in accordance with the instructions in
the owner's manual.

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If more fluid is required, add the recommended fluid through the dipstick
tube. Allow about a minute for the oil to stabilise before re-testing the level
with the dipstick.
Manual transmissions and automatic transmissions not equipped with a
dipstick are more difficult to check. Your mechanic should perform fluid
level checks on these transmissions.
Radiator coolant
Check the coolant level at least weekly. If your car is fitted with an
expansion / recovery tank check that the coolant level is at or slightly above
the 'minimum' mark when the engine is cold, or somewhere between the half
and 'maximum' marks with the engine at operating temperature. It's also
essential to regularly check the coolant level at the radiator when the engine
is cold. It should be full.
If your car doesn’t have an expansion tank, check that the water is within
about 25mm of the top of the radiator filler neck when the engine is cold.
Never open the cooling system when the engine is hot as you could receive
serious burns.
If more coolant is required, add a mixture of clean water and the
recommended coolant/inhibitor. Persistent coolant loss indicates a
problem, which your mechanic should check immediately.
Power steering
The level should be checked with the engine stopped, and after the car has
been driven for a while to warm the fluid. Check the car's handbook for
reservoir location, checking procedure and fluid type.
Brake and clutch fluid
On most cars you can see the brake and clutch fluid levels through the
transparent plastic reservoirs. If not, remove the cap and check the level
inside. The level should be maintained between the maximum and
minimum marks. Only top up the reservoir with new brake fluid of the
correct grade. The need for constant topping up indicates the possibility of a
leak that must be checked by your mechanic.
Windscreen washer
A plastic reservoir for the washer fluid is almost always mounted in the
engine compartment (check owner's manual for location). Fill the bottle with
clean water and, if you want, a special windscreen detergent. Do not use
household detergents for this purpose.

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Battery
The fluid level inside the battery should be maintained between the marked
levels, or about 5mm to 10mm above the plates. If it needs topping up, use
only distilled water. Do not smoke or use naked flames near a battery.
Battery acid is corrosive, so take care to wash off spills with plenty of clean
water. Make sure the terminals are clean and tight, and that the battery is
fixed securely.
SOURCE
https://www.racq.com.au/cars-and-driving/cars/owning-and-maintaining-a-car/car-
maintenance/routine-maintenance

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SELF CHECK 1.2-1
Label the parts of the car

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ANSWER KEY 1.2-1
A. Muffler
B. Fuel tank
C. Shock
D. Fuel pump
E. Brake drum
F. Air filter
G. Catalytic converter
H. Battery
I. Brake rotor
J. Alternator
K. Brake caliper
L. Headlight
M. Strut
N. Steering rack
O. Radiator

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“VEHICLE INSPECTION”
INTRODUCTION
Driving an automobile is one of the potentially most dangerous things people
do, but you can prevent certain problems if you know how to check your car
before driving. Visual inspections may prevent an accident caused by a
blown tire, and many other potential hazards.
Many people hit the road without knowing the basics. They go to driving
school to learn, pass the test, get their license and go on driving. Many do
not realize the danger that driving without the proper knowledge is crazy
and irresponsible. We see it all over the news, a poor driver with a stalled
vehicle, on the side of the road, struck by oncoming traffic because of the
mere fact the other driver can’t see the broken down vehicle. Sad indeed,
most of these tragedies end in fatalities that can be avoided if they knew
that the two pieces of reflector triangles at the back of your car were placed
there to save your life and possibly the life of the driver who can run you
over.
Regular checking the parts of your vehicle that experience the most wear
isn't just a good way to protect your own safety, but also that of others on
the road. There are lots of things you can check yourself. This starts with
the car's interior, for example by checking the seat belts, etc. Checking the

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exterior of the car is just as important. For example, you should regularly
check your tire pressure and tread depth to be sure they're good to drive on.
BLOWBAG
B – Brakes
 Brake Fluid – make sure it’s in the ―max‖ level. Have an extra bottle of
brake fluid in your trunk.
 Brake Pads – ask your mechanic if your brake pads are still good.
L – Lights
 Check your head lamps, brake light, signal light and park light if
they’re in good working condition
 Have extra light bulbs handy
 Have a handy emergency flash light in your compartment of trunk
O – Oil
 Have an oil change a week before the planned road trip.
 Verify is the oil level is in the desire level by using the oil dipstick
when the car has just stopped on a levelled surface. You will get
different reading in different situation. Try to have a situation that is
almost the same as driving a long trip.
 Have an extra litter of oil ready
W – Water
 Check the water level of the radiator
 Check the radiator for leaks
 Check the windscreen washer bottle, make sure there’s enough clean
water
 Replace the windshield wiper to make sure you have good traction
when wiping the windshield
B – Battery
 Check for corrosion on the battery terminal
 If you’re still using the maintenance type batteries make sure that
they are sufficient electrolyte liquid on each cell. Refill with distilled
water if the liquid level is low.
A – Air
 Check tire air pressure when tires are cold. Use a tire gauge to
measure air pressure. Refer to car manual for correct air pressure.
 Check your spare tire’s air pressure.
 Check your tires carefully and make sure there is no visible damage
such as a bulge or a hole.
 Check that the tire treads are not worn out.

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G – Gas
 Check your Gas gauge to get good gas level reading. If damage replace
immediately.
 Refer to manual what is the recommended gas type to use.
LIGHTS
A lot of people are unsure about their lights and when to use them at
various times of the day. There are few types of lights on your vehicle;
Headlights
There are two types of headlights—low beam and high beam. These lights
allow the driver to see the roadway in the dark, while also signaling to other
motorists that a car is present.
1. Low beam provides a light distribution to give adequate forward and
lateral illumination without blinding other road users with excessive
glare.
2. High beam provides an intense, center-weighted distribution of light
with no particular control of glare and should only be used when there
are no visible cars in front of you (coming or going).
Tail lights
Tail lights are required to produce only red light at the rear of the vehicle
and are wired such that they are lit whenever the headlights are on. This
helps drivers who are traveling behind you to recognize that you’re there and
how far ahead you are.
Signal lights
Also known as turn signals or ―blinkers‖ these are located in the front and
back of the car, beside the head and tail lights. When activated, they
indicate to other drivers that you’ll soon be turning (in the indicated
direction of the signal) and will most likely be slowing down to do so.
Fog lights
Located near the headlights, these lights and are generally mounted low in
order to prevent the light from refracting on the fog and glaring back toward
you (the driver). These should only be used during fog when normal
headlights are not effective.
Hazard lights
Also known as flashers, they are located in the front and back of the vehicle.
When turned on they admit a flashing signal to warn other drivers that
you’re experiencing a problem, are in distress, or warning of an immediate
danger (rocks in the road, slow funeral procession). They should only be
used as warnings of distress or traffic problems—never as stop signal or
illegal parking permit.

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Brake lights
Located to the side of your rear lights, they signal drivers that you’re slowing
down or stopping. Since they’re only activated when you apply the brakes
you don’t need to worry about misusing them. However, you do have to
make sure they are properly maintained and do not burn out.
Driving lamps
These are located inside the cab of your vehicle and are used to brighten the
cab for the passenger or driver to safely check maps or directions, or locate
items in the dark. They should never be used for long periods.
Side Lights/Parking Lights
These are the first level of lights as you turn your switch on, they light up a
little but not much, they are very dim lights traditionally used if you parked
your car on a dark country road. They highlight your vehicle a little but not
a lot and can be used during the day but you shouldn't rely on them in bad
weather or at night.
Daytime running lights
These lights are located in both the front and rear of the car and generally
turn on automatically; although in some cars you do have an option to turn
them off. They are designed to make you more visible to other vehicles, but
some drivers find them distracting in oncoming cars.
CAR MIRRORS
Mirrors allow you to observe what is happening around your car. They are
your most important visual driving aid, and are vital for safe driving. Their
purpose is to let you know what is happening behind, which is just as
important as knowing what is happening in front. You must use your car
mirrors frequently, and respond safely to what you see in them.
Interior mirror
Also known as the rear view mirror, This is usually a mirror made with flat
glass which gives a true picture of anything behind you. The image reflected
in such mirrors isn't distorted, which makes it easier to judge the speed and
distance of following traffic.
Most car mirrors have an anti-dazzle lever. This is for use at night so that
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As with all car mirrors, only adjust the interior mirror when the car is
stationary and you are seated in your normal driving position. Hold the
mirror at the edges to avoid finger marks. Adjust the mirror so that you get
the best possible view through the back window without having to move
your head. You should be able to frame the whole of the rear window in the
interior mirror, but, if you can't, make sure you can see the top right-hand
side of the rear window.
Exterior mirror
These are convex mirrors, which are made using curved glass. Convex
mirrors give a wider field of vision, however, they make judging the speed
and position of following traffic more difficult. Vehicles will appear smaller
and further away than they actually are.
Adjust the exterior mirrors so that you can get the best rear view with
minimal head movements. You should be able to see a small strip of the side
of the car, and the horizon should appear about in the middle of the mirror.
Correctly positioned
Too much sky
Too much car

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Correctly positioned
UNDER HOOD
During inspection items needing repair are located and documented
under hood and body inspections are done while car is on the ground Senior
personnel may work the ―lube rack‖ Better able to spot needed repairs.
Responsibilities include inspection, diagnosis, and documenting problems
Oil stick
Check the oil color and viscosity. The oil should not be excessively black or
too thick. If it is, you may want to change the oil. It is usually advisable to
let the engine cool for about five minutes before measuring the oil level. You
should also make sure the car is in a leveled surface. Check the oil level
using the ―oil stick‖ provided. If the oil level is low, add more oil to the
engine by unscrewing the oil cap
Radiator
Identify the radiator fluid reservoir is on your vehicle and check the coolant
level. If it is too low, you need to add more coolant. In this example, the fluid
was above the ―Low‖ line so no action was needed. Remove the coolant cap
and check the condition of the rubber sealing. If you find cracked or swollen
gaskets then the cap needs to be replaced. The cap usually indicates the
rated pressure. If you have the tools, you can pressure test the cap to detect
leaks in the cooling system.

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Air filter
The air filter protects the engine against abrasive particles in the incoming
air. Over time, the filter accumulates dust and if too dirty, it may become
ineffective.
Battery
Batteries contain sulfuric acid which is a very corrosive chemical. Inspect
the battery terminals and the area around the battery for signs of corrosion.
This may indicate a bad (leaking) battery. If needed, clean the area with
baking soda. Make sure the battery is firmly attached to the frame. A loose
battery may vibrate excessively when the car is running and eventually
loosen the battery terminals. Check the water level in each cell to make sure
is adequate. If you have a ―maintenance-free‖ battery, you don’t need to
check water level.

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Brake fluid
Check the brake fluid reservoir to make sure it is at the recommended level
in the owner’s manual. In this case, the owner’s manual recommended that
the fluid be at the ―MAX‖ level so we had to add more fluid to the reservoir.
Always check the manual for the correct type of fluid for your vehicle. Brake
fluid types vary depending on whether your car has ABS or not etc.
Inspect the fluid visually and make sure it is not muddy and that there are
no visible particles floating on it.
Fuse box
The fuse box is typically well marked and can be removed by removing a
simple latch by hand. Inspect the fuses visually first. If a larger fuse is
blown-up, you can usually detect it visually. The smaller fuses can be
verified using a multi-meter in Resistance mode (Ohms). The fuse should
read close to zero Ohm for a good fuse and a very high resistance (or infinity
mark) for a blown-up resistor. Some multi-meters have an audible
―continuity/diode test mode‖ that will beep if the fuse is good and will not
beep otherwise.

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Transmission fluid
Identify the transmission fluid reservoir (refer to the owner’s manual if
necessary). Make sure there fluid level is above ―MIN‖ or as recommended in
the manual. Add more fluid if needed.
Read the manual to determine the correct type of transmission fluid for your
car as this varies from vehicle to vehicle. Most manufacturers recommend
that you check the transmission fluid with the engine running and the car
on park, but there are exceptions. Once again, check your owner’s manual
to find-out the correct procedure.
Belts and hoses
Inspect your belts visually to make sure there are no cracks or fraying. Belts
should be replaced when these problems surface. Inspect all the visible
hoses and make sure they are not swollen or cracked. Check for fluid leaks
along the body of the hose and near junctions. Squeeze the hoses to get a
feel for their condition.
UNDER CHASSIS
A vehicle's under chassis have three main parts:
clutch, steering and suspension. Clutch connects the engine to the drive
shaft, to transfer power from the engine to the wheels. Steering steers the
wheels left or right. Lastly, the suspension absorbs shock while driving on
an uneven ground.

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Clutch
A vehicle's clutch has four parts: clutch pedal, clutch operating, clutch box
and clutch master. The clutch pedal is where a driver steps when changing
gears on his manual transmission vehicle. The clutch master connects the
drive shaft to the engine, letting the engine spin along with the wheel on a
non-zero gear in M/T. The clutch operating releases whatever gear is
connected to the engine and replaces it with a new one. Lastly, the clutch
box houses a big part of the clutch system.
Steering
A vehicle's steering has four parts: steering wheel, control arm, supporting
arms and wheel control. The steering wheel receives the steering action
directly from the driver, the control arm transfers the movement of the
steering wheel to the wheels, turning it left or right. The supporting arms
stabilize the control arm, to minimize unwanted movements and vibrations.
Lastly, the wheel control turns the rims left or right.

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Suspension
A vehicle's suspension has two parts: suspension within the wheel and out
of the wheel. Those two parts work together to make your ride as stable as
possible. The focus on the parts that wear out fastest trot connects the
suspension to the kingpin/ball joint. Coil spring and shock absorber are the
suspensions outside the wheel, while camber suspension is the suspension
within.

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SELF- CHECK 2.1.1
Multiple Choice: Underline the letter of the correct answer.
1. What is A in BLOWBAG?
a. Air
b. Absorber
c. Achievement
d. Awareness
2. Also known as blinkers these are located in the front and back of the
car, beside the head and tail lights. When activated, they indicate to
other drivers that you’ll soon be turning.
a. Headlight
b. Hazard light
c. Signal light
d. Tail light
3. It allows you to observe what is happening around your car. They are
your most important visual driving aid, and are vital for safe driving.
a. Lights
b. Mirrors
c. Horn
d. Chassis
4. Also known as the rear view mirror, this is usually a mirror made with
flat glass which gives a true picture of anything behind you.
a. Interior mirror
b. Exterior mirror
c. Mirror
d. Curve mirror
5. What are the three main parts of under chassis?
a. Radiator, air filter and battery
b. Lights, horn and mirror
c. Transmission, oil tank and belts and hoses
d. Clutch, suspension and steering

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ANSWER KEY 2.1.1
1. A
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. D

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TASK SHEET 2.1.1
Title: Inspecting vehicle lights
Performance Objective: Given, the materials and equipment, you
should be able to inspect lights of the vehicle
Supplies/Materials: rags, screwdrivers, pliers, electrical tape, bulb and
fuse
Equipment: car
Steps/Procedure:
1. Prepare materials and equipment before starting.
2. Insert the key on the ignition switch of the car.
3. Switch on the car.
4. Check the headlights, signal lights, brake lights/tail lights,
and fog lights.
5. Check the dimmer switch, signal light switch and hazard
switch.
6. Check fuse box and replace fuse if damage.
7. Replace bulb if defective.
Assessment Method: Demonstration

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DRIVING NCII
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 2.1.1
CRITERIA
Did you….
YES NO
1. Prepare materials and equipment before starting.
2. Insert the key on the ignition switch of the car.
3. Switch on the car.
4. Check the headlights, signal lights, brake
lights/tail lights, and fog lights.
5. Check the dimmer switch, signal light switch and
hazard switch.
6. Check fuse box and replace fuse if damage.
7. Replace bulb if defective.

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DRIVING NCII
INFORMATION SHEET 2.1 2
“SAFETY HARNESS/DEVICES AND TOOLS”
INTRODUCTION
Vehicle safety has been steadily increasing over the decades. This is
partially because manufacturers have started making passenger car safety a
selling point, and partially because laws have been continuously updated to
improve the safety of the public roads. Cars undergo regular crash tests,
and many states now require drivers to have their vehicles checked for
safety and emissions to be sure they're ready to drive.
Seat belts
It is designed to retain people in their seats, and so prevent or
reduce injuries suffered in a crash. They ensure that as little contact
is made between the occupant and vehicle interior as possible and
significantly reduce the risk of being thrown from a vehicle.
Early Warning Device
Early warning devices/triangles are required in every motor vehicle because
these triangular devices signal stop or parked cars to other vehicles,
especially at night. Poor quality warning devices will not be seen from afar,
and could thus endanger lives.

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Driver‟s License
A legal document in the form of plastic identification card and official receipt
issued by LTO authorizing a person to drive and operate a specified type of
motor vehicle after satisfactorily completing and passing the standard
requirement as categorized either non-professional or professional
proficiency level.
Hand Tools
Hydraulic Jack
A jack is a device that uses force to lift heavy loads. The primary mechanism
with which force is applied varies, depending on the specific type of jack, but
is typically a screw thread or a hydraulic cylinder. Jacks can be categorized
based on the type of force they employ: mechanical or hydraulic. Mechanical
jacks, such as car jacks and house jacks, lift heavy equipment and are rated
based on lifting capacity (for example, the number of tons they can lift).
Hydraulic jacks tend to be stronger and can lift heavier loads higher, and
include bottle jacks and floor jacks.
Pliers
Pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly. They are also useful
for bending and compressing a wide range of materials. Generally, pliers
consist of a pair of metal first-class levers joined at a fulcrum positioned
closer to one end of the levers, creating short jaws on one side of the
fulcrum, and longer handles on the other side. This arrangement creates
a mechanical advantage, allowing the force of the hand's grip to be amplified
and focused on an object with precision. The jaws can also be used to
manipulate objects too small or unwieldy to be manipulated with the fingers.

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DRIVING NCII
Screw Drivers
A screwdriver is a tool, manual or powered, for turning screws. A typical
simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, and a tip that the user inserts
into the screw head to turn it. The shaft is usually made of tough steel to
resist bending or twisting. The tip may be hardened to resist wear, treated
with a dark tip coating for improved visual contrast between tip and screw
or ridged or treated for additional 'grip'. Handles are typically wood, metal,
or plastic and usually hexagonal, square, or oval in cross-section to improve
grip and prevent the tool from rolling when set down. Some manual
screwdrivers have interchangeable tips that fit into a socket on the end of
the shaft and are held in mechanically or magnetically.
Wrenches
A wrench is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in
applying torque to turn objects usually rotary fasteners, such
as nuts and bolts or keep them from turning.
Tire Wrench/Lug Wrench
A lug wrench is the name for a type of socket wrench used to loosen
and tighten lug nuts on automobile wheels.

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DRIVING NCII
Spark Plug Wrench
A wrench for removing or tightening spark plugs into the cylinder head
of an internal combustion engine
Combination Wrench
A wrench is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in
applying torque to turn objects usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and
bolts or keep them from turning.
Box Wrench
A cylindrical wrench with a hexagonal end fitting over the head of a nut
used especially when the nut is difficult to reach.

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DRIVING NCII
Socket Wrench
A socket wrench is a type of wrench or spanner that has a socket attached
at one end, usually used to turn a fastener.
The most prevalent form is the ratcheting socket wrench, often improperly
called a ratchet. A ratcheting socket wrench is the device within a hand
tool in which a metal handle is attached to a ratcheting mechanism, which
attaches to a socket, which in turn fits onto a type of bolt or nut.
Flashlight
A flashlight is a portable hand-held electric light. Flashlight power is an
excellent source of lighting in an emergency. One popular flashlight design
that proved itself during emergency power out conditions is the headlamp.

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DRIVING NCII
Consumable Materials and Spare Parts
Spare Tires
A spare tire or spare tyre is an additional tire carried in a motor vehicle as
areplacement for one that goes flat, a blowout, or other emergency. Spare
tire is generally a misnomer, as almost all vehicles actually carry an entire
wheel with a tire mounted on it as a spare rather than just a tire, as fitting a
tire to a wheel would require a motorist to carry additional, specialized
equipment. However, some spare tires are not meant to be driven long
distances. Space-savers have a maximum speed of around 50 mph
(80 km/h).
When replacing a damaged tire, placing the compact spare on a non-drive
axle will prevent damage to the drivetrain. If placed on a drivetrain axle, the
smaller-diameter tire can put stress on the differential causing damage and
reducing handling.
Fan belt
A belt that transmits motion from the driveshaft to the radiator fan and
generator or alternator.

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DRIVING NCII
Wheel cap/center cap
A center cap or center cap is a decorative disk on an automobile wheel that
covers a central portion of the wheel. Early center caps for automobiles were
small and primarily served the purpose of keeping dirt away from the
spindle nut and wheel bearings of vehicles.
Fuse
Fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide over
current protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal
wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it, thereby
interrupting the current. It is a sacrificial device; once a fuse has operated it
is an open circuit, and it must be replaced or rewired, depending on type.
Electrical Tape
Electrical tape is a type of pressure-sensitive tape used to insulate electrical
wires and other materials that conduct electricity. It can be made of

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DRIVING NCII
many plastics, but vinyl is most popular, as it stretches well and gives an
effective and long lasting insulation.
Brake fluid
Brake fluid is a type of hydraulic fluid used in hydraulic
brake and hydraulic clutch applications in automobiles, motorcycles, light
trucks, and some bicycles. It is used to transfer force into pressure, and
to amplify braking force. It works because liquids are not
appreciably compressible in their natural state, the component molecules do
not have internal voids and the molecules pack together well, so bulk forces
are directly transferred to compress the fluid's chemical bonds.
Motor oil
Motor oil, engine oil, or engine lubricant is any of various substances used
for lubrication of internal combustion engines. The main function of motor
oil is to reduce wear on moving parts; it also cleans moving parts from the
sludge, inhibits corrosion, improves sealing, and cools the engine by
carrying heat away from moving parts.

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DRIVING NCII
SELF CHECK 2.1.2
Multiple choice: Choose and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is designed to retain people in their seats, and so prevent or
reduce injuries suffered in a crash.
a. Seats belt
b. Under chassis
c. Under hood
d. Fan belt
2. It is required in every motor vehicle because these
triangular devices signal stop or parked cars to other
vehicles, especially at night.
a. Flashlight
b. Early warning device
c. Pliers
d. Spare tire
3. A wrench is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in
applying torque to turn objects usually rotary fasteners, such
as nuts and bolts or keep them from turning.
a. Wrenches
b. Pliers
c. Screwdrivers
d. Fan belt
4. Is a device that uses force to lift heavy loads?
a. Electrical Tape
b. Spare tire
c. Fan belt
d. Hydraulic jack
5. Is an electrical safety device that operates to provide over
current protection of an electrical circuit.
a. Fuse
b. Electrical tape
c. Motor oil
d. Fan belt
6. A legal document in the form of plastic identification card and official
receipt issued by LTO authorizing a person to drive.
a. Drivers license
b. Birth certificate
c. Diploma
d. National certificate

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DRIVING NCII
ANSWER KEY 2.1.2
1. A
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. A
6. A

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DRIVING NCII
INFORMATION SHEET 2.1.3
“WARM UP LIGHT VEHICLE”
INTRODUCTION
In these modern times most of us don’t think once, never mind twice, about
warming up our engines. We turn the key and expect our vehicles to be
ready to go. But despite technological advancements, are we compromising
performance, or even shortening the life of our vehicles?
From the invention of the automobile until the late 1980s, fuel delivery was
regulated by a carburettor which often required a warm-up period to ensure
smooth operation. Modern cars start easier in varying climates than their
predecessors because they’re fuel-injected.
ENGINE STARTING AND WARM UP PROCEDURE
1. Set park brake, please gearshift in neutral, and depress clutch pedal if
applicable.
2. Turn the key switch to ―run‖ position.
3. Notice the ―wait to start‖ light. Do not crank the engine until the light
goes off if the engine is warm, the light not come on. In extreme cold
weather, it may be necessary to cycle the glow plugs or air intake
heater (AIH) several times.
4. When the light goes out, turn the key to ―start‖ position. Release the
key once the engine started. When the glow plugs/AIH is hot, the
engine is ready to start.
5. If a full start occurs or the engine runs for a short time and stops,
turn the key switch to the ―off‖ position, and back to the ―run‖
position. Watch for the ―wait to start light‖ to go out and attempt to
restart the engine.
6. Check all gauges during the warm up period. Do not leave the vehicle
unattended during the warm up period.

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LIGHT VEHICLES
Taxi Cab
A taxicab, also known as a taxi or a cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a
driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a
non-shared ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their
choice. This differs from other modes of public transport where the pick-up
and drop-off locations are determined by the service provider, not by the
passenger, although demand responsive transport and share taxis provide a
hybrid bus/taxi mode.
Important notes….
 If the engine fails to start in 30 seconds, release the starter switch and wait two or
three minutes to allow the starter motor to cool. If after three attempts the engine
will not start, request assistance from service personal.
 Do not increase engine speed until the oil pressure gauge indicates normal. Shut the
engine down if the gauge does not register oil pressure within 20 seconds.
 EXPLOSION HAZZARD WARNING: do not use volatile starting aids such as ether,
propane, or gasoline in the air intake system. The glow plugs/AIH will ignite vapors
and cause severe engine damage or personal injury.
 Follow the warm-up procedure as outline by your school division.

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Private Car
Jeepneys
Public utility jeep
Jeepneys are the most popular means of public transportation in
the Philippines. They are known for their crowded seating and kitsch
decorations, which have become a ubiquitous symbol of Philippine
culture and art A Sarao jeepney was exhibited at the Philippine pavilion at
the 1964 New York World's Fair as a national image for the Filipinos.

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Military jeep
Jeepneys were originally made from U.S. military jeeps left over from World
War II. The word jeepney may be a portmanteau word– some sources
consider it a combination of "jeep" and "jitney", while other sources say
"jeep" and "knee", because the passengers sit in very close proximity to each
other. Most jeepneys are used as public utility vehicles. Some are used as
personal vehicles. Jeepneys are used less often for commercial or
institutional use.
Sports Car
A sports car, or sports car, is a small, usually two-seater, two-
door automobile designed for spirited performance and nimble handling.

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DRIVING NCII
Van
A van is a type of road vehicle used for transporting goods or people.
Depending on the type of van it can be bigger or smaller than a truck
and SUV, and bigger than a common car. There is some varying in the scope
of the word across the different English-speaking countries.
Mini Van
A minivan is a vehicle size classification describing a high-roof vehicle with a
flexible interior layout. Smaller sizes are mini mpv and compact mpv
classifications.

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DRIVING NCII
SELF- CHECK 2.1.3
I- Identification: Identify the correct answer of each item.
1. Is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or
small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride?
2. It is a type of road vehicle used for transporting goods or people.
Depending on the type of van it can be bigger or smaller than a truck
and SUV, and bigger than a common car.
3. It is a small, usually two-seater, two-door automobile designed for
spirited performance and nimble handling.
4. The most popular means of public transportation in
the Philippines. They are known for their crowded seating and kitsch
decorations.
II- Enumeration: Enumerate the engine starting and procedure.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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DRIVING NCII
ANSWER KEY 2.1.3
PART 1
1. Taxi cab
2. Van
3. Sports car
4. Public Utility Jeep
PART II
1. Set park brake, please gearshift in neutral, and depress clutch pedal if
applicable.
3. Notice the ―wait to start‖ light. Do not crank the engine until the light
goes off if the engine is warm, the light not come on. In extreme cold
weather, it may be necessary to cycle the glow plugs or air intake
heater (AIH) several times.
4. When the light goes out, turn the key to ―start‖ position. Release the
key once the engine started. When the glow plugs/AIH is hot, the
engine is ready to start.
restart the engine.

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TASK SHEET 2.1.3
Title: Starting and warm-upping of a car (diesel engine)
Performance Objective: Given the equipment and materials, you
should be able to start and warm up diesel
engine using the following procedure.
Supplies/Materials: Battery, starter key
Equipment : car engine
Steps/Procedure:
1. Set park brake, please gearshift in neutral, and depress clutch
pedal if applicable.
3. Notice the ―wait to start‖ light. Do not crank the engine until the
light goes off if the engine is warm, the light not come on. In
extreme cold weather, it may be necessary to cycle the glow plugs
or air intake heater (AIH) several times.
4. When the light goes out, turn the key to ―start‖ position. Release
the key once the engine started. When the glow plugs/AIH is hot,
the engine is ready to start.
restart the engine.
6. Check all gauges during the warm up period. Do not leave the
vehicle unattended during the warm up period.
Assessment Method: demonstration

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Performance Criteria Checklist 2.1.3
CRITERIA
Did you….
YES NO
1. Set park brake, please gearshift in neutral, and
depress clutch pedal if applicable.
3. Notice the ―wait to start‖ light. Do not crank the
engine until the light goes off if the engine is
warm, the light not come on. In extreme cold
weather, it may be necessary to cycle the glow
plugs or air intake heater (AIH) several times.
4. When the light goes out, turn the key to ―start‖
position. Release the key once the engine started.
When the glow plugs/AIH is hot, the engine is
ready to start.
5. If a full start occurs or the engine runs for a short
time and stops, turn the key switch to the ―off‖
position, and back to the ―run‖ position. Watch for
the ―wait to start light‖ to go out and attempt to
restart the engine.
6. Check all gauges during the warm up period. Do
not leave the vehicle unattended during the warm
up period.

DRIVING NCII
“TRAFFIC RULES AND REGULATIONS”
INTRODUCTION
TRAFFIC RULES
1. ROAD COURTESY
1. Making the necessary signal when making turns or changing lanes
2. Dimming headlights when necessary
3. Yielding to other vehicles with right of way at intersections
4. Yielding to pedestrians and riders of horses, bicycles and other
animal-drawn vehicles
In an intersection not controlled by lights or by a traffic officer, a
pedestrian has the right of way the moment he starts to cross.
5. Avoiding unnecessary changing lanes and does not drive weaving
in and out of the traffic lane
6. Not swerving or cutting too soon after passing
7. Yielding to emergency vehicles and other passing vehicles
8. Giving up space gladly, even when clearly in the right, to vehicles
that insist on taking his lane

DRIVING NCII
9. Not driving with screaming tires and motor roaring
2. SPEED LIMIT
Any person driving a motor vehicle on a highway shall drive the same at a
careful and prudent speed, not greater than nor less than will permit him to
bring the vehicle to a stop within the assured clear distance ahead.
PRESCRIBED RATE OF SPEED AS PER SECTION 35 OR R.A. NO. 4136
KNOWN AS THE LAND TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC CODE
MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLE SPEED
PASSENGER CARS &
MOTORCYCLES
MOTOR TRUCKS &
BUSES
On open country roads
with no ―Blind Corners‖
not closely bordered by
habitations.
80 km/hr 50 km/hr
On ―Through Streets‖ of
Boulevards, clear of
traffic with no ―Blind
Corners‖, when so
designated.
40 km/hr 30 km/hr
On city and municipal
streets with lights traffic
when not designated
―Through Streets‖.
30 km/hr 30 km/hr
Through crowded
streets approaching
intersection at ―Blind
Corners‖. Passing
school zones, passing
other vehicles which are
stationary or for similar
dangerous
circumstances
20 km/hr 20 km/hr
The prescribed rate, however, shall not apply to the following:
1. A physician or his driver when then former responds emergency calls.
2. The driver of hospital ambulance on the way to and from the place of
accident or other emergency.

DRIVING NCII
3. Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency treatment
to a hospital, clinic or any similar place.
4. The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the armed forces while in
use for official purposes in times of riot, insurrection or invasion.
5. The driver of a vehicle, when he or his passengers are in pursuit of a
criminal.
6. A law enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator of traffic
laws.
KEEP DISTANCE FROM OTHER VEHICLES
Be sure there is sufficient space for your vehicle to fit into the traffic flow
other vehicles too easily.
Avoid tail gaiting. Staying too close to a vehicle leaves no room for
maneuvering. It limits you to braking when things to stack up in the lane
ahead.
Maintain a car length distance when following car ( 2-second rule ). This will
give you adequate space, time to react and to stop safely if necessary. In bad
condition, the 2-second rule must be increased to 4 seconds.
Give motorcycle the same distance you would give to any other vehicle.
Motorcycles are entitled to the same full length, width as all vehicles on the
road.
3. ROAD RIGHT OF WAY
First time vehicle rule
At all intersections without ―stop ―or ―yield‖ signs., slow down and
prepare to stop. Yield to vehicles already in the intersection or about to enter
it.
Same time vehicle rule
At all intersections without ―stop ―or ―yield‖ signs ( or with stops in all
directions), yield to the vehicle on your right if it has reached the
intersection at the same time as your vehicle.
Stop signs
Stop at any limit line or crosswalk. Yield to all approaching vehicles
on the through street; go only when it is safe for you to cross approaching
vehicles should slow down and allow you to get across safely.
Left turn

DRIVING NCII
Signal left turn and yield to approaching traffic until it is completely
safe to finish the run.
Rotunda
Vehicles around the rotunda have the right-of-way over vehicles which
are just about to enter.
Merging with the traffic
When entering a highway from a driveway, yield the right-of-way to
traffic on the highway. Never insist on taking the right-of-way if other drivers
are not following the rules. Let them have the right-of-way even if it belongs
to you to prevent possible accidents. However, do not always insist on other
going ahead of you, the slowing and stopping may delay the flow of traffic.
Right of Way Rules
Section 42, Article III Right-of-Way and Signals
1. If another car gets into an intersection before you do, it has the right of
way.
2. If you enter an intersection at the same time as that of another vehicle
crossing your way, the car to the right has the right of way.
3. When turning left in an intersection, give the proper signal at least thirty
(30) meters before the intersection and enter the intersection only when all
the vehicles within the intersection have passed. Give allowances to those
vehicles nearing the intersection and proceed when already safe to make the
left turn.
4. If you are on a ―Through Street‖, you don’t have any special right of way
over cars coming from Side Street after they have made a full stop. Let any
car within the intersection pass first before you drive onto the highway
street.
5. When you hear the siren of the police car, fire engine ambulance or other
emergency vehicle, you must drive at once to the right side of the road and
stop until the emergency vehicle has gone past.
6. Before you drive onto a public street from a private drive, stop / yield the
right of way to such vehicles on the public road.
7. Give the right of way to a person crossing the street. You must not pass a
vehicle that has stopped across the street even though the light changes
before he reaches the other side.

DRIVING NCII
Section 43. Exception of the right of way
1. A driver of a vehicle entering a highway from a private road shall yield the
right-of-way to all vehicles approaching on such highway.
2. A driver on the highway shall yield the right-of-way to police or fire
department vehicles and ambulances when such vehicles are on official
business and the driver thereof sound audible signal of their approach.
3. A driver of a vehicle entering a through highway or a ―stop intersection‖
shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles approaching in either direction on
such ―through highway‖. Provided, that nothing in this subsection shall be
construed as relieving the driver of any vehicle being operated on ―through
highway‖ from the duty of driving with due regard for safety of vehicles
entering such ―through highway‖ nor protecting the said driver from the
consequence of an arbitrary exercise of such right-of-way.
YIELD SIGN
When you approach a corner marked with a yield sign or a flashing yellow
light, follow this:
1. A driver of a vehicle approaching a yield sign shall slow down to a
speed reasonable for the existing conditions and shall yield the right-
of-way to any vehicle in the intersection or approaching on another
highway so closely as to constitute a hazard during the time such
driver is moving across or within the intersection.
2. If a driver is involved in a collision with a vehicle in the intersection,
after driving past a yield sign without stopping, such collision shall be
deemed prima facie evidence of his failure to yield right-of-way
STOP SIGN
A flashing red light means the same as a stop sign.
A driver of a vehicle approaching a stop intersection indicated by a stop
signal shall stop as required and after having a stopped, he shall yield the
right-of-way to any vehicle which has entered the intersection from another
highway or which is approaching so closely on such highway as to
constitute as immediate hazard during the time the driver is moving across
or within the intersection.

DRIVING NCII
A driver shall stop before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the
intersection or if there is no crosswalk, at a clearly marked stop line, then at
the points nearest the intersection roadway where the driver has a view of
approaching traffic on the intersecting road –way entering the intersection.
Intersection equipped with traffic signal
At any regulated intersection, obey the instructions of any official traffic
control device applicable to the intersection.
GREEN light means you can proceed straight through the intersection or
turn left or right as may be indicated.
YELLOW light means het red light will follow.
RED light means stop, and you must stop.
GREEN ARROW means that motor vehicles facing the arrow could proceed
but only the direction of the arrow

DRIVING NCII
FLASHING RED means that it brings motor vehicle to a complete stop and
proceeds when is safe to do so.
FLASHING YELLOW slow down and proceed with caution. Yield the right
way to vehicles already crossing the intersection.
FLASHING GREEN means proceed through the intersection when the way is
clear.
When entering an intersection, slow down and put your right foot on the
brake pedal.

DRIVING NCII
4. OVERTAKING / PASSING
The law places the responsibility on the driver of the passing car. If the
driver makes mistakes in passing /overtaking, that driver is held liable.
1. Points to remember in passing:
2. It is illegal to speed up when being passed. Continue at the same
speed, or reduce you speed.
3. Help other drivers to pass safety move to the right side of your lane to
give the other driver more room and a better view ahead.
4. Show the passing driver the same courtesy that you would expect
from other drivers.
When NOT to pass
1. At no passing zone marked by signs or by SOLID YELLOW LANES or
DOUBLE YELLOW LINES with indicate no passing.
2. On blind curves where you would not be able to see oncoming cars.
Always in your own lane curve, out of the way of oncoming traffic on
going uphill, passing is not allowed from 700 to 1,000 feet from the
top of the hill.
3. At intersection or railroad crossings where other vehicles or
pedestrians may suddenly appear or unless such intention is
controlled by traffic signal.
4. Near a bridge or underpass that may cut-off a road shoulder. You or
the car passed might need to use the shoulder road in case emergency
arises.
Passing is NOT SAFE
1. When there is a long line of cars ahead.
2. When you intend to turn or stop very soon.
3. When an incoming car is too close.
4. When the car ahead is going at or near the speed limit. Speed limit is
still applied when passing.
5. When sight distance ahead is limited.
6. When the maneuver would have to be completed in a no-passing zone
such as hill, curve and intersection.
Passing on the RIGHT is PERMITTED
1. When overtaking another vehicle making or about to make a left turn
or signaling intent to make a left turn.
2. Yellow light means het red light will follow. And red light means stop,
and you must stop.

DRIVING NCII
5. TURNING
In turning, obey traffic signals and yield the right –of-way to pedestrians and
vehicles in the intersection.
Give the signal before making turns, changing lanes or moving right or left
to warn motorist about the intention of getting the right position on the
road.
Points to remember in making turns
1. Reduce speed in anticipation of making a turn.
2. Look behind and on both sides to see where other vehicles maybe
before changing lanes, then signal intention.
3. Move into the proper lane as soon as possible. The faster the traffic is
moving, the sooner reaching for the proper lane for making a turn.
Right turn
1. Used hand signal or signal lights at least 100 feet away from
intersection.
2. Slow down at safe distance from where you will make a turn. Give
appropriate signals and go to the proper lane.
3. Look to your left and right on an intersecting highway before turning
into it.
4. Always keep as close as possible to the right side of both streets when
turning from one into another.
5. Do not turn too wide to the left before entering the intersecting
highway.
Left Turn
1. Use hand signal or signal lights at least 100 feet away from
intersection.
2. Enter and start the turn from the center lane or as near as practicable
to the center of the highway. If on a one-way, drive as near to the
extreme left side as possible.
3. Yield the right-of-way to all vehicles coming from the opposite
direction which the turn might block or hinder.
4. When traffic is clear, pull and enter the left lane of the street into
which you are turning, and move to the right as soon as it is safe to
do so.

DRIVING NCII
Left turn from One-way Street to One-way Street
 Signal your intention to turn left. Move to the left side of the one-way
street when the way is clear. Look ahead, to the right and left before
starting to make a turn. Enter the intersecting one-way street into the
left-hand lane. If the lanes are unmarked keep immediately to the
edge of the roadway.
Left turn from One-way Street to One-way Street on RED SIGNAL
 A left may be made form a one-way street into a one way street on a
red signal, provided the vehicle is first brought to a full-stop, and
subject always to the right-of-way of pedestrians and other traffic.
Left turn One-Way Street to Two-way Street
 Signal your intention to turn left, look behind for traffic and move to
the left side of the one-way street when the way is clear. Look ahead,
to the left and to the right before starting to make your turn. Enter the
intersecting two-way street by keeping immediately to the right of the
centerline.
U-TURNS
U-Turns are hazardous and are prohibited in some areas, when doing ―U‖
turns, start turning from the extreme right side of the roadway. Check traffic
on both direction and make the proper turn signal. When the way is clear,
turn the steering wheel sharply to the left while moving slowly forward and
when the wheels are turned completely left, continue driving forward slowly
until close to the left cub or edge of roadway. After having turned the wheels
completely on the right side, continue backing up slowly until close to the
opposite curb, repeat maneuver until turn is completed.
STOPPING
A driver should have the ability to judge how much time and space he needs
to stops his motor vehicle. The amount of time it takes for the driver to see
when to stop until he steps on the brakes is called REACTION TIME.
A motor vehicle is considered stopped when passengers and cargoes were
loaded and unloaded for about ten (10) minutes or more. There is no simple
way on how to determine how long it will take one to stop at a certain speed,
signs, signals, and traffic rules tells us when to stop.

DRIVING NCII
6. PARKING / BACKING
A motor vehicle is considered parked after a full stop on the shoulder of the
road or on a parking lot, with the engine and ignition stopped and hand
brake on.
Places where PARKING is PROHIBITED
1. Parking is prohibited in a highway in such a manner as to obstruct:
a. A sidewalk
b. A crosswalk
c. An entrance to the highway to or from private road or lane
d. An entrance-way for vehicles to pass between the highway and land
adjoining the highway
2. Within three (3) meters of a point at the edge of a roadway
3. Within four (4) meters nearest a fire hydrant
4. On or within a 100 meters of a bridge, over or under or cross the highway
5. Within ten (10) meters of the nearest rail or railway crossing
6. In any area where signs prohibiting parking are displayed
7. Within an intersection on a highway or if the intersection is controlled by
a traffic signal
8. Within six (6) meters of a point at the edge of the roadway and nearest to
a public entrance to a hotel, theatre, or public hall while open to the public
9. On all places where ―NO PARKING‖ signs are posted
Parking on Hills
When a car is parked on a hill, take precautions to make sure it stays there.
A car not properly parked on a hill could roll down into the traffic.
Parking Headed Uphill
When parking headed uphill, turn front wheels from the curb and let your
vehicle roll back a few inches until rear of one front wheel gently touches the
curb. Then set the parking brake. If there is no curb, turn the wheels toward
the side of the road so the car will not roll away from the center of the road if
the brakes fail.
Parking Headed Downhill
When parking headed downhill, turn front wheels into the curb or toward
the side of the road. When parking on a sloping driveway, turn the wheels so
that the car will not roll into the street if the brakes fail. Always set parking
brakes and leaves the vehicle in gear.

DRIVING NCII
Backing
Success in backing a car depends on correct driving posture, seeing,
steering and speed control.
Things to consider in backing a car
1. When backing around a corner on the right or out from a driveway,
check first for traffic and pedestrian.
2. Turn body to the right and put right arm over the back of the seat.
Look at the back window as well as the rear and front of the vehicle.
3. While backing, stay at the right side as much as possible.
4. During all maneuvers, make quick traffic checks to the front and sides
then continue looking back until the car stops.
5. Do not join the traffic readily. Make quick checks over the left and
right shoulder and look through the mirror or near windows. Check
speed with the other vehicles travelling in the same direction.
6. Don’t back up far. Welcome assistance from companions inside the
car.
7. DANGEROUS DRIVING PRACTICES
 SPEEDING – Speed for speed’s sake should be left in the hand of the
car racers. They didn’t arrive at their level of skill without practice,
disappointment, and most likely some close brushes with death. Your
driving skill will be determined by your accident and moving violation
records and whether or not you annoy or endanger other drivers.
 DISCOURTESY - Some drivers fell that to best a fellow driver or
pedestrian at any point is the indication of skill or of others is plain
discourtesy and a sign of ill breeding. It also causes death/accidents
on the roads.
 Driving a vehicle while under the influence of liquor or drugs or when
physically unfit or mentally disturbed.
 Disregarding railroad signs, school zones, or ―thru streets‖ signs
 Disregarding, obstructing, following or racing with emergency vehicles
using sirens.
 Beating the red light
 Weaving in and out traffic lanes
 Cutting and stopping suddenly.
 Tailgating (driving too close behind other vehicles)
 Overtaking and passing at intersection, curves, hills or bridges
 Overtaking and passing a long line of cars on a two-way street
 Overtaking and passing along ―NO PASSING‖ Zone
 Overtaking and passing on the right side of the road

DRIVING NCII
 Driving on the wrong side of the street and against the flow of traffic,
especially one-way streets
 Loading and unloading passengers in the middle of the street
 Overloading
 Driving at night with glaring lights
 Leaving stalled vehicle on the road improperly parked and/or without
a warning device
 Obstructing crosswalk (pedestrian lane)
 Overtaking on railroad crossing
 Opening car doors and impeding traffic
 Driving at night without using driving lights
 Not yielding the right of way to pedestrian in crosswalk (pedestrian)
 Parking on the travelled part of the highways or streets
 Cutting in too soon (without sufficient clearance) after passing
 Double parking
 Riding on running board
TRAFFIC REGULATION
Importance of Driver’s License
To drive legally in the Philippines, the law requires a person to procure a
driver’s license before he/she can operate a motor vehicle.
Obtaining a license to drive a motor vehicle is not a right it is only a privilege
granted by the Land Transportation Office to those who may quality under

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Republic Act No. 4136 known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code
and Batas Pambansa Blg.398‖, the law, which amended certain sections of
the said act.
Chapter III, articles I, Section 19. Except as otherwise specifically provided
in this act, ―no person shall operate any motor vehicle without first
procuring a license to drive a motor vehicle for the current year, nor while
such license is delinquent, invalid, suspended or revoked‖.
The license shall be carried by the driver at all times when operating a motor
vehicle and shall be shown and/or surrendered for cause and upon demand
to any person with authority.
Borrowing of Driver’s License is strictly prohibited. Under no circumstances
should a driver lend his driver’s license to another person.
Any license holder found guilty of violating the provision of this act is
subject to apprehension and his driver’s license confiscated, suspended or
revoked.
Kinds of Driver‟s License
There are two (2) two types of driver’s license, the Non-Professional and
Professional driver’s license.
Non-Professional drivers „license afford its holder the privilege to drive
motor vehicle without compensation, usually for private and/or personal
use.

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Professional driver‟s license affords its holder the privilege to make driving
as a means of livelihood.
Students Driver‟s Permit must first be obtained before a person desiring to
operate a motor vehicle or can be issued with a Non-Professional and
Professional driver’s license. A holder of Student Driver’s Permit must be
under the supervision of a license holder ( with valid and unexpired license )
while learning how to drive.

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Use of Seatbelts
Republic Act No. 8750
―AN ACT REQUIRING THE MANDATORY COMPLIANCE BY
MOTORISTS OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC VEHICLES TO USE SEAT BELT
DEVICES, AND REQUIRING VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS TO INSTALL
SEAT BELT DEVICES IN ALL THEIR MANUFACTURED VEHICLES‖
Before starting the trip always put first the seat belt. A seat belt ( also
known as a seatbelt or safety belt ) is a vehicle safety device designed to
secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result
during a collision or a sudden stop.
Wear your seatbelts low, flat and firm.
 Low – when you connect your seat belt, make sure it is under your
waist, this is to make sure your body weight is fully secure
 Flat – the belt must be kept flat and there shouldn’t be any twist, turn
or folds
 Firms –every now and then, pull your seat belt so it removes any
slack.

DRIVING NCII
SELF- CHECK 2.2-1
Multiple Choice
Direction: Choose and write your answer in the space provided before each
number.
1.what is the meaning of this traffic signal sign?
a. Go
b. Stop
c. Ready to Go
d. Ready to Stop
2. what is the meaning of this traffic signal sign?
a. Go
b. Stop
c. Ready to Go
d. Ready to Stop
3 . What is the meaning of this traffic signal sign?
a. Go
b. Stop
c. Warning Sign
d. All of the Above
4. What kind of Driver’s License usually for private/personal used?
a. Non-Professional
b. Professional
c. Student Permit
d. All of the above
5. What kind of Driver’s License has a privilege to use as a means of
livelihood?
a. Non-Professional
b. Professional
c. Student Permit
d. All of the above

DRIVING NCII
ANSWER KEY 2.2-1
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. B

DRIVING NCII
ANSWER KEY 2.2-2
“DRIVING HAZARD”
INTRODUCTION
Spotting a hazard in time to take suitable evasive action and a crash is an
essential part of safe driving.
It’s important to learn how to recognize and avoid hazards while driving to
improve road safety for yourself and other road users.
A hazard can be any possible source of danger on or near the road that
could lead to a crash, and it can come from any direction.
It could be a:
 Child chasing a ball onto the road
 Parked car door opening
 Vehicle merging into your lane or stopping suddenly in front of you
 Slippery road surface after rain.
As drivers gain experience they develop skills in scanning the road ahead
and around them, and they become better at recognizing that a potentially
dangerous situation is developing. This early detection gives them more time
to make a decision about the hazard and respond to it appropriately.

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There are some hazard driving conditions that are unsafe in driving. Here
are some ways to avoid hazard in driving.
1. Know the conditions.
2. Think of defense.
3. Act immediately.
Always be alert on various hazard conditions. Think of the necessary
defense and act immediately.
Some of the hazard conditions are:
A. Light Conditions – Too much light or glare from the sun can affect your
sight. Reduce your speed it is hard to recognize what’s ahead of you if
there’s too much light or glare from the sun. use your windshield visors or
wear a sunglass.
It is much more dangerous to drive at night especially if your headlight is
defective. It will be hard for you to recognize what’s ahead.
There are some problems in night driving which will affect your sight.
These are:
 Defective or dirty headlights.
 Dusty windshield.
 Defective windshield wipers.
 Poor eyesight.
Here are some tips to be safe in driving at night:
1. Proper use of headlights - dim your headlights so that other drivers can
easily see any vehicles approaching. Don’t ever look directly into an
approaching vehicle’s light. Dim your headlight if the light of the
approaching vehicles is bright.
a. Always turn your headlights on. Don’t use your parking light when
your car is in motion.

DRIVING NCII
b. Never drive with your defective headlights.
c. Never drive too fast at night.
d. If there is a mechanical trouble in your car, pull off the roadside, place
an early warning device before or after your vehicle, leave your
headlights on low beam.
2. Weather conditions - bad weather conditions may affect the ability to
see clearly and quite hard to control the vehicle. Keep your car in a low
speed if it’s raining. Always keep an eye on other vehicles and pedestrians.
Be careful on rainy days. Roads are slippery, because the water lifts
accumulated oil from the roads which causes intermittent slick.
Never drive too fast on wet roads. Your tires may be slippery and may be
hard to control.
Always be alert on the street covered with water. Open manhole or poor
drainage sections may be covered with water. Slow down your speed and
shift to low gear and try to keep your ignition system dry. Always check the
brakes if they are functioning. Try to avoid flooded streets.
3. Traffic conditions – adjusting your driving condition is an excellent
safe practice especially on long distance driving. Always be alert on
pedestrians, bicycle, motorcycles, tricycles, and parked cars.

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It is much difficult to drive on city streets. There are so much confusion
such as traffic light, signs, buses, jeepneys, trucks, taxis, ambulances, fire
trucks, pedestrians, parked cars, narrow alleys, school zones, hospital
zones, one way streets, through lanes, turning lanes. You must have a good
driving skill when driving on city streets.
Some tips in driving on city streets:
• At a traffic light
a. Look on both sides before you go on green light.
b. Don’t try to beat the traffic light when it’s yellow.
c. Stop if the red light is on and stop on stop line.
d. Give space for the pedestrians
• Parking
a. Never park your car on curve side.
b. Never park in front of driveways, hydrants.
c. Never double park your car.
d. Always take your time when living a parking space.
• At intersection
a. Stay on the proper lane.
b. Slow down your speed if you want to turn.
c. Use your signal light before you turn.
d. Stay on the proper lane after you turn.

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• In expressways
a. Stay on the right lane first before going up to speed.
b. Be alert. Stay back for at least one vehicle length and beware of the
rear-end collision.
c. Don’t exceed on the speed limits. Watch your speed. Always keep an
eye on your speedometer. Adjust your speed to weather and traffic
condition.
d. Signal first, look behind, look ahead and allow plenty of space and
time when going to pass.
e. Always keep awake, fresh air, radio and even singing will keep you
awake.
f. Get out of the road on emergency. Get out of the car, open the hood.
Use a flasher or early warning device, especially at night.
g. When leaving the expressway, signal first before getting in the exit
lane. Slow down your vehicle.
Adjust your speed. Watch out for other vehicles on the road and the flow of
traffic.
Always consider a heavy traffic during holidays especially on Holy Week, All
Saints Day and Christmas Season. Always adjust your speed to this kind of
traffic condition.
Start earlier if you are planning a provincial trip to avoid heavy traffic.
4. Vehicle Condition – always check your vehicle before going out on the
street. Check the tires, brakes, oils, water, horn, rear and side view mirrors.
Check if it’s in good condition.
Always remember that you cannot drive safely if your vehicle is not in good
condition. Have a regular check-up of your vehicle to keep it in good running
condition.

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5. Driver‟s Condition – Always be physically fit and mentally fit when you
drive. It will be safe for you if you are in good shape.

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SELF CHECK 2.2-2
number.
1. From hazard conditions, what type of conditions that affect your sight?
a. Light conditions
b. Weather condition
c. Traffic Conditions
d. all of the above
2. From hazard conditions, what type of conditions that affect ability to
control the vehicle?
a. Traffic conditions
b. Weather conditions
c. Light conditions
d. All of the above
3. From hazard conditions, what type of conditions that usually happen in
city streets?
a. Traffic conditions
b. Weather conditions
c. Light conditions
d. All of the above
4. What problem that affect your sight during at night?
a. A defective or dirty headlights
b. Dusty windshield
c. Poor eyesight
d. All of the above
5. What is proper usage of headlights?
a. Dim your headlight so that others can easily seen
b. Never drive with defective headlights
c. Leave your headlights on low beam if there’s mechanical trouble
d. All of the above

DRIVING NCII
ANSWER KEY 2.2-2
1. A
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. D

DRIVING NCII
“FARES AND ROUTE ASSIGNED”
INTRODUCTION
The passage of the Local Government Code of 1991 mandated national
government agencies to coordinate, inform, and possibly involve local
government units (LGUs) in the planning and implementation of their
respective programs, projects, and activities. The Department of
Transportation (DOTr), formerly known as the Department of Transportation
and Communications (DOTC), required LGUs to issue a certification that
attests the need for public transport services based on LGU development
plans prior to designating and enforcing public transport routes. This
process recognizes the mastery of LGUs of their own mobility and
accessibility needs as well as of the local policies and ordinances that were
established to address local transportation problems. As such, it is in the
best interest of LGUs to widen their scope and take charge of local route
planning.

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Passenger and Freight
Section 32 Article III Exceeding registered capacity – no person operating
any vehicle shall allow more passengers or more freight or cargo in his
vehicle than its registered carrying capacity. In the case of public utility
trucks or buses, the conductor shall be exclusively liable for violations of
this section, provided, that the conductor, before being employed by any
public service operator, shall get a permit or license from the Commission
and pay Five Pesos annually for said license or permit issued in his favor,
and the same is renewable on or before the last working day of the month of
his birth, attaching a readily recognizable photograph and after presentation
of a medical certificate of fitness of applicant.
Passenger trucks may be allowed to construct any cargo carrying device at
the rear or at the side of the truck, subject to the approval of the
Commissioner: Provided, however, that the total weight of the device,
including the cargo, shall not exceed one hundred kilos.
Carrying of passengers and freight on top of vehicles – no person operating a
motor vehicle shall allow any passenger to ride on the cover or top of such
vehicles; provided, however, that subject to such conditions as may be
contained in permits that may be issued by the Commissioner, baggage or
freight may be carried on the top of a truck provided the weight thereof does
not exceed twenty kilos per square meter and is distributed in such a
manner as not to endanger the passengers or stability of the truck.
Riding on running boards – no driver shall permit any person to ride on the
running board, step board, or mudguard of his motor vehicle for any
purpose except to make repair or adjustment in the motor or to collect fares.
Passenger or Freight capacity marked on vehicle – all passengers
automobiles for hire shall have the registered passenger capacity plainly and
conspicuously marked on both sides thereof, in letters and numerals not
less than five centimeters in height.

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Definition of Terms
Arterial Roads – Roads that provide the highest level of service for the
longest uninterrupted distance, with some degree of access control. They
may be highways and be circumferential or radial in form. These roads
deliver traffic from collector roads to other arterial roads and expressways.
Certificate of Public Convenience (CPC) – Permit issued by the LTFRB for
the operation of road transportation services for public use.
Collector Roads – Roads that provide a less highly developed level of service
at a lower speed for shorter distances. Their function is to collect traffic from
local roads and connect them to arterial roads.
Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) – The action plan prepared by a
local government to develop and implement priority sectoral and cross-
sectoral programs and projects in the proper locations gradually and
incrementally, until the desired shape or form of development is eventually
attained.
Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) – The plan for long term
management of the local territory, identifying areas where development can
and cannot be located and directing public and private investments
accordingly.
Developmental Routes – Routes designed to serve new residential,
commercial, and other land use developments.
Expressways – Highways with limited access, normally with interchanges;
may include facilities for levying tolls for passage in an open or closed
system.
Filcabs – Public utility vehicles with seating capacity of seven (7) to eleven
(11) passengers and are meant to replace tricycle services in all national
roads, highways, expressways, or any arterial road. This kind of service may
also serve intra-zonal movements.
Garage – An off-street area where public utility vehicles are stored/parked
while not in operation and where repair/maintenance works are done.
Local Government Units (LGUs) – City, provincial, and municipal
governments, or agencies or authorities responsible for special economic
zones or administrative regions.

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Local Public Transport Route Plan (LPTRP) – A plan detailing the route
network, mode, and required number of units per mode for delivering public
land transport services. This is prepared Department of Transportation by
local government units and approved by the Department/LTFRB. This plan
shall serve as the basis of a comprehensive local transport plan.
Local Roads – Roads not defined as arterial or collector. They primarily
provide access to land with little or no through movement.
Loop Service – A continuous service with a specific route structure within a
defined zone which includes, but is not limited to industrial parks, economic
zones, school campuses, and emerging business districts. These routes shall
start and terminate at an off-street terminal.
Operator – a holder/grantee of a valid and subsisting CPC issued by the
LTFRB.
Public Utility Buses (PUBs) – Air-conditioned and/or non-air-conditioned
coaches used as public utility vehicles and classified as mass transit
system.
Public Utility Jeepneys (PUJs) – Public utility vehicles that are used as
feeder services to mass transit systems such as buses, BRT and rail
transport.
Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs) – Vehicles that carry passengers and/or
cargo for a fee, offering services to the public, which may include, but are
not limited to, UV Express service, PUBs, PUJs, TNVS, Filcab and Taxis.
Route – A path with defined starting and ending points that a public
transportation unit is authorized to operate, as defined in the unit’s CPC.
Stops – Are strategically located points or areas within an authorized route
that are officially designated and allocated for pick-up and drop-off of
passengers.
Terminal – Off-street areas where passengers board and alight, usually
located at the start and at the end of a route.
Transfer Area – An area, hub, or facility where two or more routes meet,
enabling passengers to connect or transfer to other routes or modes.

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Transport Network Corporation (TNC) – An organization whether a
corporation, partnership, or sole proprietor that provides pre-arranged
transportation services for compensation using an internet-based technology
application or digital platform technology to connect passengers with drivers
using their personal vehicles.
Transport Network Vehicle Service (TNVS) – A Public Utility Vehicle
accredited with a Transport Network Corporation (TNC), which is granted
authority or franchise by the LTFRB to run a public transport service.
Transport Planning – The process of defining future policies, goals,
investments, services, facilities, and designs to prepare for the expected
mobility requirements of people and/or goods.
Turning Point – Route ends, zone centroids, road network or turn back
systems (except for loop-type services) where public utility vehicles are
allowed to maneuver to resume operation and where transfer services are
normally available.
Utility Vehicle (UV) Express Service – A form of paratransit system which
uses airconditioned utility vehicles or vans that ferry passengers directly
from an authorized origin and destination. They may pick-up (load) and / or
drop-off (unload) their passengers within two (2) kilometer radius from their
end points specified in their CPCs or within the territorial bounds of the
commercial / business district specified therein.
Zoning Ordinance – Written regulations and laws passed by the
Sanggunian of a Local Government Unit concerned that define how property
in specific geographic zones can be used.
The Zoning Ordinance is a legally binding set of rules and regulations
affirming the usage of land in a city/municipality.
SOURCE:
https://dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2017112_2cf0f97098.pdf

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SELF CHECK 2.2-3
number.
1. What is exceeding registered capacity?
a. no person operating any vehicle shall allow more passengers or more
freight or cargo in his vehicle than its registered carrying capacity
b. no person operating a motor vehicle shall allow any
c. no drivers shall permit any person to ride on the running board
d. all passengers automobiles for hire shall have the registered
passengers capacity marked
2. What is carrying of passengers and freight on top of vehicles?
c. No drivers shall permit any person to ride on the running board
3. What is riding on running boards?
c. no drivers shall permit any person to ride on the running board
4. Route ends, zone centroids, road network or turn back systems (except
for loop-type services) where public utility vehicles are allowed to maneuver
to resume operation and where transfer services are normally available
a. Transport planning
b. Turning point
c. Zoning ordinance
d. Terminal
5. Off-street areas where passengers board and alight, usually located at the
start and at the end of a route
a. Transport planning
b. Turning point
c. Zoning ordinance
d. Terminal

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ANSWER KEY 2.2-3
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. D

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“OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
STANDARDS”
INTRODUCTION
OHS is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health
and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. Knowing OHS is
essential to minimize the hazards and risks not only to students, trainees
and other people within the training institution but others who will be
affected.
The goal of all occupational safety and health program is to foster a safe
work environment. As a secondary effect, OHS may also protect co-workers,
family members, employers, customers, supplies, nearby communities, and
other members to the public who are impacted by the workplace
environment.
Reasons for OHS are:
 Moral – an employee should not have to risk injury at work, nor
should others associated with the work environment.
 Economic – many governments realize that poor occupational safety
and health performance results in cost to state.
 Legal ¬¬– occupational safety and health requirements maybe
reinforced in civil law and/or criminal law, it is accepted that without
the encouragement of potential regulatory action or litigation, many
organizations would not act upon their implied moral obligations.
Objective of the OHS Standard
The objectives of OHS standards is to protect working man against the
dangers of injury, sickness or death through safe and healthful working
conditions, thereby assuring the conservation of valuable manpower
resources and the prevention of loss or damage to lives and properties.
OHS in Relation to Waste Management and Disposal of Dangerous
Chemicals
Infectious waste can be divided into three primary groups such as;
1. Liquid waste ¬– blood, other bodily fluids or culture media which is
known or suspected to be contaminated with a disease agent.

DRIVING NCII
2. Soft materials – dressing, bandages, beddings, toweling etc. that are
saturated to the point that they are capable of releasing blood, body fluids or
other potentially infectious materials when handled and compressed.
3. Sharp object – that has been contaminated with blood, body fluids or
other infectious agent which could penetrate the skin or could do so if
broken. ( Ex. broken glass, blades,)
Liquid or special waste – determination and disposal are coordinated with
the Department of Environment and Department of Health and in
accordance with local, state and federal regulations.
Radioactive Waste – determination and disposal are coordinated by the
authorized agency in accordance with local and national regulations. It is
required to be labeled in accordance with procedures established by the
radiation safety office and typically exhibits the universal radiation
precaution symbol for radiation.
Hazardous or Chemical Waste – determination and disposal are
coordinated with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in
accordance with local, state and federal regulations. Hazardous or chemical
waste includes but is not limited to any stock chemical or chemical or
chemical reagent that may inhibit one or more of the following physical
hazards.
GOOD OHS PRACTICE
Disaster Plan
There should be plan in place to deal with any emergency. The nature of
emergency can vary from fire and chemical spills, and all the obvious
hazards that these present, to power and water failures that can lead to
unsafe working conditions.
Training and Providing Relevant Information
Awareness of the problems and positive approach to prevention is the key to
good OH&S practice. Many accidents and injuries can be avoided by
providing staff with appropriate training. Up to date information regarding
safe work practices, equipment safety and chemical information should be
readily available in the workplace. Much of this information is available as
poster and charts. The benefits of this can be seen in staff morale,
productivity and the quality of work. Other benefits can be seen in terms of
reduced in insurance premium, compensation and rehabilitation claims.

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Work and Storage Areas
With the safety of material in mind, work and storage areas should be
designed, constructed, and equipped to ensure that there is minimum risk
to archive material or staff. Work and storage areas must be kept free of food
and drinks, harmful contaminants, pollutants or vermin and harmful
radiation.
Exits, passageway, stairs and equipment access areas should be kept clear
of obstruction; including stored materials or materials and equipment in
use. Obstruction can be potential hazard.
Near Miss and Hazardous Incidents and Accident Investigation
Near misses and hazardous incidents are those in which no one gets hurt
and where no material or equipment is damage, but have the potential to
cause damage or harm. Step should be taken to eliminate causes as soon as
possible, and while rectifying initial problem ensures that is does not create
a danger to anyone else. Regular safety inspections of a workplace can help
to ensure that wherever possible accidents are prevented from occurring. It
is very useful to develop a safety checklist that is appropriate to the
workplace.
Supervisor should be trained to understand and recognize the occupational
health and safety risk and needs in the area they are responsible for. This
will enable them to fulfill their duty in regard to accidents are work related
accidents which results in serious injury.
Report of Notifiable Accidents, Incidents, and Dangerous Occurrences
Records of reports and witness statements of notifiable accidents, incidents
and dangerous occurrences will need to be preserved in the event of future
claims or litigation. There are also valuable in identifying hazard and
improvements that may still be needed to prevent further accidents.
First Aid
First Aid Officers are responsible for taking positive action to prevent further
injury to staff, to render first aid treatment in accordance with their
approved training, and to keep record of treatment provided.
First Aid Officers are also responsible for ensuring that the first aid box or
kit in their workplace is kept fully stock and accessible, and for ensuring
that the rest room or first aid room is kept in good condition.

DRIVING_CORE_CBLM.pdf

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