Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
Accessory canal
Functions of dental pulp
Components of dental pulp
Functions of pulpal extracellular matrix
Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
Innervation of Dentin- pulp complex
Disorders of the dental pulp
Advances in pulp vitality testing
Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
Accessory canal
Functions of dental pulp
Components of dental pulp
Functions of pulpal extracellular matrix
Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
Innervation of Dentin- pulp complex
Disorders of the dental pulp
Advances in pulp vitality testing
Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
Outline
- Anterior & Posterior triangle of the neck, and sub-divided triangles of them.
- Origin, Insertion, Innervation and Function of all muscle of Anterior & Posterior triangle of the neck.
Seminar about diagnostic methods that used in endodontic which include:
i. Case History.
ii. Clinical Examination.
iii. Radiographs.
iv. Pulp Vitality Tests.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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2. DEFINITION
PDL is a connective tissue
structure that surrounds
the root and connects it
with the bone.
3. STRUCTURE
The periodontal ligament
space has the shape of an
hourglass and is narrowest
at the mid root level.
The width of PDL is
approximately 0.25+ 50
percent.
4. CELLULAR
COMPOSITION
Cells of PDL are categorized as:
1. Synthetic cells
• a. Osteoblast
• b. Fibroblast
• c. Cementoblasts
2. Resorpative cells
• a. Osteoclasts
• b. Cementoclasts
• c. Fibroblasts
3. Progenitor cells
4. Epithelial rest of malassez
5. Connective tissue cells (mast cells and macrophages)
5. SYNTHETIC CELLS
1. Osteoblasts: covers the periodontal surface of the
alveolar bone.
They are responsible for the formation of alveolar bone.
2. Fibroblasts: the most prominent connective tissue cells
(65%).
The main function of the fibroblasts is the production of
various types of fibers (collagen fibers, Reticulin fibers,
Oxytalan fibers and Elastin fibers). Fibroblasts are also
instrumental in the synthesis of connective tissue matrix.
3. Cementoblasts: are seen lining the cementum and are
responsible for cementum deposition.
1. Osteoblasts
2. Fibroblasts
3. Cementoblasts
6. RESORPATIVE CELLS
1. Osteoclasts: these are the cells that resorb the bone and
tend to be large and multinucleated.
2. Fibroblasts: they synthesize collagen and also possess
the capacity to resorb and degrade the old callogen fibers.
3. Cementoclasts: cementum is not remodeled in the
fashion of alveolar bone and periodontal ligament but that it
undergoes continual deposition during life. However
resorption of cementum occurs in certain circumstances by
cementoclasts.
1. Osteoclasts
2. Fibroblasts
3. Cementoclasts
8. EPITHELIAL REST OF
MALASSEZ
They are found close to cementum.
When certain pathologic conditions are present, cells of
epithelial rest can undergo rapid proliferation and can
produce a variety of cysts and tumors of the jaws.
9. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CELLS
Mast cells: they play a role in inflammatory reaction.
Macrophages: they are capable of phagocytosis.
Mast cells
Macrophages
11. Periodontal fibers: the most important elements of the periodontal ligament are
the principal fibers. They are collagenous in nature and are arranged in bundles
following a wavy course.
The terminal portion of these principal fibers that insert into the cementum and
bone are termed Sharpey’s fibers.
12. THE PRINCIPAL
FIBERS OF THE PDL
The principal fibers of the PDL are arranged in five groups:
1) Alveolar crest fibers: they extend obliquely from the
cementum just beneath the junctional epithelium to the
alveolar crest.
Function: retain tooth in socket and resist lateral movement.
2) Horizontal group: extends from cementum to the alveolar
bone at right angle to the long axis of the tooth.
3) Oblique group: they are the largest group extending coronally
in an oblique direction from the cementum to the bone.
Function: they resist axial directed forces.
4) Apical group: they radiate from the cementum of root apex to
the bone.
Function: it prevents tooth tipping, resists luxation, and
protects blood, lymph and nerve supply of the tooth.
5) Inter-radicular fibers: Extends from cementum of bifurcation
areas, splaying from apical into furcal bone.
Function: it resists luxation and also tipping and torquing.
Alveolar crest fibers
Horizontal group
Oblique group
Apical group:
Inter-radicular fibers
13. THE PRINCIPAL
FIBERS OF THE PDL
Alveolar crest fibers
Horizontal group
Oblique group
Apical group:
Inter-radicular fibers
14. GROUND
SUBSTANCE
The ground substance is made up of two major groups of
substances:
• Glycosaminoglycans: such as hyaluronic acid,
proteoglycans.
• Glycoproteins: such as fibronectin and laminin
It also has high water content (70%).
Glycosaminoglycans
Glycoproteins
15. DEVELOPMENT OF
PRINCIPAL FIBERS
OF PDL
It will be as follows:
1. Small, fine brush like fibrils are detected
arising from the root cementum and
projecting into the PDL space.
2. Small fibers are seen on the surface of
the bone but only in thin, small numbers.
3. The number and thickness of fibers
originating from the bone increase and
elongate. They radiate towards the loose
connective tissue in the mid portion of the
periodontal ligament.
4. The fibers originating from the
cementum also increase in length and
thickness and fuses with the fibers
originating from the alveolar bone in the
periodontal ligament space.
5. Following tooth eruption, the principal
fibers become organized in bundles and
run continuously from bone to cementum.
16. STRUCTURES
PRESENT IN THE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. Blood vessels: periodontal ligament is supplied by
branches derived from three sources dental, inter-
radicular and Interdental arteries.
2. Lymphatics: lymphatic vessels follow the path of blood
vessels in the periodontal ligament.
3. Nerve intervention: periodontal ligament is mainly
supplied by dental branches of the alveolar nerve. The
periodontal ligament has mechanoreceptors providing
sense of touch, pressure, pain and proprioception during
mastication.
4. Cementicles: calcified masses adherent to or detached
from the root surface.
17. FUNCTIONS OF THE
PDL
1. Physical function
A. Provide soft tissue “casing’' to protect the vessels and
nerves from injury by mechanical forces.
B. Transmission of occlusal forces to the bone.
C. Attaches the teeth to the bone.
D. Maintains the gingival tissues in their proper
relationship to the teeth.
E. (Shock absorption) Resists the impact of occlusal
forces
1. Physical function
2. Formative and Remodeling
function
3. Nutritive functions
4. Sensory function
18. FUNCTIONS OF THE
PDL
2. Formative and Remodeling function
Cells of the periodontal ligament have the capacity to control
the synthesis and resorption of the cementum, ligament and
alveolar bone. Periodontal ligament undergoes constant
remodeling; old cells and fibers are broken down and
replaced by new ones.
3. Nutritive functions
Since PDL has a rich vascular supply, it provides nutrition to
the cementum, bone, and gingiva.
4. Sensory functions
The PDL is supplied with sensory nerve fibers which
transmit sensation of touch, pressure and pain to higher
centers.
1. Physical function
2. Formative and Remodeling
function
3. Nutritive functions
4. Sensory function
19. CLINICAL
CONSIDERATION
The width of PDL space varies with age, location of tooth,
degree of stress to which the tooth was subjected.
In compliance with the physiologic mesial migration of
the teeth the PDL is thinner on the mesial root surface
than on the distal surface.
A tooth in hyperfunction may have a wider PDL space and
a tooth in hypofunction may have a narrow PDL space.
The width of PDL space is about 0.25mm in normal
functions. It is widest at the cervical and apical portions
of the root and narrowest at the middle.
The most interesting features of the PDL are its
adaptability to rapidly changing applied force and its
capacity to maintain its width at constant dimensions
throughout its lifetime.
