1. The document analyzes the behavior of abrasive grains and wear mechanisms during grinding processes through experimental studies.
2. High-speed scratch tests were conducted using a grinding wheel with a single abrasive grain to study the grain's behavior and cutting forces. Scratch topography analysis provided insights into the grain's cutting edges and wear mechanisms.
3. A second approach used a sclerometer to measure cutting forces at low scratch speeds and calculate the specific abrasive energy, allowing comparisons to the high-speed scratch test results.
An Experimental Investigation into the Grindability Aspects of Newly Develope...IDES Editor
Ceramics are getting widely used in many engineering applications. These ceramic materials need to be ground. Unfortunately, the ground ceramic components mostly contain surface/subsurface damages. To minimize the grinding induced damages selection of appropriate grinding process parameters is very important. Ceramic composite material (AlSiTi) has been selected in the present study to investigate its grindability. This research work deals with the analysis of the process parameters such as wheel speed, table feed and infeed as influential factors, on the force components, grinding specific energy and surface roughness values based
on Taguchi’s experimental design method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to analyze the subsurface damages. The result provides valuable insight into the grindability aspects of the composite ceramic (AlSiTi).
Vibrational Analysis Of Cracked Rod Having Circumferential Crack IDES Editor
The frequency ratio of torsional vibration of a rod without crack and of rod with crack subjected to torque at the free end for various crack depth and varying crack location is investigated. It is found that even a cracked of small depth is
dangerous at the fixed end, also as the crack depth is increases more than 50% of diameter of rod there is a considerable drop in natural frequency of the rod .
Influence of the speed in advance and the laser’s power on the zone affected ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The Laser cutting is a very important manufacturing technology. But this method has some
disadvantages, among which we find the emergence of a Thermically Affected Zone ZAT can dramatically alter
the characteristics of the processed material which affects its behaviour during its use. For this, we have tried in
this article to study the effect of the forward speed and the laser power in this area (thickness, hardening). In
this context, tests were made on steel C45 where we relied on the method of experiment plans to create a
mathematical model Significant coefficients are obtained by carrying out a variance analysis ANOVA on the
level of 5% of significance. We find that the speed in advance and the power of the laser have a great effect on
the ZAT.
Keywords: Cutting, Laser CO2, Heat Affected Zone.
An Experimental Investigation into the Grindability Aspects of Newly Develope...IDES Editor
Ceramics are getting widely used in many engineering applications. These ceramic materials need to be ground. Unfortunately, the ground ceramic components mostly contain surface/subsurface damages. To minimize the grinding induced damages selection of appropriate grinding process parameters is very important. Ceramic composite material (AlSiTi) has been selected in the present study to investigate its grindability. This research work deals with the analysis of the process parameters such as wheel speed, table feed and infeed as influential factors, on the force components, grinding specific energy and surface roughness values based
on Taguchi’s experimental design method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to analyze the subsurface damages. The result provides valuable insight into the grindability aspects of the composite ceramic (AlSiTi).
Vibrational Analysis Of Cracked Rod Having Circumferential Crack IDES Editor
The frequency ratio of torsional vibration of a rod without crack and of rod with crack subjected to torque at the free end for various crack depth and varying crack location is investigated. It is found that even a cracked of small depth is
dangerous at the fixed end, also as the crack depth is increases more than 50% of diameter of rod there is a considerable drop in natural frequency of the rod .
Influence of the speed in advance and the laser’s power on the zone affected ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The Laser cutting is a very important manufacturing technology. But this method has some
disadvantages, among which we find the emergence of a Thermically Affected Zone ZAT can dramatically alter
the characteristics of the processed material which affects its behaviour during its use. For this, we have tried in
this article to study the effect of the forward speed and the laser power in this area (thickness, hardening). In
this context, tests were made on steel C45 where we relied on the method of experiment plans to create a
mathematical model Significant coefficients are obtained by carrying out a variance analysis ANOVA on the
level of 5% of significance. We find that the speed in advance and the power of the laser have a great effect on
the ZAT.
Keywords: Cutting, Laser CO2, Heat Affected Zone.
Shear Field Size Effect on Determining the Shear Modulus of Glulam beam - Cri...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Shear Field Size Effect on Determining the Shear Modulus of Glulam beam by Niaz Gharavi* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Simulation and Experimental Studies on Composite BeamsIJERA Editor
A composite beam a one dimensional structure or a rod all of them are sectional dimensions in which width and height are much smaller in comparison to the structure. In structural applications longer beams are more frequently used. In this work a composite beam is manufactured with glass and epoxy combination. And stress analysis is carried out using derived analytical expressions. This research work carried out will enable to determine the beam strength due to bending loads. The importance of fiber reinforcement in the manufacturing of the beam is studied in terms of bending strength of the beam. Mat lab codes are generated to implement analytical equations of the composite beam. The analytical results are validated by performing experiments on composite beams. In this investigation, two different composite beams have been tested and compared the experimental results with the analytical results.
A Novel Approach Based on Decreased Dimension and Reduced Gray Level Range Ma...IJECEIAES
The human eye can easily identify the type of textures in flooring of the houses and in the digital images visually. In this work, the stone textures are grouped into four categories. They are bricks, marble, granite and mosaic. A novel approach is developed for decreasing the dimension of stone image and for reducing the gray level range of the image without any loss of significant feature information. This model is named as “Decreased Dimension and Reduced Gray level Range Matrix (DDRGRM)” model. The DDRGRM model consists of 3 stages. In stage 1, each 5×5 sub dimension of the stone image is reduced into 2×2 sub dimension without losing any important qualities, primitives, and any other local stuff. In stage 2, the gray level of the image is reduced from 0-255 to 0-4 by using fuzzy concepts. In stage 3, Cooccurrence Matrix (CM) features are derived from the DDRGRM model of the stone image for stone texture classification. Based on the feature set values, a user defined algorithm is developed to classify the stone texture image into one of the 4 categories i.e. Marble, Brick, Granite and Mosaic. The proposed method is tested by using the K-Nearest Neighbor Classification algorithm with the derived texture features. To prove the efficiency of the proposed method, it is tested on different stone texture image databases. The proposed method resulted in high classification rate when compared with the other existing methods.
The Effect of Direct- and Cross-Rolling on Mechanical Properties and Microstr...Kaveh Rahimi Mamaghani
Severely deformed commercial pure aluminum sheets by constrained groove pressing are direct and crossrolled.
The grain size evolution and dislocation density during rolling are studied using Williamson-Hall
analysis on x-ray diffraction patterns of the deformed samples. These results and optical microscopy
observations show that subsequent direct or cross-rolling of constrained groove pressed aluminum can
produce elongated fine grains. The minimum crystallite size is achieved after cross-rolling of constrained
groove pressed samples. By direct-rolling or cross-rolling of annealed sheet, the maximum intensity in x-ray
diffraction patterns remains on (200) like annealed aluminum but direct-rolling or cross-rolling of constrained
groove pressed sheets changes the maximum intensity from (111) for constrained groove pressed
sheets to (220). Also, mechanical properties are studied using tensile test and hardness measurement. The
results show that cross-rolling on constrained groove pressed samples is more effective than direct-rolling in
mechanical properties improvement.
Size effect of plain concrete beams–an experimental studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper analyses the size dependency of the fracture energy (GF) and the effective length of fracture process zone (Cf) of concrete
determined as per the Bazant’s Size effect method and RILEM Work-of-fracture methods. The fracture parameters (GF,Cf) are
determined by measuring the maximum loads of geometrically similar notched plain concrete (M25) specimens of different sizes in a
size ratio of 1:5 with different pre-cast notch depths (a/d=0.15, 0.30 and 0.45) under three point bending through load-deflection
curves. In each notch depth ratio, 15 beams are cast and tested with 03 similar specimens in each size of the beams. Total beams
tested are 45.The variation of both the fracture energy and the effective length of fracture process zone as a function of the specimen
size and notch depth is determined using Bazant’s Size effect method and RILEM Work-of-fracture method. Fracture energy and
Fracture process zone length determined by Size effect method are found to be decreasing with the increasing notch depth ratios.
Fracture energy calculated using Work-of-fracture method is increasing with the increase in size of specimen and decreasing with the
increasing notch depth ratios.
System combines the advantages of 100% scrap preheating and continuous scrap feeding through its chambers, without the need of EAF roof opening. EPC prevents totaly, any dust emission and heat loss during furnace charging stage, as it is the case normally for other operations. The EPC-EAF is a new generation, economical and environmentaly friendly Electric Arc Furnace. Considerable reduction in electric energy consumption, increased productivity, meeting strict environmental regulations, less dust load within the melt shop, flicker reduction& harmonic disturbance reduction are some of the important features of the new and superior EPC system.
Experimental evaluation of performance of electrical discharge machining of d...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrical discharge machining is the most widely used machining process in industries. Its use is particularly intense when very complex shapes on hard materials with a high dimensional accuracy are required. However the technological capability of the process has limited application when there is a requirement of high surface quality and mirror like characteristics. Its operation is characterized by long machining time, high tool wear and uncertainty in the final finish of the surface. However for finish surface, materials are subjected to mechanical polishing after EDM, which is wastage of time and energy. To improve the efficiency and surface finish of the work piece, the abrasive particles of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3 ) are mixed into the dielectric fluid at tool-work interface. In this Abrasive mixed EDM, the Abrasive mixed dielectric fluid facilitate the bridging effect and minimize the insulating strength of the dielectric fluid. As a result it improves the material removal rate and surface roughness. This paper presents the effect of abrasive on the performance of the EDM process. The results of both the processes have been analyzed using Design of experiments to find the significant parameters and to obtain the optimum parameters required for machining. Analyzed results indicate that abrasive particle size and abrasive concentration and pulse current are the most significant parameters that improve the material removal rate in comparison with traditional EDM. A new experimental setup is developed for experimentation. The result shows that the MRR increases with the abrasive mixed EDM. Keywords: Material removal rate, Abrasive mixed EDM, Dielectric fluid, Design of experiment, Abrasive particle size.
Multiresponse optimization of surface grinding operation of EN19 alloy steel ...IAEME Publication
Conventional grinding fluid is widely used in grinding process, which results in high consumption and impacting the environment. Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) is alternative source for the Conventional grinding process. In this study, Water based nanofluid applied to grinding process with MQL approach for its excellent convection heat transfer and thermal conductivity properties.
Shear Field Size Effect on Determining the Shear Modulus of Glulam beam - Cri...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Shear Field Size Effect on Determining the Shear Modulus of Glulam beam by Niaz Gharavi* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Simulation and Experimental Studies on Composite BeamsIJERA Editor
A composite beam a one dimensional structure or a rod all of them are sectional dimensions in which width and height are much smaller in comparison to the structure. In structural applications longer beams are more frequently used. In this work a composite beam is manufactured with glass and epoxy combination. And stress analysis is carried out using derived analytical expressions. This research work carried out will enable to determine the beam strength due to bending loads. The importance of fiber reinforcement in the manufacturing of the beam is studied in terms of bending strength of the beam. Mat lab codes are generated to implement analytical equations of the composite beam. The analytical results are validated by performing experiments on composite beams. In this investigation, two different composite beams have been tested and compared the experimental results with the analytical results.
A Novel Approach Based on Decreased Dimension and Reduced Gray Level Range Ma...IJECEIAES
The human eye can easily identify the type of textures in flooring of the houses and in the digital images visually. In this work, the stone textures are grouped into four categories. They are bricks, marble, granite and mosaic. A novel approach is developed for decreasing the dimension of stone image and for reducing the gray level range of the image without any loss of significant feature information. This model is named as “Decreased Dimension and Reduced Gray level Range Matrix (DDRGRM)” model. The DDRGRM model consists of 3 stages. In stage 1, each 5×5 sub dimension of the stone image is reduced into 2×2 sub dimension without losing any important qualities, primitives, and any other local stuff. In stage 2, the gray level of the image is reduced from 0-255 to 0-4 by using fuzzy concepts. In stage 3, Cooccurrence Matrix (CM) features are derived from the DDRGRM model of the stone image for stone texture classification. Based on the feature set values, a user defined algorithm is developed to classify the stone texture image into one of the 4 categories i.e. Marble, Brick, Granite and Mosaic. The proposed method is tested by using the K-Nearest Neighbor Classification algorithm with the derived texture features. To prove the efficiency of the proposed method, it is tested on different stone texture image databases. The proposed method resulted in high classification rate when compared with the other existing methods.
The Effect of Direct- and Cross-Rolling on Mechanical Properties and Microstr...Kaveh Rahimi Mamaghani
Severely deformed commercial pure aluminum sheets by constrained groove pressing are direct and crossrolled.
The grain size evolution and dislocation density during rolling are studied using Williamson-Hall
analysis on x-ray diffraction patterns of the deformed samples. These results and optical microscopy
observations show that subsequent direct or cross-rolling of constrained groove pressed aluminum can
produce elongated fine grains. The minimum crystallite size is achieved after cross-rolling of constrained
groove pressed samples. By direct-rolling or cross-rolling of annealed sheet, the maximum intensity in x-ray
diffraction patterns remains on (200) like annealed aluminum but direct-rolling or cross-rolling of constrained
groove pressed sheets changes the maximum intensity from (111) for constrained groove pressed
sheets to (220). Also, mechanical properties are studied using tensile test and hardness measurement. The
results show that cross-rolling on constrained groove pressed samples is more effective than direct-rolling in
mechanical properties improvement.
Size effect of plain concrete beams–an experimental studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper analyses the size dependency of the fracture energy (GF) and the effective length of fracture process zone (Cf) of concrete
determined as per the Bazant’s Size effect method and RILEM Work-of-fracture methods. The fracture parameters (GF,Cf) are
determined by measuring the maximum loads of geometrically similar notched plain concrete (M25) specimens of different sizes in a
size ratio of 1:5 with different pre-cast notch depths (a/d=0.15, 0.30 and 0.45) under three point bending through load-deflection
curves. In each notch depth ratio, 15 beams are cast and tested with 03 similar specimens in each size of the beams. Total beams
tested are 45.The variation of both the fracture energy and the effective length of fracture process zone as a function of the specimen
size and notch depth is determined using Bazant’s Size effect method and RILEM Work-of-fracture method. Fracture energy and
Fracture process zone length determined by Size effect method are found to be decreasing with the increasing notch depth ratios.
Fracture energy calculated using Work-of-fracture method is increasing with the increase in size of specimen and decreasing with the
increasing notch depth ratios.
System combines the advantages of 100% scrap preheating and continuous scrap feeding through its chambers, without the need of EAF roof opening. EPC prevents totaly, any dust emission and heat loss during furnace charging stage, as it is the case normally for other operations. The EPC-EAF is a new generation, economical and environmentaly friendly Electric Arc Furnace. Considerable reduction in electric energy consumption, increased productivity, meeting strict environmental regulations, less dust load within the melt shop, flicker reduction& harmonic disturbance reduction are some of the important features of the new and superior EPC system.
Experimental evaluation of performance of electrical discharge machining of d...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrical discharge machining is the most widely used machining process in industries. Its use is particularly intense when very complex shapes on hard materials with a high dimensional accuracy are required. However the technological capability of the process has limited application when there is a requirement of high surface quality and mirror like characteristics. Its operation is characterized by long machining time, high tool wear and uncertainty in the final finish of the surface. However for finish surface, materials are subjected to mechanical polishing after EDM, which is wastage of time and energy. To improve the efficiency and surface finish of the work piece, the abrasive particles of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3 ) are mixed into the dielectric fluid at tool-work interface. In this Abrasive mixed EDM, the Abrasive mixed dielectric fluid facilitate the bridging effect and minimize the insulating strength of the dielectric fluid. As a result it improves the material removal rate and surface roughness. This paper presents the effect of abrasive on the performance of the EDM process. The results of both the processes have been analyzed using Design of experiments to find the significant parameters and to obtain the optimum parameters required for machining. Analyzed results indicate that abrasive particle size and abrasive concentration and pulse current are the most significant parameters that improve the material removal rate in comparison with traditional EDM. A new experimental setup is developed for experimentation. The result shows that the MRR increases with the abrasive mixed EDM. Keywords: Material removal rate, Abrasive mixed EDM, Dielectric fluid, Design of experiment, Abrasive particle size.
Multiresponse optimization of surface grinding operation of EN19 alloy steel ...IAEME Publication
Conventional grinding fluid is widely used in grinding process, which results in high consumption and impacting the environment. Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) is alternative source for the Conventional grinding process. In this study, Water based nanofluid applied to grinding process with MQL approach for its excellent convection heat transfer and thermal conductivity properties.
The big challenge of the mass production firms is concentrated for achieving high quality
products with good dimensionability with high productivity, less wear on the cutting insert, less use
of cutting fluid, within less time. This paper present dissertation work of an investigation of turning
process parameters on hard EN 31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal
rate, machining time in wet and minimum quantity lubrication system. The experiment is carried out
by considering four controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and
insert nose radius in the presence of wet & MQL system. This experiment also present the relation
between chip formations and controllable variables along with chip thickness, chip colors & chip
velocity from which its effect on insert wear, quality of product can be easily found out, because of
chip morphology gives indirectly the effect of it on the insert wear. In this dissertation work
minimum quantity lubrication system is used for reducing the cutting zone temperature properly and
very fastly. Finally comparison is carried out between wet and minimum quantity lubrication system
from which one can easily identify which system is better for higher productivity along with high
surface finish. This work also present the productivity (MRR) concept in production. The design of
experiment and optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time is carried
out by using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design method is used (CCD)
for the total experimental design work and its analysis and also for optimization of turning process
parameter by which wastage of the machining time, power can be avoided.
Effect of Process Parameters on Micro Hardness of Mild Steel Processed by Sur...IOSR Journals
Surface grinding process can be utilized to create flat shapes at a high production rate and low
cost.. In this investigation, indigenously designed set up were used for evaluating the surface grinding process
was established. An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of surface grinding process
parameters i.e. Inlet pressure of coolant, grinding wheel speed, work-piece speed, and nozzle angle on the micro
hardness of the mild steel specimen. In the present study Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table type
surface grinding machine fitted with test rig is used and cutting fluid is applied through the convergent nozzle to
throw the cutting fluids at the cutting zone. In order to evaluate the effect of selected process parameters, one
variable approach has been used in the present study. Plots of various Micro Hardness responses have been
used to determine the relationship between the output response and the input parameters. The value of
microhardness of grinded mild steel work-piece varies from 292.63 to 370.73 HV
Effect of granulated blast furnace slag as substitute for fine aggregate in c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of present investigation was to study the effect of granulated blast furnace slag as substitute for fine aggregate in cement mortar and concrete. Now a days, river sand becomes scarce and costly too, which is one of the very important ingredient of concrete and cement mortar mix especially in India and the world consumption of sand in concrete generation along is around 1000 to 1100 million tonnes per year, making its scarce and limited. Shortage of river sand resulted into the over dredging of river sand which causes environmental threat and loss of aquatic life also. In this paper granulated blast furnace slag is used as substitute for river sand in cement mortar and concrete, to overcome the environmental problems created due to over mining. In this investigation, in a cement mortar and concrete replacing natural sand by granulated blast furnace slag in a range of 20%, 40%, 60%,80% and 100%. The workability and strength of cement mortar and concrete with varying percentage of granulated blast furnace slag substitute which is then compare with workability and strength of conventional concrete. To determine the workability and strength of cement mortar and concrete, cubes of standard sizes 150mm x 150mm x 150mm (for concrete) and 70mm x 70mm x 70mm (for cement mortar) for 3rdday (cement mortar), 7th day and 28th days were casted and tested under compression testing machine . The work is extending to 100% replacement of natural sand with granulated blast furnace slag for M-20 grade of concrete and cement mortar. The compressive strength and flow characteristic of various mixes at various curing periods are studies. The study has shown that, the granulated blast furnace slag can be used as best alternative construction material over river sand. By these substitution and study one can achieve environmental protection as well as economy.
Keywords- River Sand (RS), Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBS), Cement Mortar, Concrete, Workability, Compressive Strength.
Use of cutting fluids in machining processes can reduce the cutting temperature and provides lubrication to tool and work piece. These translate to longer tool life and improved surface quality. Metalworking fluids are a major cause of health hazards for operators apart from being sources of environmental pollution thus necessitating research in dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) machining. The introduction of coolant techniques such as near-dry machining so called minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and cryogenic coolant have shown promising performances especially in terms of cutting tool life. Nowadays, MQL is widely used in machining performances.
Performance evaluation of nano graphite inclusions in cutting fluids with mql...eSAT Journals
Abstract Liberation of heat and generation of friction associated with any machining operation ever pose a problem which not only reduce the tool life but also impair quality of the product. Cutting fluids have been the conventional choice to curtail friction and temperatures in machining because of its lubrication and cooling actions. However, considering health hazards posed by the conventional cutting fluids to health of the workers and ecology, the quest is towards identifying alternative strategies to the usual flood application. Selection and use of proper lubricant that can improve the overall cutting phenomena which is an important aspect in reducing the cutting forces and temperatures The present work studies the use of nano cutting fluids in MQL which is a minimal cutting fluid technique, for turning operation using HSS and cemented carbide tools. Development of nano materials by nanotechnology technique, dispersing them in the cutting fluid improve the effectiveness of the cutting fluid and hence nano graphite powder is selected of particle size 80 nm in varying proportions i.e. 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% by weight are mixed in water soluble oil and applied drop by drop. Experimentation is carried out at different flow rates like 5 ml/min 10 ml/min and 15 ml/min with nanoparticle suspended fluids along with dry machining, flood coolant machining under constant cutting conditions. Experimental results are very encouraging with much reduction in surface roughness, tool flank wear, temperatures and cutting forces is observed in fluids with nanoparticle inclusions. Different properties of the nanofluids are estimated through a series of standard tests. Keywords: Machining, nano Graphite, minimum quantity lubrication, cutting fluids.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND PREDICTION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN SURFACE GRI...IAEME Publication
This study deals with the investigation and prediction of the surface roughness in surface grinding operation. The experiments have been conducted using factorial design on a surface grinding machine with silicon oxide as an abrasive wheel. Feed and depth of cut were varied to observe their effect on surface roughness. Analysis of variance was used to find the significant factor and regression equation was developed to predict the surface roughness. Three different materials were used in this investigation (cast iron, mild steel and stainless steel).
System combines the advantages of 100% scrap preheating and continuous scrap feeding through its chambers, without the need of EAF roof opening. EPC prevents totaly, any dust emission and heat loss during furnace charging stage, as it is the case normally for other operations. The EPC-EAF is a new generation, economical and environmentaly friendly Electric Arc Furnace. Considerable reduction in electric energy consumption, increased productivity, meeting strict environmental regulations, less dust load within the melt shop, flicker reduction& harmonic disturbance reduction are some of the important features of the new and superior EPC system.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HIGH VOLUME GROUND GRANUL...IAEME Publication
This paper reports the effect of high volume of GGBS on the properties of structural
concrete. In this study, GGBS is physically and chemically characterized and partially
replaced in the ratio of 10% to 90% by weight of cement. The fresh properties of GGBS
concrete like slump test and hardened properties like compressive strength, Split tensile
strength, Modulus of Elasticity are carried out. In addition to this the carbon foot prints are
also calculated and the savings per capita per year is determined for reduction of usage of
cement. The test results indicated that fresh and hardened properties of the GGBS concrete
increases as the percentage of replacement of GGBS increases up to certain extent
FACTORS USED IN ESTIMATING THROUGHPUT FOR CUTTER SUCTION DREDGES William Wetta
Many factors contribute to limitations in the throughput of cutter suctions dredge. While most performance data available from cutter suction dredge manufactures outlines theoretical design throughput, others factors need to be considered when estimated expected throughput. This is obviously important for estimating purposes but also to understand what factors cause limitations on the performance of the dredges. This paper will go into detail on understanding the effects on bank height and its relation to throughput rates. The paper will address cutter limitations by showing the affect of throughput on a dredge that is excavating material with high compaction rates with cutter systems under and properly designed to meet the required breakout forces. The paper will address the effects of different material types and how the material classifications affect the performance of the dredge. This paper will also detail pump limitations and the overall system designs required for optimal equipment efficiency. Other factors that will be addressed include; dredge pump location with respect to dredging depth, pipeline choice, pipeline length, dredge repositioning time, cut width and the overall efficiency of the dredging system.
Determination of Stress Intensity Factor for a Crack Emanating From a Rivet ...IJMER
Modern aircraft structures are designed using a damage tolerance philosophy. This design philosophy envisions sufficient strength and structural integrity of the aircraft to sustain major damage and to avoid catastrophic failure. The rivet holes location are one of the stress concentration region in fuselage skin. The current study includes a curved sheet with rivet holes is considered as part of the
fuselage skin. During the service life of aircraft fatigue cracks will emanate from rivet holes simultaneously as they experience identical stresses due to internal pressure. In fracture mechanics, Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) is an important criterion to evaluate the impact of crack as the magnitude of SIF determines the propagation of crack. The objective is to investigate the SIF for crack emanating from one rivet hole and approaching another using isplacement Extrapolation Method (DEM) in F.E.M that would aid in the determination of the critical nature of such cracks.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Drilling of Sandwich Composites:...IOSR Journals
A composite material is made out of a mixture or a combination of two or more distinctly differing
materials which are insoluble in each other and differ in form or chemical composition. The technological and
commercial interest in composite material lies in their superior properties of strength-to-weight, stiffness-toweight,
fatigue and thermal expansion compared to metals. Extensive use of composite in application such as
rockets, satellites, missiles, light combat aircraft, advanced light helicopter and trainer air craft has shown that
India is on par with the advanced countries in the development and use of composites in this area.
Drilling is probably the most important conventional mechanical process and it is the most widely used
machining operation. Prediction of cutting forces for any set of cutting parameters is essential in optimal design
and manufacturing of products. It has been predicted that most of the problem associated with hole making
operation, such as drilling, can be attributed to the force generated during cutting operation. Many
developments and experiments are going on drilling of Sandwich composite for damage free drilling along with
the quality of the hole and the effect of tool geometry and tool material.
This paper aims at the comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation work done on the
composites material. The conclusion of the paper discusses the development and outlines the trends for the
research in this field.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to Characterization of abrasive grain’s and wear mechanisms (20)
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. H. Hamdi et al. / Wear 254 (2003) 1294–1298 1295
Fig. 1. High-speed scratch test.
Fig. 4. Scratch morphology.
is clear that the lateral rolls are virtually non-existent for
the whole length of the scratch. Moreover MS1 is manufac-
tured by the highest cutting edge of the grain (Fig. 2). This
shows that for this cutting edge it seems that metal cutting
occurs while for the other one abrasive wear and plowing
seems to have happened. In fact, the study of the physical
phenomena of the metal cutting must take into account the
grain topography (Fig. 2) and an abrasive grain has sev-
eral cutting edges and not only one as it was suggested in
the literature [5]. From the scratch analysis (Fig. 4) and the
phenomena interpretations, the concept of minimum chip
as it is widely explained for other machining process like
turning or milling could be introduced in the abrasive grain
scale.
The study of the shape of the scratch gives some other
interesting information. In fact, if the theoretical trajectory
of the grain [6] and the experimental measurement of the
scratch shape are compared, the way the material move in the
Fig. 2. Grain topography. vertical direction could be qualitatively understood (Fig. 6).
The theoretical depth of the scratch is greater than the ex-
perimental one like it could be observed in Fig. 6. So, during
The frontal roll present at the end of the scratch (Fig. 4)
the scratch test there is probably an elastic strain of the ma-
is in fact a chip which is not ejected from the workpiece.
Moreover, lateral rolls are observed in some area of the
scratch. So, during the scratch test there is a lateral flow
of the material as it could be expected. This lateral flow of
the material is more important in some area of the scratch
and in some other it is unobserved as it is illustrated on
the extracted transversal profile (Fig. 5). If the manufactur-
ing scratch MS1 is particularly studied (Figs. 4 and 5), it
Fig. 3. Succession of scratches on the workpiece. Fig. 5. Transversal profile extracted from the scratch (Fig. 4).
3. 1296 H. Hamdi et al. / Wear 254 (2003) 1294–1298
Fig. 9. The principle of the sclerometer.
a numerical integration must be performed to compute the
specific abrasive energy.
Let W denote the mechanical energy given by the follow-
Fig. 6. Superposition of the theoretical and experimental trajectory. ing equation:
1
W= Ft (x) dx (2)
0
The scratch length l is equal to 5 mm in our case (Fig. 4). So
5
W= Ft (x) dx = 85.34 × 10−3 J (3)
0
And finally the specific abrasive energy is equal to
W
Es = = 15.86 J mm−3 (4)
Fig. 7. Background of the chip. Ve
The present result must be confronted to the result obtained
terial in front of the cutting edge. Then when the mechani- with the sclerometer exposed in the sequel.
cal stresses are higher, a part of the material gets round the
grain in the lateral (lateral roll, Fig. 4) and/or vertical way,
the rest results in a chip (Fig. 7) [6]. 3. Standard scratch test: sclerometer
2.3. Specific abrasive energy 3.1. Principle
The specific abrasive energy Es is the energy needed to The sclerometer principle [6,7] is illustrated in Fig. 9. The
removed a volume of material. This quantity is widely used aim is to score a surface with an indenter. A normal force
by abrasive manufacture to qualify the grain behavior. It is Fn = 20 N and a displacement are imposed to the indenter.
computed using Eq. (1) [6,7]: The tangential force Ft is measured by a piezoelectric sensor
l during the test. The scratch velocity in this case is equal to
0 Ft (x) dx 0.3 mm s−1 while for the high-speed scratch test it is equal
Es = (1)
Ve to 37.3 m s−1 . So, the influence of the scratch velocity could
be studied.
where Ft is the tangential force (N), Ve the material volume
Like for the high-speed scratch test the indenter is a blue
removed (m3 ), and l the length of the scratch (m).
corundum grain and the workpiece is a quench bearing steel
In the case of this present study the material volume re-
(AISI 52100).
moved Ve , in the above experimental condition, is estab-
lished using the TopoSurf image processing software and is
3.2. Scratch analysis
equal to Ve = 5.38 × 10−3 mm3 (Fig. 4).
The acquired tangential force (Fig. 8) is not constant. So,
Figs. 10 and 11 show that in the case of the standard
scratch test the lateral rolls are less marked as compared to
those obtained in a high-speed scratch test. The differences
between the two experiments is first the velocity and second
the trajectory. Do those differences influence the metal cut-
ting physic? Any response could be given with the present
scratch analysis.
Like it is previously noticed, the scratch in the sclerometer
test is constituted by several manufacturing scratches too.
Fig. 8. Tangential force for the high-speed scratch test. So, the grain have several cutting edges.
4. H. Hamdi et al. / Wear 254 (2003) 1294–1298 1297
Fig. 12. Tangential force in the sclerometer test.
The volume of the material removed is equal to Ve = 1.34×
10−4 mm3 , so the specific abrasive energy is equal to Es =
52.23 J mm−3 .
4. Discussion
Fig. 10. Sclerometer scratch morphology.
In Table 1, it is observed that the specific abrasion en-
ergy decreases when the scratch speed increases. Such anal-
ysis could involve some mistakes and could lead to some
conclusions like the scratch velocity influence the physical
phenomena as the metal cutting, the wear mechanisms, the
plowing, etc. The greatest care must be taken, and an anal-
ysis of the two above experiments must be done.
First, the experimental conditions are different. In the
standard scratch test case a normal force Fn is imposed and
in the high-speed scratch test the cutting depth is imposed.
Such differences give a first incidence on the maximum nor-
mal force measured and cutting depth.
Secondly, a physic analysis of the two experiences shows
that the trajectories of the two grains are different from one
Fig. 11. Transversal profile extracted from the scratch (Fig. 10).
process to another. In one case, the trajectory is linear and
in the other one it is circular. This observation has an impor-
tant consequence on the forces distribution (Figs. 8 and 12)
3.3. Specific abrasive energy and may have an incidence on the way the material is re-
moved. In fact, during the high-speed scratch test the depth
The specific abrasive energy is computed using Eq. (1). of scratch varies theoretically from 0 up to 20 m. This is
The analysis of the scratch represented in Fig. 10 by means why the tangential force distribution is not constant (Fig. 8).
of TopoSurf gives the volume Ve = 1.34 × 10−4 mm3 of the Moreover, the cutting angle varies too during the high-speed
material removed. scratch test which may affect the specific abrasive energy.
The acquired tangential force represented in Fig. 12 could The sclerometer experiment gives some advantages. It
be considered as constant. In the steady state, the mean of is easy to make use of this way of investigation for sev-
the tangential force Ft is equal to 10 N for a scratch length eral reasons. First, the low velocity of the grain during the
equal to 0.7 mm (Fig. 12). So the specific abrasive energy is scratch test make the acquirement of the forces more easier.
computed as follows: Secondly, the grain could be easily replaced on the indenter
l l (Fig. 9), which is a great advantage when the life time and the
0.3 Ft (x) dx Ft (x) 0.3 dx Ft (x)(l − 0.3)
Es = = = (5) wear mechanisms of a grain population are studied. Finally,
Ve Ve Ve the sclerometer is useful when an abrasive manufacture
Table 1
Recapitulative table
Ft,max (N) Fn,max (N) Depth of the scratch (m) Vs Ve (mm3 ) Es (J mm−3 )
Sclerometer 10 20 5 0.3 mm s−1 1.34 × 10−4 52.23
High-speed scratch test 7 67 20 37 m s−1 5.38 × 10−3 15.86
5. 1298 H. Hamdi et al. / Wear 254 (2003) 1294–1298
will study the influence of the shape and the cutting angles fluence of the velocity on the grain behavior in the case of
of the grain on the specific abrasion energy. This could be a high-speed scratch test. Moreover, the experimental results
fast way to classify a population of grain and extract those of the grain behavior presented in this paper must be con-
presenting the best abrasive behavior. fronted to some numerical simulation of the scratch test.
The high-speed scratch test gives some advantages too. At last, if the behavior of the grain on the metal cutting
It allows to study the grain abrasive behavior in the case characteristics and physics will be understood, the grinding
of grinding conditions which impose the trajectories, the process and its effects on the workpiece will be better un-
velocity and the depth of cut. The main drawback is to derstood too.
hold the grain in position on the disk (Fig. 1) which
make the experiment heavy when several grains must be
compared. References
The comparison of the two experiments is critical in term
[1] E. Minke, E. Brinksmeier, The use of conventional grinding wheels
of the effect of the velocity on the grain behavior and the
in high-performance grinding processes, in: Proceedings of the
abrasive phenomena. The experiment conditions are differ- First International Machining and Grinding Conference (SME), SME
ent and induce two types of trajectories which may have an Identification, Product ID MR95-199, Paper No. MR95-199, Dearborn,
influence on the expected results. At last, the two experi- USA, 1995, 12 pp.
ments are complementary because one (the sclerometer) al- [2] J.W. Kim, H. Gupta, High speed grinding: evaluation of wheel
performance and surface integrity, J. Mater. Process. Manuf. Sci. 5 (2)
lows an easy classification of an abrasive grain population
(1996) 115–126.
in terms of life time, wear resistance and specific abrasive [3] F. Klock, E. Brinksmeier, C. Evans, T. Howes, I. Inasaki, E.
energy, and the other permits a second selection when good Minke, H.K. Toenshoff, J.A. Webster, D. Stuff, High-speed grinding:
mechanical behavior is expected in the grinding process fundamentals and state of the art in Europe, Japan, and the USA,
condition. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 46 (2) (1997) 715–724.
[4] B.N. Colding, A wear relationship for turning, milling and grinding—
machining economics, Ph.D. Thesis, Stockholm, 1959.
[5] J. Verkerk, Final report concerning CIRP cooperative work in the
5. Conclusion
characterisation of grinding wheel topography, Ann. CIRP 26 (2)
(1977) 385–395.
In this paper two experiments which give some interest- [6] H. Hamdi, Contribution to the study of the physical phenomena in the
ing information on the grain behavior are presented. The wheel–workpiece interface in the case of traditional and high speed
high-speed scratch test for the study of the grain behavior is grinding, Ph.D. Thesis, Ecole Central de Lyon, 2000, 170 pp.
[7] V. Jardret, H. Zahouani, T.G. Mathia, Technique for analysis of
the nearest of the real process and give more qualitatively scratch genesis: morphological and rheological point of view, in: T.S.
physics information of the grinding process. In further in- Sudarshan, M. Jeandin (Eds.), Surface Modification Technologies VIII,
vestigations, it seems that it is interesting to study the in- The Institute of Materials, 1995, pp. 222–228.