Next Generation Passive Optical Network Stage 2 (NG-PON2) have to resolve the problem like demand each user, for example, HDTV, 3DTV, Hologram and Telemedicine. The research designed Passive Optical Network (PON), which is meet requirements of NG-PON2. Using stacked 4 Optical Line Terminal (OLT) with an aggregate 40 Gbps transmitted on fiber Single Mode Fiber (SMF) and Dispersion Compensation Fiber (DCF) by comparing the system without DCF cable. On the condition of minimum standards, the range of 40 km with a power splitter 1:64 only 9:01% power difference while the increased in the Q factor of 65.5%. With these results, it can be said that systems using DCF can be used optimally. In addition, with the power splitter 1: 4 and a lower power worth 0 dBm can produce a range of 150% further. With the same distance as far as 40 km, this research increasing power splitter 6 times increase compared with previous research.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document describes a SCMA-CPS-OFDM transceiver system for 5G and factories of the future applications. It introduces sparse code multiple access (SCMA) integrated with circularly pulse-shaped OFDM as a promising waveform that can meet 5G requirements such as high reliability, massive connectivity, and low device cost. The document outlines the SCMA-CPS-OFDM transceiver system, including the transmitter which encodes data using a top-down SCMA scheme and the CPS-OFDM precoder, and the receiver which detects the signals. Simulation results show the proposed scheme can achieve better error rate and spectral efficiency performance compared to other waveforms.
Optimal Preamble Design for Short Packet Circularly Pulse-Shaped OFDM Transmi...Yenming Huang
IEEE GLOBECOM 2020
SPC1: SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR OFDM AND VLC
Title: Optimal Preamble Design for Short Packet Circularly Pulse-Shaped OFDM Transmissions
Authors: Yenming Huang, Polin Huang, and Borching Su
Simulation Analysis of Prototype Filter Bank Multicarrier Cognitive Radio Und...ijeei-iaes
Cognitive Radio has proven as a optimum technique for getting improved spectrum utilization by sharing the radio spectrum with licensed primary users opportunistically. The cognitive radio is a new paradigm to overcome the persisting problem of spectrum underutilization.Seeing the everincreasing demand of wireless applications,the radio sp ectrum is a valuable resource and in cognitive radio systems,trustworthy spectrum sensing techniques are required to avoid any harmful interference to the primary users.As cognitive radio possess the capability to utilise the unused spectrum holes or white spaces so,there is a tremendous need to scan the large range of spectrum either for interference management or for primary receiver detection.Dynamic Spectrum Access techniques need to be implemented for the sake of better radio resource management and computational complexity analysis of multirate filter bank cognitive radio,where BER and Eb/No are the performance metrics or governing parameters to affect the system performance using polyphase filter bank.The present paper deals with the study of effect of variation of number of subchannels M at fix overlapping factor K of polyphase component of Filter Bank Multicarrier cognitive radio in terms of prototype filter length at Lp=K*M .
This document discusses the development of new waveforms for 5G networks. It outlines key 5G physical layer requirements including low out-of-subband emission and low peak-to-average power ratio. State-of-the-art waveform techniques are reviewed, including precoding, windowing and filtering applied to OFDM. Subband precoding is a focus as it can reduce emission and power ratio while maintaining linear complexity. The problem of designing a precoding matrix to meet these goals is presented. Existing precoding designs are reviewed and limitations discussed. Circularly pulse-shaped precoding for OFDM is proposed to address open problems.
This document discusses 5G low latency massive access technology for factories of the future (FoF). It proposes integrating sparse code multiple access (SCMA) with circularly pulse-shaped OFDM (CPS-OFDM) as a new waveform to meet the physical layer requirements of FoF by enabling low latency, massive connectivity, and low-cost devices. SCMA-CPS-OFDM offers advantages like the lowest out-of-band emission, peak-to-average power ratio, and highest detection reliability and spectral efficiency compared to other waveforms. Future work involves integrating SCMA-CPS-OFDM into 5G massive MIMO systems to further improve spectral efficiency for FoF applications.
ANALYTICAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AN LDPC CODED INDOOR OPTICAL WIRELESS CO...optljjournal
Recently, indoor Optical Wireless (OW) connectivity has gained significant attention as a possible
alternative to tackle the problem of bottleneck access and as an improvement to ever more conventional RF
/ microwave connections. In indoor OW communication, OOK encoding is more widely used owing to its
effective usage of bandwidth and robustness to timing errors, given the fact that the power consumption is
less than PPM. The modulation format in this research work is Q-array PPM over lasers, with modulation
of power. The effects of the analysis are analyzed numerically in view of the amount of bit error (BER). It is
shown that, because of coding for 4PPM framework, the bit error performance is increased. For instance,
an LDPC-coded device with stable foundation radiation provides a important coding improvement of 5 to 6
dB over uncoded device at BER in the order of 10-8 and 10-12 respectively.
Reducing Cubic Metric of Circularly Pulse-Shaped OFDM Signals Through Constel...Yenming Huang
The document describes a system for reducing the cubic metric of circularly pulse-shaped OFDM signals through constellation shaping optimization with performance constraints. It introduces circularly pulse-shaped OFDM as a promising waveform for 5G that addresses requirements like low out-of-band emission. It then motivates further reducing the cubic metric of CPS-OFDM signals using constellation shaping to optimize power amplifier efficiency. The paper outlines the CPS-OFDM transceiver system with constellation shaping, defines performance metrics like cubic metric, error vector magnitude, and out-of-subband emission energy, and describes formulating the offset vector design problem to minimize cubic metric under those constraints.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document describes a SCMA-CPS-OFDM transceiver system for 5G and factories of the future applications. It introduces sparse code multiple access (SCMA) integrated with circularly pulse-shaped OFDM as a promising waveform that can meet 5G requirements such as high reliability, massive connectivity, and low device cost. The document outlines the SCMA-CPS-OFDM transceiver system, including the transmitter which encodes data using a top-down SCMA scheme and the CPS-OFDM precoder, and the receiver which detects the signals. Simulation results show the proposed scheme can achieve better error rate and spectral efficiency performance compared to other waveforms.
Optimal Preamble Design for Short Packet Circularly Pulse-Shaped OFDM Transmi...Yenming Huang
IEEE GLOBECOM 2020
SPC1: SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR OFDM AND VLC
Title: Optimal Preamble Design for Short Packet Circularly Pulse-Shaped OFDM Transmissions
Authors: Yenming Huang, Polin Huang, and Borching Su
Simulation Analysis of Prototype Filter Bank Multicarrier Cognitive Radio Und...ijeei-iaes
Cognitive Radio has proven as a optimum technique for getting improved spectrum utilization by sharing the radio spectrum with licensed primary users opportunistically. The cognitive radio is a new paradigm to overcome the persisting problem of spectrum underutilization.Seeing the everincreasing demand of wireless applications,the radio sp ectrum is a valuable resource and in cognitive radio systems,trustworthy spectrum sensing techniques are required to avoid any harmful interference to the primary users.As cognitive radio possess the capability to utilise the unused spectrum holes or white spaces so,there is a tremendous need to scan the large range of spectrum either for interference management or for primary receiver detection.Dynamic Spectrum Access techniques need to be implemented for the sake of better radio resource management and computational complexity analysis of multirate filter bank cognitive radio,where BER and Eb/No are the performance metrics or governing parameters to affect the system performance using polyphase filter bank.The present paper deals with the study of effect of variation of number of subchannels M at fix overlapping factor K of polyphase component of Filter Bank Multicarrier cognitive radio in terms of prototype filter length at Lp=K*M .
This document discusses the development of new waveforms for 5G networks. It outlines key 5G physical layer requirements including low out-of-subband emission and low peak-to-average power ratio. State-of-the-art waveform techniques are reviewed, including precoding, windowing and filtering applied to OFDM. Subband precoding is a focus as it can reduce emission and power ratio while maintaining linear complexity. The problem of designing a precoding matrix to meet these goals is presented. Existing precoding designs are reviewed and limitations discussed. Circularly pulse-shaped precoding for OFDM is proposed to address open problems.
This document discusses 5G low latency massive access technology for factories of the future (FoF). It proposes integrating sparse code multiple access (SCMA) with circularly pulse-shaped OFDM (CPS-OFDM) as a new waveform to meet the physical layer requirements of FoF by enabling low latency, massive connectivity, and low-cost devices. SCMA-CPS-OFDM offers advantages like the lowest out-of-band emission, peak-to-average power ratio, and highest detection reliability and spectral efficiency compared to other waveforms. Future work involves integrating SCMA-CPS-OFDM into 5G massive MIMO systems to further improve spectral efficiency for FoF applications.
ANALYTICAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AN LDPC CODED INDOOR OPTICAL WIRELESS CO...optljjournal
Recently, indoor Optical Wireless (OW) connectivity has gained significant attention as a possible
alternative to tackle the problem of bottleneck access and as an improvement to ever more conventional RF
/ microwave connections. In indoor OW communication, OOK encoding is more widely used owing to its
effective usage of bandwidth and robustness to timing errors, given the fact that the power consumption is
less than PPM. The modulation format in this research work is Q-array PPM over lasers, with modulation
of power. The effects of the analysis are analyzed numerically in view of the amount of bit error (BER). It is
shown that, because of coding for 4PPM framework, the bit error performance is increased. For instance,
an LDPC-coded device with stable foundation radiation provides a important coding improvement of 5 to 6
dB over uncoded device at BER in the order of 10-8 and 10-12 respectively.
Reducing Cubic Metric of Circularly Pulse-Shaped OFDM Signals Through Constel...Yenming Huang
The document describes a system for reducing the cubic metric of circularly pulse-shaped OFDM signals through constellation shaping optimization with performance constraints. It introduces circularly pulse-shaped OFDM as a promising waveform for 5G that addresses requirements like low out-of-band emission. It then motivates further reducing the cubic metric of CPS-OFDM signals using constellation shaping to optimize power amplifier efficiency. The paper outlines the CPS-OFDM transceiver system with constellation shaping, defines performance metrics like cubic metric, error vector magnitude, and out-of-subband emission energy, and describes formulating the offset vector design problem to minimize cubic metric under those constraints.
This document describes the simulation of an OFDM system using MATLAB. It discusses how OFDM works and its advantages for wireless communications. The simulator allows analyzing the performance of BPSK, QPSK, and QAM modulation under Rayleigh fading and multipath channels. It measures bit error rate as a function of signal to noise ratio. The GUI interface facilitates changing parameters and visualizing the transmitted and received OFDM frames, spectra, and constellations. Simulation results demonstrate the variation in performance between modulation techniques in different channel conditions.
Performance Analysis of A Ds-Cdma System by using Rayleigh and Nakagami-M Fad...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the performance of a DS-CDMA system using Rayleigh and Nakagami-M fading channels.
2) It studies expressions for signal-to-noise plus interference ratio with and without receive diversity under Nakagami-m fading.
3) The analysis is extended to a Rake receiver with maximal ratio combining technique and multiple receive antennas to determine the improvement in bit error rate and receiver sensitivity due to diversity.
Implementation and Study of Universal Filtered Multi Carrier under Carrier Fr...Editor IJAIEM
Sathiyapriya N.S
PG Student, Dept. of ECE, Periyar Maniammai University Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
OFDM is a matured technology and applied in various wireless standards. However they are not suitable for Uplink and this
technology is replaced by SC FDMA in 4G standards. Similarly Universal Filtered Multicarrier Communication (UFMC) is
another suitable technology for Multi user Uplink and for applications like cognitive radio. UFMC is a new, non-orthogonal,
waveform designed by Alcatel Lucent Labs which provide a much more efficient way of enabling networks to serve both
broadband users and very narrowband “short data” devices such as any embedded sensor or M2M module. In UFMC the
filtering of waveform is done on a group of subcarriers. In OFDM it is done on the whole subcarriers together. This reduces
the side lobe levels, inters carrier interference (ICI) and requires reduced filter length. Moreover Internet-of-Things where
Machine-Machine communication and applications where very tight response in time requirements are needed, OFDM
miserably fails. We examine impact of carrier frequency offset on the performance of the proposed scheme and compare the
results performance of cyclic prefix based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(CP-OFDM) system.-
Key words: ICI,CFO,OFDM,UFMC
OFDM synchronization system using wavelet transform for symbol rate detectionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In radio communications, using wavelet signal analysis to recover the symbol rate timing clock of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a new approach that can tolerate signal distortion from intersymbol interference (ISI) and intercarrier interference of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. Typically, the reception synchronization with wavelet signal analysis in OFDM can improve the performance over the fourier transform-based OFDM. However, a synchronization procedure that is stable against distortion and noise is essential to diminish the symbol synchronization establishment and operation sampling period. In this paper, we propose an OFDM synchronization system and analyze the impact of the wavelet denoise procedure on the OFDM system, which extracts the symbol rate of the OFDM frame. The evaluation results show that the proposed system can optimize the frequency window size to enable an efficient timing and frequency offset estimation with high and stable performance in terms of bit error rate (BER) and Frame Error Rate (FER) especially when the value of EbN0 (a normalized signal-to-noise ratio SNR measure) is greater than 8 dB, thanks to the wavelet transform.
Comparison of Various Waveform Contenders of 5G Wireless Communication Based ...ijtsrd
This paper presents an extensive and fair comparison among the most promising waveform contenders for the 5G air interface which includes- Filtered OFDM, Filter-bank multi carrier (FBMC), universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) has been compared with OFDM in terms of spectral efficiency and bit error rate using mat lab. The disadvantages of OFDM have been addressed and it has shown that (fofdm), (UFMC), (FBMC) could be a more effective solution. FBMC is a method for improving out of band (OOB) characteristics by filtering each subcarrier, it is also expected to improve the Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) characteristics while UFMC is a method for improving OOB characteristics by filtering each block. Raksha Vishnoi | Saurabh Gaur | Ashish Verma"Comparison of Various Waveform Contenders of 5G Wireless Communication Based on OFDM" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15637.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/15637/comparison-of-various-waveform-contenders-of-5g-wireless-communication-based-on-ofdm/raksha-vishnoi
Performance evaluation of VLC system using new modulation approachjournalBEEI
This document evaluates the performance of a new modulation scheme called catenated-OFDM for visible light communications (VLC) systems. Catenated-OFDM involves transmitting multiple OFDM signals simultaneously over different optical bands. The proposed system is simulated using Optisys software. Results show the system can achieve transmission distances of up to 12 meters for 2 dBm input power with 3 optical bands and a data rate of 10 Gbps. Higher data rates, up to 15 Gbps, are also possible. Increasing the number of optical bands or decreasing the data rate improves the receiver sensitivity. The catenated-OFDM approach shows potential for high-speed optical wireless communications.
IRJET- Survey Paper on Paper Reduction for MIMO-OFDM Systems using PTS SchemeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on techniques to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in MIMO-OFDM systems. It discusses how PAPR significantly affects OFDM and can cause nonlinearity in high power amplifiers. The paper focuses on using partial transmit sequence techniques to reduce PAPR. It reviews related work applying techniques like iterative clipping and filtering, partial transmit sequences, and adaptive selected mapping to reduce PAPR. The document also discusses system models for MIMO-OFDM and analyzing PAPR reduction performance.
Rapid developments in modern wireless communication permit the trade of spectrum scarcity. Higher data rate and wider bandwidth emerge the development in growing demand of wireless communication system. The innovative solution for the spectrum scarcity is cognitive radio (CR). Cognitive radio is the significant technology used to utilize the spectrum effectively. The important aspect of CR is sensing the spectrum band and detects the presence or absence of the primary user in the licensed band. Moreover, another serious issue in next generation (5G) wireless communication is to decide the less complex 5G waveform candidate for achieving higher data rate, low latency and better spectral efficiency. Universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is one of the noticeable waveform candidates for 5G and its applications. In this article, we investigate the spectrum sensing methods in multi-carrier transmission for cognitive radio network applications. Especially, we integrate the sensing algorithm into UFMC transceiver to analyze the spectral efficiency, higher data rates and system complexity. Through the simulation results, we prove that the UFMC based cognitive radio applications outperform the existing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based CR applications.
In this paper, ZTE proposes a new converged optical and wireless network architecture and topology by applying orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) PON technology. OFDM PON is able to simultaneously support residential, business, and mobile backhaul/fronthaul services by meeting the requirements of both time delay sensitive and non-sensitive services. ZTE argues that OFDM PON is the most suitable solution for future converged optical and wireless networks because it allows different types of services to be seamlessly supported in one system architecture using multiple transmission channels. ZTE also presents a 40Gbps OFDM PON prototype to prove the system feasibility and availability.
Design of 4x4 optical MIMO using spatial ModulationSachin Talakeri
Utilizing illuminating LED arrays for visible light communication (VLC) in an indoor environment, an optical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system has intrigued great interest. In order to increase the potential VLC data rates, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been proposed. MIMO schemes show the spectral efficiency improvement using spatial modulation
Performance analysis and monitoring of various advanced digital modulation an...IJCNCJournal
To achieve better calculative performance in optical fiber communication and for simplicity of
implementation different digital modulation, detection and multiplexing techniques are used. These
techniques maximize the spectral efficiency. This paper reviews a tabular comparative analysis with 3D
graphical representation for different optical digital modulation formats and multiplexing techniques
within and beyond 400 Gb/s. In this particular article we survey about different parameters related to
digital fiber optic communication.
The document analyzes the performance of IEEE 802.16d under the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel model. It investigates the bit error rate of IEEE 802.16d using different SUI channel models and digital modulations like BPSK and QPSK. The results show the BER performance for different SUI channel models and modulations.
TECHNIQUES IN PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF MOBILE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM...Onyebuchi nosiri
The document reviews techniques for improving the performance of mobile wireless communication systems. It summarizes several scholarly articles that analyzed techniques like MIMO, OFDM, and diversity schemes using multiple antennas. The articles found that these techniques can improve performance by increasing data rates and reducing errors. Specifically, MIMO-OFDM was shown to significantly lower bit-error rates compared to SISO and MISO systems. Maximum ratio combining was also identified as providing better performance than other combining methods. The document recommends supporting theoretical analyses with field measurements.
Simulation of Few Mode Fiber Communication System Using Adaptive Recursive le...rahulmonikasharma
The document summarizes research on simulation of few mode fiber communication systems using adaptive algorithms. It discusses using the recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm to improve convergence speed but with increased complexity compared to frequency domain least mean square (FD-LMS) algorithms. The FD-LMS algorithm is used as a reference. A step size controller is also proposed to improve convergence behavior. Previous studies on adaptive frequency domain equalization schemes and use of normalized frequency domain adaptive filters to increase convergence speed over long transmission distances are also summarized.
Lantiq/Intel Contributions to G.fast at Scientific ConferencesLantiq
This document summarizes research on achievable data rates for hybrid copper/fiber networks using G.fast technology. It finds that linear precoding methods like zero-forcing perform well for shorter copper line lengths, while nonlinear methods have advantages for longer lines. The work analyzes performance losses from implementation limitations and proposes optimizing the transmit spectrum to improve achievable rates by incorporating these limitations into the optimization process. Rate-reach curves are generated based on a statistical channel model and constraints from the G.fast standard.
A review paper on the papr analysis of orthogonal frequency division multiple...ijmnct
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) has been raised a new modulation technique. Due
to its advantages in multipath fading channel e.g. robust against ISI, ICI and some other advantages like
best QoS for multiple users, efficient usage of bandwidth it is suggested to be the modulation technique for
next generation 4G networks e.g. LTE. But along with all its advantages there are some disadvantages also
e.g. High PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) at the transmitter end and BER (Bit Error Rate) at the
receiving end. Since OFDM is only used in the downlink of 4G networks. To reduce the problems of OFDM
some techniques e.g. SLM, PTS, Clipping, Coding, & Pre-coding etc are suggested but none of them is
reduce the PAPR and BER to an acceptable value. This Paper will discuss some techniques of PAPR &
BER reduction, and their advantages and disadvantages in detail.
Hybrid ldpc and stbc algorithms to improve ber reduction in ofdmIAEME Publication
This document discusses improving bit error rate (BER) performance in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using hybrid low-density parity check (LDPC) codes and space-time block coding (STBC). It first describes MMSE and LS channel estimation techniques in OFDM and an adaptive modulation and coding WiMAX system. It then proposes using LDPC codes with STBC across multiple transmit antennas to achieve coding gain and diversity gain. Simulation results show the hybrid LDPC-STBC method provides better BER performance than STBC alone, especially at low signal-to-noise ratios in flat Rayleigh fading channels.
This thesis examines channel estimation techniques for 3GPP LTE downlink. It introduces LTE physical layer specifications including frame structure and reference signals. It describes propagation models and channel models specified for LTE. It then focuses on pilot-assisted channel estimation methods for single-input single-output systems, including least squares and minimum mean square error estimation. Performance is evaluated using bit error rate and symbol error rate. Space-frequency block coding for multiple antenna systems is also discussed along with corresponding channel estimation and decoding.
The document summarizes the hybrid wireless-optical broadband-access network (WOBAN) architecture. It discusses how WOBAN combines the benefits of wireless and optical networks by using an optical network like a passive optical network (PON) at the back end connected to wireless base stations. This saves on network deployment costs compared to fully wired networks. The document then reviews challenges for WOBAN including algorithms for network setup and placement of optical network units, examining the network's routing properties, and designing fault-tolerant behavior. It provides context on industry efforts to deploy related broadband access solutions and municipal mesh networks.
Performance analysis of negative group delay network using MIMO techniqueTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study introduces comparative consequences that determine the bit error rate enhancements, resultant from adopting a proposed MIMO wireless model in this study. The antenna configurations for this model uses new small microstrip slotted patch antenna with multiple frequency bands at strategic operating frequencies of 2.4, 4.4, and 5.55 respectively. The S11 response of the proposed antenna for IEEE802.11 MIMO wireless network has been highly appropriate to be adopted with MIMO antenna system. The negative group delay (NGD) response is the most significant feature for projected MIMO antenna. The NGD stands for a counterintuitive singularity that interacts time advancement with wave propagation. These improvements are employed for increasing a reliability of instantly conveyed data streams, enhance the capacity of the wireless configuration and decrease the bit error rate (BER) of adopted wireless system. In addition to antenna scattering response, the enhancements have been analysed in term of BER for different MIMO topologies.
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
The document analyzes the system capacity and spectral efficiency of a fixed-grid optical network using different modulation formats. It simulates a fixed-grid network using polarization division multiplexing and transmits 100-200 Gbps data rates using PM-QPSK, PM-8QAM, and PM-16QAM modulation. The achieved spectral efficiencies were 2, 3, and 4 bits/s/Hz respectively. The modulation formats provided system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps, reaching transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 km with a bit error rate below 2x10-3. It examines the received optical power and bandwidth requirements for different modulations in a fixed grid
This document discusses the design and analysis of a carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) based D flip-flop (DFF). The proposed DFF uses a single clock phase and includes a reset function. Simulation results show it consumes significantly less power and has lower delay than a comparable 32nm CMOS DFF. Circuits like a gray counter and linear feedback shift register built using the CNTFET DFF achieve over 96% improvement in power delay product compared to CMOS designs. The document evaluates the performance of the proposed CNTFET DFF and compares it to a CMOS DFF in terms of propagation delay, power consumption, and other metrics. It demonstrates that CNTFET technology has potential
This document describes the simulation of an OFDM system using MATLAB. It discusses how OFDM works and its advantages for wireless communications. The simulator allows analyzing the performance of BPSK, QPSK, and QAM modulation under Rayleigh fading and multipath channels. It measures bit error rate as a function of signal to noise ratio. The GUI interface facilitates changing parameters and visualizing the transmitted and received OFDM frames, spectra, and constellations. Simulation results demonstrate the variation in performance between modulation techniques in different channel conditions.
Performance Analysis of A Ds-Cdma System by using Rayleigh and Nakagami-M Fad...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the performance of a DS-CDMA system using Rayleigh and Nakagami-M fading channels.
2) It studies expressions for signal-to-noise plus interference ratio with and without receive diversity under Nakagami-m fading.
3) The analysis is extended to a Rake receiver with maximal ratio combining technique and multiple receive antennas to determine the improvement in bit error rate and receiver sensitivity due to diversity.
Implementation and Study of Universal Filtered Multi Carrier under Carrier Fr...Editor IJAIEM
Sathiyapriya N.S
PG Student, Dept. of ECE, Periyar Maniammai University Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
OFDM is a matured technology and applied in various wireless standards. However they are not suitable for Uplink and this
technology is replaced by SC FDMA in 4G standards. Similarly Universal Filtered Multicarrier Communication (UFMC) is
another suitable technology for Multi user Uplink and for applications like cognitive radio. UFMC is a new, non-orthogonal,
waveform designed by Alcatel Lucent Labs which provide a much more efficient way of enabling networks to serve both
broadband users and very narrowband “short data” devices such as any embedded sensor or M2M module. In UFMC the
filtering of waveform is done on a group of subcarriers. In OFDM it is done on the whole subcarriers together. This reduces
the side lobe levels, inters carrier interference (ICI) and requires reduced filter length. Moreover Internet-of-Things where
Machine-Machine communication and applications where very tight response in time requirements are needed, OFDM
miserably fails. We examine impact of carrier frequency offset on the performance of the proposed scheme and compare the
results performance of cyclic prefix based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(CP-OFDM) system.-
Key words: ICI,CFO,OFDM,UFMC
OFDM synchronization system using wavelet transform for symbol rate detectionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In radio communications, using wavelet signal analysis to recover the symbol rate timing clock of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a new approach that can tolerate signal distortion from intersymbol interference (ISI) and intercarrier interference of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. Typically, the reception synchronization with wavelet signal analysis in OFDM can improve the performance over the fourier transform-based OFDM. However, a synchronization procedure that is stable against distortion and noise is essential to diminish the symbol synchronization establishment and operation sampling period. In this paper, we propose an OFDM synchronization system and analyze the impact of the wavelet denoise procedure on the OFDM system, which extracts the symbol rate of the OFDM frame. The evaluation results show that the proposed system can optimize the frequency window size to enable an efficient timing and frequency offset estimation with high and stable performance in terms of bit error rate (BER) and Frame Error Rate (FER) especially when the value of EbN0 (a normalized signal-to-noise ratio SNR measure) is greater than 8 dB, thanks to the wavelet transform.
Comparison of Various Waveform Contenders of 5G Wireless Communication Based ...ijtsrd
This paper presents an extensive and fair comparison among the most promising waveform contenders for the 5G air interface which includes- Filtered OFDM, Filter-bank multi carrier (FBMC), universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) has been compared with OFDM in terms of spectral efficiency and bit error rate using mat lab. The disadvantages of OFDM have been addressed and it has shown that (fofdm), (UFMC), (FBMC) could be a more effective solution. FBMC is a method for improving out of band (OOB) characteristics by filtering each subcarrier, it is also expected to improve the Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) characteristics while UFMC is a method for improving OOB characteristics by filtering each block. Raksha Vishnoi | Saurabh Gaur | Ashish Verma"Comparison of Various Waveform Contenders of 5G Wireless Communication Based on OFDM" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15637.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/15637/comparison-of-various-waveform-contenders-of-5g-wireless-communication-based-on-ofdm/raksha-vishnoi
Performance evaluation of VLC system using new modulation approachjournalBEEI
This document evaluates the performance of a new modulation scheme called catenated-OFDM for visible light communications (VLC) systems. Catenated-OFDM involves transmitting multiple OFDM signals simultaneously over different optical bands. The proposed system is simulated using Optisys software. Results show the system can achieve transmission distances of up to 12 meters for 2 dBm input power with 3 optical bands and a data rate of 10 Gbps. Higher data rates, up to 15 Gbps, are also possible. Increasing the number of optical bands or decreasing the data rate improves the receiver sensitivity. The catenated-OFDM approach shows potential for high-speed optical wireless communications.
IRJET- Survey Paper on Paper Reduction for MIMO-OFDM Systems using PTS SchemeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on techniques to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in MIMO-OFDM systems. It discusses how PAPR significantly affects OFDM and can cause nonlinearity in high power amplifiers. The paper focuses on using partial transmit sequence techniques to reduce PAPR. It reviews related work applying techniques like iterative clipping and filtering, partial transmit sequences, and adaptive selected mapping to reduce PAPR. The document also discusses system models for MIMO-OFDM and analyzing PAPR reduction performance.
Rapid developments in modern wireless communication permit the trade of spectrum scarcity. Higher data rate and wider bandwidth emerge the development in growing demand of wireless communication system. The innovative solution for the spectrum scarcity is cognitive radio (CR). Cognitive radio is the significant technology used to utilize the spectrum effectively. The important aspect of CR is sensing the spectrum band and detects the presence or absence of the primary user in the licensed band. Moreover, another serious issue in next generation (5G) wireless communication is to decide the less complex 5G waveform candidate for achieving higher data rate, low latency and better spectral efficiency. Universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is one of the noticeable waveform candidates for 5G and its applications. In this article, we investigate the spectrum sensing methods in multi-carrier transmission for cognitive radio network applications. Especially, we integrate the sensing algorithm into UFMC transceiver to analyze the spectral efficiency, higher data rates and system complexity. Through the simulation results, we prove that the UFMC based cognitive radio applications outperform the existing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based CR applications.
In this paper, ZTE proposes a new converged optical and wireless network architecture and topology by applying orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) PON technology. OFDM PON is able to simultaneously support residential, business, and mobile backhaul/fronthaul services by meeting the requirements of both time delay sensitive and non-sensitive services. ZTE argues that OFDM PON is the most suitable solution for future converged optical and wireless networks because it allows different types of services to be seamlessly supported in one system architecture using multiple transmission channels. ZTE also presents a 40Gbps OFDM PON prototype to prove the system feasibility and availability.
Design of 4x4 optical MIMO using spatial ModulationSachin Talakeri
Utilizing illuminating LED arrays for visible light communication (VLC) in an indoor environment, an optical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system has intrigued great interest. In order to increase the potential VLC data rates, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been proposed. MIMO schemes show the spectral efficiency improvement using spatial modulation
Performance analysis and monitoring of various advanced digital modulation an...IJCNCJournal
To achieve better calculative performance in optical fiber communication and for simplicity of
implementation different digital modulation, detection and multiplexing techniques are used. These
techniques maximize the spectral efficiency. This paper reviews a tabular comparative analysis with 3D
graphical representation for different optical digital modulation formats and multiplexing techniques
within and beyond 400 Gb/s. In this particular article we survey about different parameters related to
digital fiber optic communication.
The document analyzes the performance of IEEE 802.16d under the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel model. It investigates the bit error rate of IEEE 802.16d using different SUI channel models and digital modulations like BPSK and QPSK. The results show the BER performance for different SUI channel models and modulations.
TECHNIQUES IN PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF MOBILE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM...Onyebuchi nosiri
The document reviews techniques for improving the performance of mobile wireless communication systems. It summarizes several scholarly articles that analyzed techniques like MIMO, OFDM, and diversity schemes using multiple antennas. The articles found that these techniques can improve performance by increasing data rates and reducing errors. Specifically, MIMO-OFDM was shown to significantly lower bit-error rates compared to SISO and MISO systems. Maximum ratio combining was also identified as providing better performance than other combining methods. The document recommends supporting theoretical analyses with field measurements.
Simulation of Few Mode Fiber Communication System Using Adaptive Recursive le...rahulmonikasharma
The document summarizes research on simulation of few mode fiber communication systems using adaptive algorithms. It discusses using the recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm to improve convergence speed but with increased complexity compared to frequency domain least mean square (FD-LMS) algorithms. The FD-LMS algorithm is used as a reference. A step size controller is also proposed to improve convergence behavior. Previous studies on adaptive frequency domain equalization schemes and use of normalized frequency domain adaptive filters to increase convergence speed over long transmission distances are also summarized.
Lantiq/Intel Contributions to G.fast at Scientific ConferencesLantiq
This document summarizes research on achievable data rates for hybrid copper/fiber networks using G.fast technology. It finds that linear precoding methods like zero-forcing perform well for shorter copper line lengths, while nonlinear methods have advantages for longer lines. The work analyzes performance losses from implementation limitations and proposes optimizing the transmit spectrum to improve achievable rates by incorporating these limitations into the optimization process. Rate-reach curves are generated based on a statistical channel model and constraints from the G.fast standard.
A review paper on the papr analysis of orthogonal frequency division multiple...ijmnct
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) has been raised a new modulation technique. Due
to its advantages in multipath fading channel e.g. robust against ISI, ICI and some other advantages like
best QoS for multiple users, efficient usage of bandwidth it is suggested to be the modulation technique for
next generation 4G networks e.g. LTE. But along with all its advantages there are some disadvantages also
e.g. High PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) at the transmitter end and BER (Bit Error Rate) at the
receiving end. Since OFDM is only used in the downlink of 4G networks. To reduce the problems of OFDM
some techniques e.g. SLM, PTS, Clipping, Coding, & Pre-coding etc are suggested but none of them is
reduce the PAPR and BER to an acceptable value. This Paper will discuss some techniques of PAPR &
BER reduction, and their advantages and disadvantages in detail.
Hybrid ldpc and stbc algorithms to improve ber reduction in ofdmIAEME Publication
This document discusses improving bit error rate (BER) performance in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using hybrid low-density parity check (LDPC) codes and space-time block coding (STBC). It first describes MMSE and LS channel estimation techniques in OFDM and an adaptive modulation and coding WiMAX system. It then proposes using LDPC codes with STBC across multiple transmit antennas to achieve coding gain and diversity gain. Simulation results show the hybrid LDPC-STBC method provides better BER performance than STBC alone, especially at low signal-to-noise ratios in flat Rayleigh fading channels.
This thesis examines channel estimation techniques for 3GPP LTE downlink. It introduces LTE physical layer specifications including frame structure and reference signals. It describes propagation models and channel models specified for LTE. It then focuses on pilot-assisted channel estimation methods for single-input single-output systems, including least squares and minimum mean square error estimation. Performance is evaluated using bit error rate and symbol error rate. Space-frequency block coding for multiple antenna systems is also discussed along with corresponding channel estimation and decoding.
The document summarizes the hybrid wireless-optical broadband-access network (WOBAN) architecture. It discusses how WOBAN combines the benefits of wireless and optical networks by using an optical network like a passive optical network (PON) at the back end connected to wireless base stations. This saves on network deployment costs compared to fully wired networks. The document then reviews challenges for WOBAN including algorithms for network setup and placement of optical network units, examining the network's routing properties, and designing fault-tolerant behavior. It provides context on industry efforts to deploy related broadband access solutions and municipal mesh networks.
Performance analysis of negative group delay network using MIMO techniqueTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study introduces comparative consequences that determine the bit error rate enhancements, resultant from adopting a proposed MIMO wireless model in this study. The antenna configurations for this model uses new small microstrip slotted patch antenna with multiple frequency bands at strategic operating frequencies of 2.4, 4.4, and 5.55 respectively. The S11 response of the proposed antenna for IEEE802.11 MIMO wireless network has been highly appropriate to be adopted with MIMO antenna system. The negative group delay (NGD) response is the most significant feature for projected MIMO antenna. The NGD stands for a counterintuitive singularity that interacts time advancement with wave propagation. These improvements are employed for increasing a reliability of instantly conveyed data streams, enhance the capacity of the wireless configuration and decrease the bit error rate (BER) of adopted wireless system. In addition to antenna scattering response, the enhancements have been analysed in term of BER for different MIMO topologies.
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
The document analyzes the system capacity and spectral efficiency of a fixed-grid optical network using different modulation formats. It simulates a fixed-grid network using polarization division multiplexing and transmits 100-200 Gbps data rates using PM-QPSK, PM-8QAM, and PM-16QAM modulation. The achieved spectral efficiencies were 2, 3, and 4 bits/s/Hz respectively. The modulation formats provided system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps, reaching transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 km with a bit error rate below 2x10-3. It examines the received optical power and bandwidth requirements for different modulations in a fixed grid
This document discusses the design and analysis of a carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) based D flip-flop (DFF). The proposed DFF uses a single clock phase and includes a reset function. Simulation results show it consumes significantly less power and has lower delay than a comparable 32nm CMOS DFF. Circuits like a gray counter and linear feedback shift register built using the CNTFET DFF achieve over 96% improvement in power delay product compared to CMOS designs. The document evaluates the performance of the proposed CNTFET DFF and compares it to a CMOS DFF in terms of propagation delay, power consumption, and other metrics. It demonstrates that CNTFET technology has potential
This document discusses the design and analysis of a D flip-flop (DFF) based on carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs). It presents a negative edge triggered DFF designed using pass transistor logic with single clock phase and reset function. Simulation results show the CNTFET DFF consumes significantly lower power and has less delay compared to a 32nm CMOS DFF. Application examples of the CNTFET DFF in a gray counter and linear feedback shift register also achieve over 90% improvement in power-delay product compared to CMOS designs. The document evaluates the performance of the CNTFET DFF and applications, demonstrating its advantages over CMOS technologies for low power, high performance applications
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
In this article, the performance of a fixed grid network is examined for various modulation formats to estimate the system's capacity and spectral efficiency. The optical In-phase Quadrature Modulator (IQM) structure is used to build a fixed grid network modulation, and the homodyne detection approach is used for the receiver. Data multiplexing is accomplished using the Polarization Division Multiplexed (PDM) technology. 100 Gbps, 150 Gbps, and 200 Gbps data rates are transmitted under these circumstances utilizing various modulation formats. Various pre-processing and signal recovery steps are explained by using modern digital signal processing systems. The achieved spectrum efficiencies for PM-QPSK, PM-8 QAM, and PM-16 QAM, respectively, were 2, 3, and 4 (bits/s)/Hz. Different modulation like PM-QPSK, PM-8-QAM, and PM-16-QAM each has system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps and it reaches transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 kilometers with acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER≤ 2× 10-3) respectively. Peak optical power for received signal detection and full width at half maximum is noted for the different modulations under a fixed grind network.
Design of time division multiplexing/wavelength division multiplexing passiv...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of time division multiplexing-wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (TDM-WDM PON). In this design, the current TDM PON is incorporated with the proposed WDM-PON in order to design a high-capacity network with lower loss requirements. The design has been simulated using OptiSystem software. The upstream wavelength for WDM is between 1,530.334 to 1,542.142 nm while for TDM is 1,310 nm. The downstream wavelength for WDM is from 1,569.865 to 1,581.973 nm, while for TDM is 1,490 nm. Based on the result, it is found that the proposed network is capable to support up to 64 customers with a bit rate of 2.5 Gbps.
10-Gb/S Transmission of Wdm Pon for Man with 50km Reach Based On FtthIJERA Editor
The wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) is considered to be the next evolutionary solution for a simplified and future-proofed access system that can accommodate exponential traffic growth and bandwidth-hungry new applications. WDM-PON mitigates the complicated time-sharing and power budget issues in time division- multiplexed PON (TDM-PON) by providing virtual point-to-point optical connectivity to multiple end users through a dedicated pair of wavelengths. The objective of this paper is proposed a scheme for metropolitan area networks comprising optical components based on arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers, demultiplexers .The Arrayed waveguide gratings based multiplexers and demultiplexers for WDM applications prove to be capable of precise multiplexing and demultiplexing of a large number of channels with relatively low losses.
analysis on design and implementation of 4×10 gb s wdm tdm pon with disparate...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the design and implementation of a 4×10 Gb/s WDM-TDM passive optical network (PON) with different receiver photodiodes. The PON was tested over varying link distances from 40km to 100km using 4 wavelengths to support a maximum of 32 users. Bit error rate (BER) and Q-factor were analyzed and found to decrease with increased distance. BER values were lower for an avalanche photodiode (APD) receiver compared to a PIN receiver. The optimal BER was obtained at 97km for APD and 96km for PIN receivers. Graphs showed BER decreased and Q-factor decreased with increased distance for
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Jrs ieee com mag network sharing ftth pon august 2014fwe fwef
This document summarizes a research article that examines the cost implications of network sharing schemes for different fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) network architectures. It analyzes four fiber network technologies - Gigabit PON (GPON), 10-Gigabit PON (XG-PON), time- and wavelength-division multiplexing PON (TWDM-PON), and arrayed waveguide grating (AWG)-based WDM-PON. The study assesses the required initial investment, cost per home connected, payback period, and effect on total cost of reusing existing passive infrastructure under network sharing arrangements for these different FTTH networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Empirical analysis of polarization division multiplexing-dense wavelength di...IJECEIAES
This paper exemplifies dense wavelength division multiplexing combined with polarization division multiplexing with C-band frequency range-based single-mode fiber. In the proposed link, 32 independent channels with 16 individual wavelengths are multiplexed with two different angles of polarization. Each carrying 130 Gbps dual-polarization data with 200 GHz channel spacing claiming a net transmission rate of 4.16 Tbits/s with spectral efficiency of 69% with 20% side-mode-suppression-ratio (SMSR) and optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) 40.7. The performance of the proposed techniques has been analyzed using optimized system parameters securing a minimum bit error rate (BER) 10-9 at a transmission distance up to 50 km.
Study in variable duty cycle return to zero pulse with multiplexed channels f...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the performance of a 640 Gbps optical communication system with 16 channels of 40 Gbps return-to-zero differential phase shift keying signals transmitted over different types of single mode fibers. Simulations were conducted for duty cycles of 0.5, 0.8, and 0.99. Results showed that a duty cycle of 0.8 achieved the lowest bit error rate for all fiber types tested. A nonzero dispersion shifted fiber provided the highest transmission distance of 160 km before signal degradation for a 0.8 duty cycle, outperforming other fiber types. Increasing the duty cycle to 0.99 extended the transmission distance over a nonzero dispersion shifted fiber to 140 km.
Mlgnr interconnects with finfet driver optimized delay and power performance ...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses optimizing the delay and power performance of driver-interconnect-load systems for technology beyond 16nm by using a FinFET driver with a multi-layer graphene nanoribbon (MLGNR) interconnect. It first provides background on FinFETs and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) as promising technologies for devices and interconnects. It then analyzes the performance of a system combining a FinFET driver and MLGNR interconnect in terms of delay and power dissipation using a distributed resistor-inductor-capacitor model of the MLGNR interconnect. Simulation results are used to evaluate the performance of this combination for technology scaling beyond 16nm nodes.
ANALYTICAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AN LDPC CODED INDOOR OPTICAL WIRELESS CO...optljjournal
Recently, indoor Optical Wireless (OW) connectivity has gained significant attention as a possible
alternative to tackle the problem of bottleneck access and as an improvement to ever more conventional RF
/ microwave connections. In indoor OW communication, OOK encoding is more widely used owing to its
effective usage of bandwidth and robustness to timing errors, given the fact that the power consumption is
less than PPM. The modulation format in this research work is Q-array PPM over lasers, with modulation
of power. The effects of the analysis are analyzed numerically in view of the amount of bit error (BER). It is
shown that, because of coding for 4PPM framework, the bit error performance is increased. For instance,
an LDPC-coded device with stable foundation radiation provides a important coding improvement of 5 to 6
dB over uncoded device at BER in the order of 10-8 and 10-12 respectively.
IRJET-Spectrum Allocation Policies for Flex Grid Network with Data Rate Limit...IRJET Journal
This document discusses spectrum allocation policies for flex grid networks with data rate limited transmission. It begins with an abstract that outlines the tradeoff between data rate, allocated frequency slots, and modulation format that must be considered for spectrum allocation. It then discusses the objectives of identifying optical paths, path lengths, selecting modulation schemes, and finding optimal routes. The methodology section covers factors considered for spectrum allocation like modulation formats, noise, crosstalk, and transmission distances limited by noise and crosstalk for different modulation formats and fiber core counts. Implementation details algorithms for network setup, finding shortest paths, candidate path selection, and spectrum allocation. Results show fragmentation increases with demand but is constant for some core fibers. Higher core counts provide advantages and lower request
Modelling and QoS-Achieving Solution in full-duplex Cellular SystemsIJCNCJournal
The global bandwidth scarcity and the ever-growing demand for fast wireless services have motivated the quest for new techniques that enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of wireless systems. Most conventional SE increasing methods (e.g., adaptive modulation and coding) have already been exhausted. Single-channel full-duplex (SCFD) communication is a new attractive approach in which each node may simultaneously receive and transmit over the same frequency channel, and thus, it has the potential to double the current SE figures. In this paper, we derive a model for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) in a SCFD-based cellular system with imperfect self-interference cancellation. Furthermore, given a set of uplink and downlink quality of service requirements, we answer the following two fundamental questions. First, is this set achievable in the SCFD-based cellular system? Second, if the given set is achievable, what is the optimal achieving policy? To that end, we provide a unified model for the SCFD-based cellular system, and give insights in the matrix of interference channel gains. Simulation results suggest that depending on the locations of the users, a combination of full-duplex and half-duplex modes over the whole network is more favourable policy
Comparatively analysis of FBG optical fiber in 25 & 35 Gbps DCDM based Commun...IJERD Editor
This document compares the performance of a 25 Gbps and 35 Gbps optical communication system using duty cycle division multiplexing (DCDM) with and without fiber Bragg grating (FBG) optical filtering. It describes the DCDM technique which allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously using different duty cycles. The document presents the system design using a 5 user DCDM system and evaluates the performance based on signal-to-noise ratio, Q-factor, and bit error rate. It is observed that using an FBG filter improves the system performance for both the 25 Gbps and 35 Gbps systems.
Detection and Monitoring Intra/Inter Crosstalk in Optical Network on Chip IJECEIAES
Multiprocessor system-on-chip (MPSoC) has become an attractive solution for improving the performance of single chip in objective to satisfy the performance growing exponentially of the computer applications as multimedia applications. However, the communication between the different processors’ cores presents the first challenge front the high performance of MPSoC. Besides, Network on Chip (NoC) is among the most prominent solution for handling the on-chip communication. Besides, NoC potential limited by physical limitation, power consumption, latency and bandwidth in the both case: increasing data exchange or scalability of Multicores. Optical communication offers a wider bandwidth and lower power consumption, based on, a new technology named Optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC) has been introduced in MPSoC. However, ONoC components induce the crosstalk noise in the network on both forms intra/inter crosstalk. This serious problem deteriorates the quality of signals and degrades network performance. As a result, detection and monitoring the impairments becoming a challenge to keep the performance in the ONoC. In this article, we propose a new system to detect and monitor the crosstalk noise in ONoC. Particularly, we present an analytic model of intra/inter crosstalk at the optical devices. Then, we evaluate these impairments in objective to present the motivation to detect and monitor crosstalk in ONoC, in which our system has the capability to detect, to localize, and to monitor the crosstalk noise in the whole network. This system offers high reliability, scalability and efficiency with time running time less than 20 ms.
Optical networks have evolved over generations to transmit digital signals using pulses of light through optical fibers. First generation networks converted signals between optical and electrical domains at nodes, resulting in complexity and costs. Second generation networks used wavelength division multiplexing to increase bandwidth and incorporated some optical switching. The rake receiver is a technique used to combat multipath fading in wireless networks by using multiple correlators and delays to separately detect the strongest multipath components and then combine them coherently.
Similar to Performance Evaluation of DCF Length for High Scalability NG-PON2 (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Based on [2] is discussed convergence layer, this research also purposed to a wider
range of researchers who are active in the area of optical communications. One of author
ECOC’2015 and ITU-T standard for NG-PON2 in November 2015, has analyzed that TC OLT
with TWDM to be one of concern for research. This paper help researchers to take TWDM more
reasonable.
The activity of the research is focusing on the NG-PON2 technology which can cope
with future bandwidth requirements with the slogan pay as you grow [3]. NG-PON2 has been
stan- dardized by the ITU-T G.989 standard and one of the architectural differences with the
previous generation is the use of architecture Time Wavelength Division Multiplexing (TWDM).
TWDM-PON is a cost-effective solution for primary and NG-PON2 [4].
The studied about tunable wavelength on Optical Network Unit (ONU) has been
released by [5]. Wavelength with 100 Ghz channel spacing in the C-Band is chosen. Line rate
with 2.5 Gbps for residential service or 10 Gbps for business services is analyzed for
considering the parameter of research. The journal wrote about the possibility for tunable
transmitter and receiver for ONU colorless. There is four type for Transmitter and three for
Receiver. In term of cost, Type Directly Modulated Laser (DML) Transmitter with Dispersion
Compensation Technique (DCT), and Externally Modulated Laser (EML) without DCT can be
one of the candidates to NG-PON2. The choosing device of Receiver, Optical Network Unit
(ONU) is Heater-integrated TFF+PD with tuning time is s order.
The research [6] have demonstrated transceiver EML with SOA technologies for NG-
PON2 with high power output <+ 6 dBm in 40 km transmission. The advantages Transmitter on
EML (External Modulated Lasers) lies in the stability of the Mach-Zender modulator output when
compared with DML (Direct Modulated Lasers). However, in terms of power output, DML has
advantages compared to EML.
Besides the development of NG-PON2 with a bit rate of 40 Gbps, the research has
been done up to 50 Gbps through the Non-Return to Zero(NRZ) On-Off Keying (OOK) [7]. The
sig- nal modulation arrangement is a key issue for 40 Gbps Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (DWDM) fiber optical communication framework , which decides transmission
quality and ghostly effectiveness. The results of [8] demonstrated that DRZ code has better
transmission execution, are reasonable for long or center separation transmission, take care of
the demand of business application. This paper [9] mostly does research and examination on
against dispersive execution and hostile to nonlinear execution for intensity modulation, for
example, NRZ, RZ, CS-RZ, DRZ, MD-RZ in 40 Gbps fast single-channel optical transmission
framework. CSRZ code has higher ghostly productivity, higher scattering resistance, and
nonlinear resilience than RZ code, making it more appropriate for long distance transmission.
The last paper that discussed cross talk for NG-PON2 is written by [10]. Their analysis
about crosstalk for higher number customers and wavelength with range number channel 4 until
32, power splitter starts from 1:64 to 1:1024. The final result showed that using AWG channels
can handle about 32 channel. In addition with different split ratio and with leveling method,
accounting in this specific case for up to 19 dB.
The problem on fiber optic technology have limitations on the activities of the
asymmetric optical medium. In a modern fiber optic technology, there are four issues, namely
the Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR), non-linear effects, dispersion, and Polarization Mode
Dispersion (PMD). Problems in OSNR can be strengthened by the addition of an amplifier
[11, 12], whereas non-linear overcome by designing the light intensity to the type of optical
media [13, 14]. Dispersion problems have been studied by many researchers, such as the [15]
using delay interferometer by utilizing a Mach-Zender at OLT. In contrast to the PMD, the
effects of inhibiting the increase in speed on bitrate if above 10 Gbps and its countermeasures
are relatively expensive [16].
Several papers have not yet discussed the dispersion of the NG-PON2. This research
has examined from different sides and offers one of the methods for compensation. In this
research, selection DML as transmitter output power to keep down the appropriate reference of
energy saving. Lack of DML in dispersion problems would be overcome with usage a novelty of
combination SMF and DCF. In addition, the study has compared the value of the Q-factor of the
power receiver as a performance parameter.
The contribution of this paper is placed Dispersion Compensation Fiber (DCF) cable on
the NG-PON2 system. The purpose of the addition of DCF cable is to overcome the problems in
the dispersive medium SMF cable and restore the shape of the polarization signal as when the
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Performance Evaluation of DCF Length for High Scalability NG-PON2 (Brian Pamukti)
167
approach was first emitted. Moreover, it has studied the combination of the distance between
cables DCF and SMF to produce a dispersion value approaches zero, also comparing the
various power splitter on the cable systems that add DCF for scalability purposes.
This paper is divided into five main sections. First, the introduction discusses the back-
ground of the problems of NG-PON2, and explain the sections of paper simply and convey the
contributions that resulted from this research. Second, previous work discusses research
related to paper. In addition, written with the homely purpose of each of these studies. Third,
Architecture Design is to describe the parameters and forms designed networking. Fourth,
Result and Analysis, related to the calculation and simulation in the scope and scalability. Fifth,
Conclusion is a summary of the results of research that has been done
2. Research Method
The proposed of this architecture uses four wavelengths are stacked to increase
capacity to 40 Gbps bit rate. By using several OLT 10 Gbps are stacked, one of the future goals
with energy and cost saving will be achieved. The ISP does not need to buy 40 Gbps module.
This can be overcome by 10 Gbps OLT stacked with TWDM.
Figure 1. Architecture and Design System
Figure 1 shows the architecture of Time Wavelength Division Multiplexing (TWDM), the
structure of the downstream uses DWDM channel spacing is 0.8 nm. The reason for using
DWDM because it has a narrow frequency spacing and has become a standard GPON.
Wavelength band for upstream (US) are allocated to 1524-1544 nm and for downstream (DS)
are 1550-1552 nm with the number of the wavelength of four. Transceiver system use Direct
Modulated Laser (DML) which of the electrical bits are modulated into an optical signal without
using the external modulator (e.g. Mach-Zender).
The performance degradation due to dispersion problems can be overcome by
combining two optical cables. First, as the main fiber, using the Single Mode Fiber (SMF).
Second, Dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF), which aims to balance the dispersion occurs.
By knowing the SMF and DCF specifications, we are able to determine the value of each fiber.
Table 1 shows the selection of a combination within SMF and DCF. Simple calculations
performed manually. By neglecting value of the asymmetric nature of fiber optics, computation
is performed on the stability of the rise time budget. The calculation is done through the SMF
parameters are effective area Aeff = 80µm
2
and dispersion D = 17ps/km.nm , while for DCF
parameters are effective area Aeff = 20µm
2
and dispersion D = −80ps/km.nm. The Optisystem
7.0 software tool is used to demonstrate the proposed system.
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Table 1. Combination between Length of the Cable SMF and DCF
SMF (km) DCF (km)
20 4.25
30 6.375
40 8.5
50 10.625
60 12.75
70 14.875
80 17
90 19.125
100 21.25
3. Results and Analysis
The analysis of system performance is based on the value of the Q-factor. One of the
reasons Q-Factor compared with a BER (Bit Error Rate) because the Q-factor is high (more
than 40), the BER will show the value 0 (zero), the study will be difficult because the trend line
will not be optimal. ONU/OLT otherwise successfully transmitted, when the value of the Q-factor
6 where the equivalence of the BER = 10
−9
( reference BER for Optical Network [17] ).Q-Factor
is calculated by the variation range from 20 km to 100 km and a power splitter from 1: 4 to 1:
128. For comparison, the system was simulated and calculated without adding DCF cable.
3.1. The Combination Fiber as Long-Reach PON
By modeling using eight wavelengths (four for the downstream and four for upstream), a
lot of factors limit the transmission performance as nonlinear effects, dispersion, loss cables,
and devices. Problems nonlinear effects negligible because of a relatively small number of
wavelengths. Power budget problems can be overcome by increased power transmit or
additional amplifier. However, in contrast with the dispersion, no enhancements except
accuracy in calculating the distance fiber.
Table 2. Comparison of Power Receive
Power Receiver (dBm)
Splitter 1:4 Splitter 1:8 Splitter 1:16 Splitter 1:32 Splitter 1:64 Splitter 1:128
SMF
(km)
w/DCF wo/DCFw/DCF wo/DCFw/DCF wo/DCF w/DCF wo/DCF w/DCF wo/DCF w/DCF wo/DCF
20 2.43 3.66 -0.57 0.65 -3.58 -2.35 -6.59 -5.362 -9.6 -8.372 -12.61 -11.382
30 -0.18 1.66 -3.19 -1.34 -6.2 -4.35 -0.921 -7.362 -12.22 -10.372 -15.23 -13.382
40 -2.79 -0.33 -5.8 -3.34 -8.81 -6.35 -11.82 -9.362 -14.83 -12.372 -17.84 -15.382
50 -5.41 -2.33 -8.42 -5.34 -11.43 -8.35 -14.44 -11.362 -17.45 -14.372 -20.46 -17.382
60 -8.02 -4.33 -11.03 -7.34 -14.04 -10.35 -17.06 -13.362 -20.07 -16.372 -23.08 -19.382
70 -10.64 -6.33 -13.65 -9.34 -16.66 -12.35 -19.67 -15.362 -22.68 -18.372 -25.7 -21.382
80 -13.26 -8.33 -16.27 -11.34 -19.28 -14.35 -22.29 -17.362 -25.03 -20.372 -28.32 -23.382
90 -15.87 -10.33 -18.88 -13.34 -21.89 -16.35 -24.9 -19.362 -27.91 -22.372 -30.94 -25.382
100 -18.49 -12.33 -21.5 -15.34 -24.51 -18.35 -27.52 -21.362 -30.53 -24.372 -33.56 -27.382
Table 2 shows a comparison of power receivers which use without additional wiring and
DCF. Fiber using a cable-DCF, have lower power because the fiber loss is taken into account.
So that the received power of the present system without DCF larger. Moreover, it appears that
the value of the received power on the cable without DCF has a value that is linear. Use of extra
DCF cables, resulting in the value of the received power becomes nonlinear. This would occur
because of the transfer of transmission in different cable types. The nature of the optical
nonlinear, affecting the calculation of link power budget. Differently, with the results of
comparative analysis of Q-Factor, the use of additional cables DCF actually improve
performance.
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169
Table 3. Comparison of Q-Factor Values
Q-Factor
Splitter 1:4 Splitter 1:8 Splitter 1:16 Splitter 1:32 Splitter 1:64 Splitter 1:128
SMF(km) w/DCF wo/DCF w/DCF wo/DCF w/DCF wo/DCF w/DCF wo/DCF w/DCF wo/DCF w/DCF wo/DCF
20 11.78 2.71 11.77 2.71 11.76 2.7 11.71 2.7 11.59 2.696 11.43 2.68
30 11.8 0 11.81 0 11.78 0 10.44 0 11.46 0 11.07 0
40 10.54 2.24 10.54 2.23 10.5 2.23 10.42 2.23 10.08 2.473 9.36 2.16
50 10.56 2.15 9.41 2.15 10.45 2.14 10.22 2.12 9.51 2.082 8.03 2.02
60 9.87 0 9.82 0 9.64 0 9.15 0 7.95 0 5.87 0
70 9.9 2.17 9.78 2.16 9.35 2.15 8.29 2.11 6.29 2.065 3.89 1.973
80 9.51 1.92 9.19 1.92 8.31 1.91 6.51 1.944 4.07 1.89 1.798 0
90 8.84 2.46 8.13 2.49 6.58 2.51 4.4 2.605 2.54 2.77 0 1.935
100 7.6 2.14 7.2 2.15 4.8 2.12 2.37 1.96 0 1.965 0 0
Table 3 clearly states the value of the Q-factor on the system without DCF, none of
which reached a value of 6. In addition, if we look more closely at any of the power received (at
least -25 dBm) Q-factor is relatively stable regardless of the number of a splitter. Figure 2
determines the value of Q-factor at the 1:64 splitter systems that uses cables and cordless DCF.
Comparison at 1:64 splitters been selected for the minimum standard set bitrate NG-PON2 is 64
for 40 Gbps.
Figure 2. Comparison System using DCF and without DCF
Figure 2 show the fibers that are added DCF has a better performance. It was due to
pulse dispersion causes different velocity, the pulse carries a bit faster or slower causes an
error in the detection bit. Should be noted that the cable-DCF not eliminate dispersion, but make
almost stable pulse velocity to the receiver.
3.2. Power for High Scalability
Technology TWDM network NG-PON2, besides having a high speed and scalability,
also apply conservation of energy saving [4]. In addition, NG-PON2 standard with a bit rate of
40 Gbps in ITU-T G.989 states that the minimum distance may transmit as far as 20 km and a
power splitter 1:64 [18].
Figure 3 clearly states the maximum distance which can be reached by power 0 dBm is
70 km when the user number 64 with a value of Q-factor = 6.29. If desired distance of 100 km,
the power splitter used is 1:16, but this is not in accordance with ITU-T standards. However, the
addition of the amplifier can be one way to get a distance of 100 km with 1:64 splitters even 1:
128, due to dispersion can be overcome with the calculation this research. In addition, the
increase in power will linearly with enhanced scalability range and a number of users.
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Figure 3. Comparison with Various Power Splitters using DCF Cable
If this research compared with one of studied about NG-PON2 using TWDM and bitrate
40 Gbps symmetric, this research has a few escalations in reach of fiber. Increasing reach
about 150 % has been proven, for splitter 1:4 the research High Output OLT/ONU Transceivers
for 40 Gbps Symmetric-Rate NG-PON2 Systems only 40 km while this research can do better
with 100 km. In addition, with fiber as long as 40 km, this research can be implemented with
splitter 1:128.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, TWDM network performance for NG-PON2 has been calculated and com-
pared with the fiber without using DCF. The advantages DCF is on restoring stability pulse
velocity variations. In addition, with the power splitter 1:4 and a lower power worth 0 dBm can
produce a reach of 150 % further while another research need 6 dBm.
For further research, researchers can make comparisons and simulations on
technology NG-PON2 by combining several other fibers such as Single Mode Fiber (SMF), DCF
(Dispersion Compensation Fiber), True Wave fiber (TW), True Wave-Reduced (TW-RS ), Large
Effective Area fiber (LEAF) and Non-Zero Dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF). The results
obtained will help providers in developing NG-PON stage 2 in accordance with the
environmental conditions. Although the optical cable already buried, but improvements can be
done through a combination of fiber in access network without changing backbone network.
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