This paper presents an extensive and fair comparison among the most promising waveform contenders for the 5G air interface which includes- Filtered OFDM, Filter-bank multi carrier (FBMC), universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) has been compared with OFDM in terms of spectral efficiency and bit error rate using mat lab. The disadvantages of OFDM have been addressed and it has shown that (fofdm), (UFMC), (FBMC) could be a more effective solution. FBMC is a method for improving out of band (OOB) characteristics by filtering each subcarrier, it is also expected to improve the Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) characteristics while UFMC is a method for improving OOB characteristics by filtering each block. Raksha Vishnoi | Saurabh Gaur | Ashish Verma"Comparison of Various Waveform Contenders of 5G Wireless Communication Based on OFDM" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15637.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/15637/comparison-of-various-waveform-contenders-of-5g-wireless-communication-based-on-ofdm/raksha-vishnoi
Performance Analysis of MIMO-OFDM System Using QOSTBC Code Structure for M-PSKCSCJournals
MIMO-OFDM system has been currently recognized as one of the most competitive technology for 4G mobile wireless systems. MIMO-OFDM system can compensate for the lacks of MIMO systems and give play to the advantages of OFDM system. In this paper, a general Quasi orthogonal space time block code (QOSTBC) structure is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output–orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems for 4X4 antenna configuration. The signal detection technology used in this paper for MIMO-OFDM system is Zero-Forcing Equalization (linear detection technique). In this paper the analysis of high level of modulations (i.e. M-PSK for different values of M) on MIMO-OFDM system is presented. Here AWGN and Rayleigh channels have been used for analysis purpose and their effect on BER for high data rates have been presented. The proposed MIMO-OFDM system with QOSTBC using 4X4 antenna configuration has better performance in terms of BER vs SNR than the other systems.
Implementation and Study of Universal Filtered Multi Carrier under Carrier Fr...Editor IJAIEM
Sathiyapriya N.S
PG Student, Dept. of ECE, Periyar Maniammai University Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
OFDM is a matured technology and applied in various wireless standards. However they are not suitable for Uplink and this
technology is replaced by SC FDMA in 4G standards. Similarly Universal Filtered Multicarrier Communication (UFMC) is
another suitable technology for Multi user Uplink and for applications like cognitive radio. UFMC is a new, non-orthogonal,
waveform designed by Alcatel Lucent Labs which provide a much more efficient way of enabling networks to serve both
broadband users and very narrowband “short data” devices such as any embedded sensor or M2M module. In UFMC the
filtering of waveform is done on a group of subcarriers. In OFDM it is done on the whole subcarriers together. This reduces
the side lobe levels, inters carrier interference (ICI) and requires reduced filter length. Moreover Internet-of-Things where
Machine-Machine communication and applications where very tight response in time requirements are needed, OFDM
miserably fails. We examine impact of carrier frequency offset on the performance of the proposed scheme and compare the
results performance of cyclic prefix based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(CP-OFDM) system.-
Key words: ICI,CFO,OFDM,UFMC
Performance comparison of two clipping based filtering methods for papr reduc...ijmnct
The growth of wireless communication technologies has been producing the intense demand for high-speed,
efficient, reliable voice & data communication. As a result, third generation partnership project (3GPP)
has implemented next generation wireless communication technology long term evolution (LTE) which is
designed to increase the capacity and speed of existing mobile telephone & data networks. LTE has
adopted a multicarrier transmission technique known as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM). OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for
very wide carriers. One major generic problem of OFDM technique is high peak to average power ratio
(PAPR) which is defined as the ratio of the peak power to the average power of the OFDM signal. A
trade-off is necessary for reducing PAPR with increasing bit error rate (BER), computational complexity or
data rate loss etc. In this paper, two clipping based filtering methods have been implemented & also
analyzed their modulation effects on reducing PAPR.
PERFORMANCES OF ORTHOGONAL WAVELET DIVISION MULTIPLEX (OWDM) SYSTEM UNDER AWG...IJCNCJournal
Orthogonal Wavelet Division Multiplexing (OWDM) has been considered as an alternative of Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the recent years. OWDM has lower computational complexity
and higher flexibility compared to its OFDM counterpart. The core component of OWDM is wavelet.
Wavelet has been a much investigated and applied topic in digital image processing for a long time.
Recently, it has drawn considerable attention of the researchers working in communication field. In this
work we investigate the performances of OWDM under different channel conditions. We consider three
channel conditions namely Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Rayleigh, Ricean, and frequency
selective. We consider a number of wavelets namely Haar, Daubechies, Biorthogonal, Reverse
Biorthogonal, Coiflets, and Symlets in OWDM design. For system model we choose Digital Video
Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T). Originally DVB-T system was designed based on OFDM. In this work
we use OWDM instead. The simulation results show OWDM outperforms OFDM in terms of bit error rate
(BER), noise resiliency, and peak-to-average ration. The results also show that the Haar wavelet based
OWDM outperforms other wavelets based OWDM system under all three considered three channel
conditions.
Performance Analysis of OFDM in Combating Multipath FadingIOSR Journals
Mobile Communication system has been on high rampage for high data transmission over wireless
medium with various challenges caused by the transmission Channel. OFDM is been discovered in recent years
to deal with this problems because of its ability to elegantly cope with multipath interference. This paper
investigates the performance of different modulation schemes using M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK) and Mary
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) in information transmission with OFDM technique over Ideal
channel AWGN and worst channel Rayleigh Fading channel in terms of Bits Error Rate (BER). Analysis was
made for different types of modulation schemes BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM and 16-QAM gray coded bit mapping.
Also, a feasibility of OFDM been used to combat multipath fading was analyzed with comparison between a
single carrier technique and OFDM multicarrier technique. Variation between SNR results with respect to BER
is plotted to show the trade off differences between the modulation schemes with the result showing that OFDM
allows data transmission with minimal error over fading channel than a Single Carrier
Performance Analysis of MIMO-OFDM System Using QOSTBC Code Structure for M-PSKCSCJournals
MIMO-OFDM system has been currently recognized as one of the most competitive technology for 4G mobile wireless systems. MIMO-OFDM system can compensate for the lacks of MIMO systems and give play to the advantages of OFDM system. In this paper, a general Quasi orthogonal space time block code (QOSTBC) structure is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output–orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems for 4X4 antenna configuration. The signal detection technology used in this paper for MIMO-OFDM system is Zero-Forcing Equalization (linear detection technique). In this paper the analysis of high level of modulations (i.e. M-PSK for different values of M) on MIMO-OFDM system is presented. Here AWGN and Rayleigh channels have been used for analysis purpose and their effect on BER for high data rates have been presented. The proposed MIMO-OFDM system with QOSTBC using 4X4 antenna configuration has better performance in terms of BER vs SNR than the other systems.
Implementation and Study of Universal Filtered Multi Carrier under Carrier Fr...Editor IJAIEM
Sathiyapriya N.S
PG Student, Dept. of ECE, Periyar Maniammai University Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
OFDM is a matured technology and applied in various wireless standards. However they are not suitable for Uplink and this
technology is replaced by SC FDMA in 4G standards. Similarly Universal Filtered Multicarrier Communication (UFMC) is
another suitable technology for Multi user Uplink and for applications like cognitive radio. UFMC is a new, non-orthogonal,
waveform designed by Alcatel Lucent Labs which provide a much more efficient way of enabling networks to serve both
broadband users and very narrowband “short data” devices such as any embedded sensor or M2M module. In UFMC the
filtering of waveform is done on a group of subcarriers. In OFDM it is done on the whole subcarriers together. This reduces
the side lobe levels, inters carrier interference (ICI) and requires reduced filter length. Moreover Internet-of-Things where
Machine-Machine communication and applications where very tight response in time requirements are needed, OFDM
miserably fails. We examine impact of carrier frequency offset on the performance of the proposed scheme and compare the
results performance of cyclic prefix based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(CP-OFDM) system.-
Key words: ICI,CFO,OFDM,UFMC
Performance comparison of two clipping based filtering methods for papr reduc...ijmnct
The growth of wireless communication technologies has been producing the intense demand for high-speed,
efficient, reliable voice & data communication. As a result, third generation partnership project (3GPP)
has implemented next generation wireless communication technology long term evolution (LTE) which is
designed to increase the capacity and speed of existing mobile telephone & data networks. LTE has
adopted a multicarrier transmission technique known as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM). OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for
very wide carriers. One major generic problem of OFDM technique is high peak to average power ratio
(PAPR) which is defined as the ratio of the peak power to the average power of the OFDM signal. A
trade-off is necessary for reducing PAPR with increasing bit error rate (BER), computational complexity or
data rate loss etc. In this paper, two clipping based filtering methods have been implemented & also
analyzed their modulation effects on reducing PAPR.
PERFORMANCES OF ORTHOGONAL WAVELET DIVISION MULTIPLEX (OWDM) SYSTEM UNDER AWG...IJCNCJournal
Orthogonal Wavelet Division Multiplexing (OWDM) has been considered as an alternative of Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the recent years. OWDM has lower computational complexity
and higher flexibility compared to its OFDM counterpart. The core component of OWDM is wavelet.
Wavelet has been a much investigated and applied topic in digital image processing for a long time.
Recently, it has drawn considerable attention of the researchers working in communication field. In this
work we investigate the performances of OWDM under different channel conditions. We consider three
channel conditions namely Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Rayleigh, Ricean, and frequency
selective. We consider a number of wavelets namely Haar, Daubechies, Biorthogonal, Reverse
Biorthogonal, Coiflets, and Symlets in OWDM design. For system model we choose Digital Video
Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T). Originally DVB-T system was designed based on OFDM. In this work
we use OWDM instead. The simulation results show OWDM outperforms OFDM in terms of bit error rate
(BER), noise resiliency, and peak-to-average ration. The results also show that the Haar wavelet based
OWDM outperforms other wavelets based OWDM system under all three considered three channel
conditions.
Performance Analysis of OFDM in Combating Multipath FadingIOSR Journals
Mobile Communication system has been on high rampage for high data transmission over wireless
medium with various challenges caused by the transmission Channel. OFDM is been discovered in recent years
to deal with this problems because of its ability to elegantly cope with multipath interference. This paper
investigates the performance of different modulation schemes using M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK) and Mary
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) in information transmission with OFDM technique over Ideal
channel AWGN and worst channel Rayleigh Fading channel in terms of Bits Error Rate (BER). Analysis was
made for different types of modulation schemes BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM and 16-QAM gray coded bit mapping.
Also, a feasibility of OFDM been used to combat multipath fading was analyzed with comparison between a
single carrier technique and OFDM multicarrier technique. Variation between SNR results with respect to BER
is plotted to show the trade off differences between the modulation schemes with the result showing that OFDM
allows data transmission with minimal error over fading channel than a Single Carrier
techInvestigations with mode division multiplexed transmissionelelijjournal
This article presents proposed topology for mode division multiplexed link with SPDML and VCSEL, modulate electrical signal of 820nm wavelength. Transmission performance has been investigated for numerous modes, bit rates (2.5 to 10Gbps), transmission lengths of MMF (1 to 100km) and attenuation factor in conjunction with parabolic operational mode. Results illustrated successful performance up to nine modes in mode-division multiplexed transmission. Performance is improved at low data rates, illustrated higher OSNR with lower BER,-5dB attenuation factor. Though, at higher bit rate and longer
transmission length received OSNR is unsteady. It further inferred that transmission with large number of multiplexed modes result in degraded performance, augmented with minimization of mode coupling losses.Mode division multiplexed multimode optical communication can be a viable option for supplementary capacity augment in the preexisting and future fiber optic communication links.
Radio over fiber system based on a hybrid link for next generation of optical...IJECEIAES
Radio over fiber technology will play an important role in solving problems facing wireless technology. Envisaging a global village, people could transmit and receive “anytime, anywhere, and anything”. In addition, the explosive growth in internet applications such as the World Wide Web, demonstrates the tremendous increase in bandwidth and low power that the coming world of multimedia interactive applications will require from future networks. ROF technology uses multicarrier modulation like orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which provides an opportunity of having an increased in bandwidth together with an affordable cost and this idea has recently become a suitable topic for many research works. On the other hand, SAC-OCDMA (Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access) technique is able to enhance the data rate of system and increase the number of user. In this paper we introduce a ROF link using a hybrid OFDM/SAC-OCDMA technique.
MIMO Systems for Military Communication/Applications.IJERA Editor
The Military is embracing the communication revolution, turning to a new generation of sophisticated systems
to enable faster, richer, less costly, more flexible, reliable, compact, mobile, jam resistant, low probability of
detection, re configurable and spectrally efficient communication. Many of these features can be added to a
great extent in the existing systems, by utilising MIMO technology appropriately and judiciously. MIMO finds
applications in wireless communication, NLOS communication, satellite communication, HF communication,
Optical Fibre Communication. MIMO makes these technologies more suitable by introducing features
mandatory for military communication such as Ant jamming capability, Low Probability of Intercept, low
visibility of satellite earth Antennas by reducing their aperture area. MIMO can also provide redundancy by
employing no extra resources, thereby increasing reliability. MIMO is highly effective to communicate with
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (1).
Rapid developments in modern wireless communication permit the trade of spectrum scarcity. Higher data rate and wider bandwidth emerge the development in growing demand of wireless communication system. The innovative solution for the spectrum scarcity is cognitive radio (CR). Cognitive radio is the significant technology used to utilize the spectrum effectively. The important aspect of CR is sensing the spectrum band and detects the presence or absence of the primary user in the licensed band. Moreover, another serious issue in next generation (5G) wireless communication is to decide the less complex 5G waveform candidate for achieving higher data rate, low latency and better spectral efficiency. Universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is one of the noticeable waveform candidates for 5G and its applications. In this article, we investigate the spectrum sensing methods in multi-carrier transmission for cognitive radio network applications. Especially, we integrate the sensing algorithm into UFMC transceiver to analyze the spectral efficiency, higher data rates and system complexity. Through the simulation results, we prove that the UFMC based cognitive radio applications outperform the existing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based CR applications.
Comparative performance analysis of different modulation techniques for papr ...IJCNCJournal
One of the most important multi-carrier tran
smission techniques used in the latest wireless com
munication
arena is known as Orthogonal Frequency Division Mul
tiplexing (OFDM). It has several characteristics
such as providing greater immunity to multipath fad
ing & impulse noise, eliminating Inter Symbol
Interference (ISI) & Inter Carrier Interference (IC
I) using a guard interval known as Cyclic Prefix (C
P). A
regular difficulty of OFDM signal is high peak to a
verage power ratio (PAPR) which is defined as the r
atio
of the peak power to the average power of OFDM Sign
al. An improved design of amplitude clipping &
filtering technique of us previously reduced signif
icant amount of PAPR with slightly increase bit err
or rate
(BER) compare to an existing method in case of Quad
rature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) & Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM). This paper investigates
a comparative performance analysis of the differen
t
higher order modulation techniques on that design.
Performance Analsis of Clipping Technique for Papr Reduction of MB-OFDM UWB S...ijcisjournal
Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) is used as efficacious procedure for
ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communication applications, which divides the spectrum into various subbands,
whose bandwidth is approximately 500MHz. Major arduousness in multiband-OFDM is ,it have
very large peak to average power ratio value which causes the signal to enter into dynamic region that
consequence in the loss of orthogonal properties and results in the interference of the carrier signals which
crops the amplifier saturation and finally limits the capacity of the system. Many PAPR amortize
algorithms have reported in the survey and pre-coding is PAPR reduction which is inserted after
modulation in the OFDM system. The Existing work presents the reduction of that value by different
clipping techniques namely Classical-Clipping (CC), Heavy side-Clipping (HC), Deep-Clipping (DC) and
Smooth-Clipping (SC) and their comparison analysis is done. Every clipping method is best at its own
level .The proficiency of these strategies are evaluated in locutions of average power disparity, complete
system decadence and PAPR reduction. Finally results show the MB OFDM yields better performance to
reduce PAPR in effective way.
10-Gb/S Transmission of Wdm Pon for Man with 50km Reach Based On FtthIJERA Editor
The wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) is considered to be the next evolutionary solution for a simplified and future-proofed access system that can accommodate exponential traffic growth and bandwidth-hungry new applications. WDM-PON mitigates the complicated time-sharing and power budget issues in time division- multiplexed PON (TDM-PON) by providing virtual point-to-point optical connectivity to multiple end users through a dedicated pair of wavelengths. The objective of this paper is proposed a scheme for metropolitan area networks comprising optical components based on arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers, demultiplexers .The Arrayed waveguide gratings based multiplexers and demultiplexers for WDM applications prove to be capable of precise multiplexing and demultiplexing of a large number of channels with relatively low losses.
OFDM synchronization system using wavelet transform for symbol rate detectionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In radio communications, using wavelet signal analysis to recover the symbol rate timing clock of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a new approach that can tolerate signal distortion from intersymbol interference (ISI) and intercarrier interference of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. Typically, the reception synchronization with wavelet signal analysis in OFDM can improve the performance over the fourier transform-based OFDM. However, a synchronization procedure that is stable against distortion and noise is essential to diminish the symbol synchronization establishment and operation sampling period. In this paper, we propose an OFDM synchronization system and analyze the impact of the wavelet denoise procedure on the OFDM system, which extracts the symbol rate of the OFDM frame. The evaluation results show that the proposed system can optimize the frequency window size to enable an efficient timing and frequency offset estimation with high and stable performance in terms of bit error rate (BER) and Frame Error Rate (FER) especially when the value of EbN0 (a normalized signal-to-noise ratio SNR measure) is greater than 8 dB, thanks to the wavelet transform.
A review paper on the papr analysis of orthogonal frequency division multiple...ijmnct
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) has been raised a new modulation technique. Due
to its advantages in multipath fading channel e.g. robust against ISI, ICI and some other advantages like
best QoS for multiple users, efficient usage of bandwidth it is suggested to be the modulation technique for
next generation 4G networks e.g. LTE. But along with all its advantages there are some disadvantages also
e.g. High PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) at the transmitter end and BER (Bit Error Rate) at the
receiving end. Since OFDM is only used in the downlink of 4G networks. To reduce the problems of OFDM
some techniques e.g. SLM, PTS, Clipping, Coding, & Pre-coding etc are suggested but none of them is
reduce the PAPR and BER to an acceptable value. This Paper will discuss some techniques of PAPR &
BER reduction, and their advantages and disadvantages in detail.
Pilot Decontamination over Time Frequency and Space Domains in Multi-Cell Ma...IJECEIAES
In this article, we show that Pilot contamination problem can be seen as a source separation problem using time, frequency, and space domains. Our method capitalizes on a nonunitary joint diagonalization of spatial quadratic time-frequency (STFD) signal representation to identify the desired and interfering users. We first compute the noise subspace from the STFD matrices selected appropriately. Secondly, we use the noise subspace obtained to estimate the Elevation (El) and the Azimuth (Az) angles for which the MUSIC cost function is maximized. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and the behavior of the proposed approach.
In recent past the influence of Radar has played a significant part in various fields. Radar sensing is one of
the prime application by which velocity and distance of a moving target can be found out. A joint RadCom
system to serve both radar sensing and wireless communication is proposed which ensures better
performance in terms of spectral efficiency, extended detection range and cost effectiveness. Such systems
demand for a common waveform which is designed in this work that perfectly matches to the system
requirements. OFDM multi carrier technique is chosen to generate a common waveform. Applicability of
multiple antenna technique for direction of arrival estimation is also considered. MIMO-OFDM technique
has gained much interest in the field of communication which improves the signal to noise ratio and lowers
the bit error rate. On the other hand the usage of MIMO reflects in the form of interference between
signals. In order to overcome this effect beamforming technique is used. In addition to theoretical
explanations we have also simulated and discussed the results for the proposed RadCom system using
MATLAB simulation tool.
Abstract: The growing demand on wireless communication service has created the necessity to support higher data rates for multimedia services. .As next generation wireless communication networks are expected to provide broadband multimedia services such as voice, web browsing, video conferencing etc. For high data rate achievement one must enhance the capacity of the wireless communication system. The capacity of a communication system can be enhanced by using OFDM system. OFDM is commonly used for communication system due to its high transmission rate and robustness against multipath fading So as to enhance the capacity of fading channels the OFDM system are combined to form hybrid system. Capacity is the measure of maximum information that can be transmitted reliably over a channel. This paper review on different channel capacity enhancement techniques used in OFDM system is SVD (Singular Value Decomposition), water Filling algorithm.
Peak to Average Ratio PAPR Reduction Technique in OFDM MIMO System A Reviewijtsrd
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM is an new method for fourth generation wireless communication. MIMO OFDM has become a promising candidate for high performance 4G and 5G broadband wireless communications. However, one main of MIMO OFDM is the high peak to average power ratio PAPR of the transmitter’s output signal on different antennas. In this paper, we present a new noble SLM PAPR reduction techniques such as selective mapping technique and Partial transmit sequence techniques and shows which of these PAPR reduction techniques are more effective to reduce PAPR in OFDM MIMO. Er. Sukhjinder Singh | Dr. Hitanshu Kumar | Dr. Arashdeep Singh "Peak to Average Ratio (PAPR) Reduction Technique in OFDM-MIMO System- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49719.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/49719/peak-to-average-ratio-papr-reduction-technique-in-ofdmmimo-system-a-review/er-sukhjinder-singh
One of vital parts of the mobile wireless channel is channel estimation significantly
improve the performance of the system, especially for 4G LTE and 5G systems. The
main goal of this project is to test the time-variant channel estimation using F-OFDM
model. It investigates the Mean Square Error (MSE), the Least Squares (LS) method
and compares performance of OFDM and F-OFDM using BER vs SNR.
techInvestigations with mode division multiplexed transmissionelelijjournal
This article presents proposed topology for mode division multiplexed link with SPDML and VCSEL, modulate electrical signal of 820nm wavelength. Transmission performance has been investigated for numerous modes, bit rates (2.5 to 10Gbps), transmission lengths of MMF (1 to 100km) and attenuation factor in conjunction with parabolic operational mode. Results illustrated successful performance up to nine modes in mode-division multiplexed transmission. Performance is improved at low data rates, illustrated higher OSNR with lower BER,-5dB attenuation factor. Though, at higher bit rate and longer
transmission length received OSNR is unsteady. It further inferred that transmission with large number of multiplexed modes result in degraded performance, augmented with minimization of mode coupling losses.Mode division multiplexed multimode optical communication can be a viable option for supplementary capacity augment in the preexisting and future fiber optic communication links.
Radio over fiber system based on a hybrid link for next generation of optical...IJECEIAES
Radio over fiber technology will play an important role in solving problems facing wireless technology. Envisaging a global village, people could transmit and receive “anytime, anywhere, and anything”. In addition, the explosive growth in internet applications such as the World Wide Web, demonstrates the tremendous increase in bandwidth and low power that the coming world of multimedia interactive applications will require from future networks. ROF technology uses multicarrier modulation like orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which provides an opportunity of having an increased in bandwidth together with an affordable cost and this idea has recently become a suitable topic for many research works. On the other hand, SAC-OCDMA (Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access) technique is able to enhance the data rate of system and increase the number of user. In this paper we introduce a ROF link using a hybrid OFDM/SAC-OCDMA technique.
MIMO Systems for Military Communication/Applications.IJERA Editor
The Military is embracing the communication revolution, turning to a new generation of sophisticated systems
to enable faster, richer, less costly, more flexible, reliable, compact, mobile, jam resistant, low probability of
detection, re configurable and spectrally efficient communication. Many of these features can be added to a
great extent in the existing systems, by utilising MIMO technology appropriately and judiciously. MIMO finds
applications in wireless communication, NLOS communication, satellite communication, HF communication,
Optical Fibre Communication. MIMO makes these technologies more suitable by introducing features
mandatory for military communication such as Ant jamming capability, Low Probability of Intercept, low
visibility of satellite earth Antennas by reducing their aperture area. MIMO can also provide redundancy by
employing no extra resources, thereby increasing reliability. MIMO is highly effective to communicate with
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (1).
Rapid developments in modern wireless communication permit the trade of spectrum scarcity. Higher data rate and wider bandwidth emerge the development in growing demand of wireless communication system. The innovative solution for the spectrum scarcity is cognitive radio (CR). Cognitive radio is the significant technology used to utilize the spectrum effectively. The important aspect of CR is sensing the spectrum band and detects the presence or absence of the primary user in the licensed band. Moreover, another serious issue in next generation (5G) wireless communication is to decide the less complex 5G waveform candidate for achieving higher data rate, low latency and better spectral efficiency. Universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is one of the noticeable waveform candidates for 5G and its applications. In this article, we investigate the spectrum sensing methods in multi-carrier transmission for cognitive radio network applications. Especially, we integrate the sensing algorithm into UFMC transceiver to analyze the spectral efficiency, higher data rates and system complexity. Through the simulation results, we prove that the UFMC based cognitive radio applications outperform the existing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based CR applications.
Comparative performance analysis of different modulation techniques for papr ...IJCNCJournal
One of the most important multi-carrier tran
smission techniques used in the latest wireless com
munication
arena is known as Orthogonal Frequency Division Mul
tiplexing (OFDM). It has several characteristics
such as providing greater immunity to multipath fad
ing & impulse noise, eliminating Inter Symbol
Interference (ISI) & Inter Carrier Interference (IC
I) using a guard interval known as Cyclic Prefix (C
P). A
regular difficulty of OFDM signal is high peak to a
verage power ratio (PAPR) which is defined as the r
atio
of the peak power to the average power of OFDM Sign
al. An improved design of amplitude clipping &
filtering technique of us previously reduced signif
icant amount of PAPR with slightly increase bit err
or rate
(BER) compare to an existing method in case of Quad
rature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) & Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM). This paper investigates
a comparative performance analysis of the differen
t
higher order modulation techniques on that design.
Performance Analsis of Clipping Technique for Papr Reduction of MB-OFDM UWB S...ijcisjournal
Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) is used as efficacious procedure for
ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communication applications, which divides the spectrum into various subbands,
whose bandwidth is approximately 500MHz. Major arduousness in multiband-OFDM is ,it have
very large peak to average power ratio value which causes the signal to enter into dynamic region that
consequence in the loss of orthogonal properties and results in the interference of the carrier signals which
crops the amplifier saturation and finally limits the capacity of the system. Many PAPR amortize
algorithms have reported in the survey and pre-coding is PAPR reduction which is inserted after
modulation in the OFDM system. The Existing work presents the reduction of that value by different
clipping techniques namely Classical-Clipping (CC), Heavy side-Clipping (HC), Deep-Clipping (DC) and
Smooth-Clipping (SC) and their comparison analysis is done. Every clipping method is best at its own
level .The proficiency of these strategies are evaluated in locutions of average power disparity, complete
system decadence and PAPR reduction. Finally results show the MB OFDM yields better performance to
reduce PAPR in effective way.
10-Gb/S Transmission of Wdm Pon for Man with 50km Reach Based On FtthIJERA Editor
The wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) is considered to be the next evolutionary solution for a simplified and future-proofed access system that can accommodate exponential traffic growth and bandwidth-hungry new applications. WDM-PON mitigates the complicated time-sharing and power budget issues in time division- multiplexed PON (TDM-PON) by providing virtual point-to-point optical connectivity to multiple end users through a dedicated pair of wavelengths. The objective of this paper is proposed a scheme for metropolitan area networks comprising optical components based on arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers, demultiplexers .The Arrayed waveguide gratings based multiplexers and demultiplexers for WDM applications prove to be capable of precise multiplexing and demultiplexing of a large number of channels with relatively low losses.
OFDM synchronization system using wavelet transform for symbol rate detectionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In radio communications, using wavelet signal analysis to recover the symbol rate timing clock of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a new approach that can tolerate signal distortion from intersymbol interference (ISI) and intercarrier interference of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. Typically, the reception synchronization with wavelet signal analysis in OFDM can improve the performance over the fourier transform-based OFDM. However, a synchronization procedure that is stable against distortion and noise is essential to diminish the symbol synchronization establishment and operation sampling period. In this paper, we propose an OFDM synchronization system and analyze the impact of the wavelet denoise procedure on the OFDM system, which extracts the symbol rate of the OFDM frame. The evaluation results show that the proposed system can optimize the frequency window size to enable an efficient timing and frequency offset estimation with high and stable performance in terms of bit error rate (BER) and Frame Error Rate (FER) especially when the value of EbN0 (a normalized signal-to-noise ratio SNR measure) is greater than 8 dB, thanks to the wavelet transform.
A review paper on the papr analysis of orthogonal frequency division multiple...ijmnct
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) has been raised a new modulation technique. Due
to its advantages in multipath fading channel e.g. robust against ISI, ICI and some other advantages like
best QoS for multiple users, efficient usage of bandwidth it is suggested to be the modulation technique for
next generation 4G networks e.g. LTE. But along with all its advantages there are some disadvantages also
e.g. High PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) at the transmitter end and BER (Bit Error Rate) at the
receiving end. Since OFDM is only used in the downlink of 4G networks. To reduce the problems of OFDM
some techniques e.g. SLM, PTS, Clipping, Coding, & Pre-coding etc are suggested but none of them is
reduce the PAPR and BER to an acceptable value. This Paper will discuss some techniques of PAPR &
BER reduction, and their advantages and disadvantages in detail.
Pilot Decontamination over Time Frequency and Space Domains in Multi-Cell Ma...IJECEIAES
In this article, we show that Pilot contamination problem can be seen as a source separation problem using time, frequency, and space domains. Our method capitalizes on a nonunitary joint diagonalization of spatial quadratic time-frequency (STFD) signal representation to identify the desired and interfering users. We first compute the noise subspace from the STFD matrices selected appropriately. Secondly, we use the noise subspace obtained to estimate the Elevation (El) and the Azimuth (Az) angles for which the MUSIC cost function is maximized. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and the behavior of the proposed approach.
In recent past the influence of Radar has played a significant part in various fields. Radar sensing is one of
the prime application by which velocity and distance of a moving target can be found out. A joint RadCom
system to serve both radar sensing and wireless communication is proposed which ensures better
performance in terms of spectral efficiency, extended detection range and cost effectiveness. Such systems
demand for a common waveform which is designed in this work that perfectly matches to the system
requirements. OFDM multi carrier technique is chosen to generate a common waveform. Applicability of
multiple antenna technique for direction of arrival estimation is also considered. MIMO-OFDM technique
has gained much interest in the field of communication which improves the signal to noise ratio and lowers
the bit error rate. On the other hand the usage of MIMO reflects in the form of interference between
signals. In order to overcome this effect beamforming technique is used. In addition to theoretical
explanations we have also simulated and discussed the results for the proposed RadCom system using
MATLAB simulation tool.
Abstract: The growing demand on wireless communication service has created the necessity to support higher data rates for multimedia services. .As next generation wireless communication networks are expected to provide broadband multimedia services such as voice, web browsing, video conferencing etc. For high data rate achievement one must enhance the capacity of the wireless communication system. The capacity of a communication system can be enhanced by using OFDM system. OFDM is commonly used for communication system due to its high transmission rate and robustness against multipath fading So as to enhance the capacity of fading channels the OFDM system are combined to form hybrid system. Capacity is the measure of maximum information that can be transmitted reliably over a channel. This paper review on different channel capacity enhancement techniques used in OFDM system is SVD (Singular Value Decomposition), water Filling algorithm.
Peak to Average Ratio PAPR Reduction Technique in OFDM MIMO System A Reviewijtsrd
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM is an new method for fourth generation wireless communication. MIMO OFDM has become a promising candidate for high performance 4G and 5G broadband wireless communications. However, one main of MIMO OFDM is the high peak to average power ratio PAPR of the transmitter’s output signal on different antennas. In this paper, we present a new noble SLM PAPR reduction techniques such as selective mapping technique and Partial transmit sequence techniques and shows which of these PAPR reduction techniques are more effective to reduce PAPR in OFDM MIMO. Er. Sukhjinder Singh | Dr. Hitanshu Kumar | Dr. Arashdeep Singh "Peak to Average Ratio (PAPR) Reduction Technique in OFDM-MIMO System- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49719.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/49719/peak-to-average-ratio-papr-reduction-technique-in-ofdmmimo-system-a-review/er-sukhjinder-singh
One of vital parts of the mobile wireless channel is channel estimation significantly
improve the performance of the system, especially for 4G LTE and 5G systems. The
main goal of this project is to test the time-variant channel estimation using F-OFDM
model. It investigates the Mean Square Error (MSE), the Least Squares (LS) method
and compares performance of OFDM and F-OFDM using BER vs SNR.
Hybrid PAPR Reduction Scheme for Universal Filter Multi-Carrier Modulation in...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Hybrid PAPR Reduction Scheme for Universal Filter Multi-Carrier Modulation in Next Generation Wireless Systems by Himanshu Monga* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
Impact of carrier frequency offset and in-phase and quadrature imbalance on t...IJECEIAES
Precoding in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system proved to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), so that it improves BER. However, from the existing literature, the effect of carrier frequency offset (CFO), in-phase and quadrature (IQ) imbalance on precoded wireless OFDM systems has not been carried out. Therefore, this study evaluated the precoded OFDM (P-OFDM) system performance by considering the impact of CFO and IQ imbalance. P-OFDM performance evaluation is expressed in signal-to-interference noise ratio (SINR) and bit error rates (BER). The communication channels used are the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and the frequency-selective Rayleigh fading (FSRF) channel, while the channel equalization process is considered perfect. The results of the analysis and simulation show that P-OFDM is greater affected by the presence of CFO and IQ imbalance than conventional OFDM system. In AWGN channel, P-OFDM experiences different SINR for each subcarrier. This is different from conventional OFDM system, where all SINRs are the same for all subcarriers. In the FSRF channel, both the POFDM system and the OFDM system experience different SINR for each subcarrier, where the SINRs fluctuation in the P-OFDM system is much larger than in the OFDM system.
An adaptive channel estimation scheme based on redundancy minimization for fi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (F-OFDM), a technology which is being considered as a promising platform for beyond 4G era is expected to help deliver the new features at millimeter wave in the new 5th generation of cellular communication. Some of its key features notably better spectral utilization, enhanced throughput and immunity to interference can be enabling for the new cellular standards. These features of filtered OFDM comes with strict requirements of filter design, guard tone managements, and efficient channel state information harness. This paper is intended to propose an intuitive channel estimation scheme which will allow efficient acquisition of channel state information (CSI) through exploiting the redundant steps of the conventional pilot training-based algorithms and by also using an adaptive weight to expedite the minimization of the error between the estimated values and the actual values. Various simulations will follow to demonstrate the superiority of the scheme over traditional pilot-based algorithms and thus prove its utility in the current 5G cellular era.
PAPR REDUCTION AND BIT ERROR RATE EVALUATION IN OFDM SYSTEM USING HYBRID TECH...pijans
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has become an important component of waveform
generation in wideband transmission. it's a superior technology for the high-speed rate of wired and
wireless communication systems. Currently, multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (MIMO OFDM) systems are crucial wireless communication systems like 4G and 5G
networks & tactical communication. The OFDM has many advantages over other techniques like its high
capacity and immunity against multipath fading channels. However, one amongst the foremost drawbacks
of the OFDM system is that the high-peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) that leads the system to provide
in-band distortion and out-of-band radiation and reduces its efficiency. This problem increases with a rise
within the number of transmit antennas. Therefore, it's highly desirable to cut back the PAPR of an OFDM
signal. For this, numerous techniques are proposed to beat the PAPR problem like i) Selective mapping
(SLM) ii) Partial transmit sequence (PTS), iii) Clipping, iv) Clipping and filtering. All of those are reduced
the PAPR by generating alternative subcarrier vector that are statistically independent OFDM symbols for
a given data frame and transmitting the symbol with rock bottom peak power. During this paper we also
proposed, some hybrid techniques. The hybrid techniques are the technique of clipping is employed in
conjunction with SLM and PTS to cut back computational complexity. And also the combination of SLM-
PTS to scale back PAPR. Simulations are acquainted with analyze the efficiency of the techniques used
which signifies OFDM to be providing much better PAPR reduction and a way better Bit Error Rate
(BER). it's shown in simulation results that the proposed scheme performs well reducing PAPR. But the
proposed scheme is more complex than the prevailing techniques.
PAPR REDUCTION AND BIT ERROR RATE EVALUATION IN OFDM SYSTEM USING HYBRID TECH...pijans
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has become an important component of waveform
generation in wideband transmission. it's a superior technology for the high-speed rate of wired and
wireless communication systems. Currently, multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (MIMO OFDM) systems are crucial wireless communication systems like 4G and 5G
networks & tactical communication. The OFDM has many advantages over other techniques like its high
capacity and immunity against multipath fading channels. However, one amongst the foremost drawbacks
of the OFDM system is that the high-peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) that leads the system to provide
in-band distortion and out-of-band radiation and reduces its efficiency. This problem increases with a rise
within the number of transmit antennas. Therefore, it's highly desirable to cut back the PAPR of an OFDM
signal. For this, numerous techniques are proposed to beat the PAPR problem like i) Selective mapping
(SLM) ii) Partial transmit sequence (PTS), iii) Clipping, iv) Clipping and filtering. All of those are reduced
the PAPR by generating alternative subcarrier vector that are statistically independent OFDM symbols for
a given data frame and transmitting the symbol with rock bottom peak power. During this paper we also
proposed, some hybrid techniques. The hybrid techniques are the technique of clipping is employed in
conjunction with SLM and PTS to cut back computational complexity. And also the combination of SLMPTS to scale back PAPR. Simulations are acquainted with analyze the efficiency of the techniques used
which signifies OFDM to be providing much better PAPR reduction and a way better Bit Error Rate
(BER). it's shown in simulation results that the proposed scheme performs well reducing PAPR. But the
proposed scheme is more complex than the prevailing techniques.
Performance evaluation on the basis of bit error rate for different order of ...ijmnct
Today, we have required to accommodate a large number of users under a single base station. This can be
possible only if we have some flexibility over the spectrum. Previously we have lots of multiplexing methods
to accommodate large number of signals in time and frequency domain. But now we have required to
accommodate a large number of users in the same bandwidth, without any fading over the received signal.
So, orthogonality can be maintained over the frequency response. This technology is now more popular in
the mobile communication domain, called Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Actually
user data can be converted into the parallel form and then they are modulated using digital modulation
techniques. Finally, they have followed by OFDM Modulator and cyclic prefix can be inserted into the
OFDM symbols. Here, I have worked on the measurement of Bit error rate for different modulation
techniques in OFDM technology. It has been considered that subchannel size is not constant. According to
that I have concluded the overall idea regarding the performance under OFDM technology.
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
[1] is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier
frequencies. OFDM[1] has developed into a popular scheme
for wideband digital communication, whether wireless or
over copper wires, used in applications such as digital television
and audio broadcasting, DSL Internet access, wireless networks,
powerline networks, and 4G mobile communications. In the
Several wireless standards such as IEEE 802.11a[2] and
HiperLAN2[3].The orthogonality of the subcarriers is no longer
maintained which results in ICI (Inter carrier Interference)[4]
.ICI reduction techniques achieve a better SNR and BER in
OFDM at zero phase noise variance . This technique will use a
large number of closely spaced orthogonal subcarriers to avoid
phase noise. It provides high data rates with sufficient robustness
to radio channel damages. A major problem in OFDM is carrier
frequency offset error between the transmitted and received
signals. Due to this the orthogonality of the subcarriers is no
longer maintained which results in ICI (Inter carrier
Interference). In this paper, we used the ICI self-cancellation
technique and reduced the ICI and improved the BER and SNR
we are also calculate the SNR=15db and 20db at different phase
noise variance.
Performance Analysis of OFDM in Combating Multipath FadingIOSR Journals
Abstract: Mobile Communication system has been on high rampage for high data transmission over wireless medium with various challenges caused by the transmission Channel. OFDM is been discovered in recent years to deal with this problems because of its ability to elegantly cope with multipath interference. This paper investigates the performance of different modulation schemes using M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK) and M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) in information transmission with OFDM technique over Ideal channel AWGN and worst channel Rayleigh Fading channel in terms of Bits Error Rate (BER). Analysis was made for different types of modulation schemes BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM and 16-QAM gray coded bit mapping. Also, a feasibility of OFDM been used to combat multipath fading was analyzed with comparison between a single carrier technique and OFDM multicarrier technique. Variation between SNR results with respect to BER is plotted to show the trade off differences between the modulation schemes with the result showing that OFDM allows data transmission with minimal error over fading channel than a Single Carrier. Keywords: OFDM, Single Carrier, AWGN, Rayleigh fading, BER, M-ary PSK, M-ary QAM
Channel Coding and Clipping in OFDM for WiMAX using SDRidescitation
Recent developments in broadband wireless
technology heightened the need for WiMAX which assures
high-speed data services. Mobile WiMAX is grounded on
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing/orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing Access (OFDM/OFDMA)
technology which is an increasing important technique in
LTE systems. This paper describes the OFDM transceiver
implementation using software-defined radio system (SDR).
A SDR is a radio communication system where elements have
been generally implemented in hardware are rather
implemented by software on a personal computer. In this paper,
the software part is realized using GNU Radio and the
hardware part is implemented using USRP N210. OFDM poses
a problem of a Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) or high
crest factor. To stave off this problem either High Power
Amplifiers (HPAs) with large dynamic range or PAPR reduction
techniques are used. The former scheme raises cost of the
system, while the latter induces redundancy or distortion.
This paper presents a novel architecture (which combines
channel coding and clipping) for the PAPR reduction and
analyzes various parameters which effects the performance
of OFDM such as power spectral density, the crest factor and
BER. Channel coding part is framed of three steps
randomization, Forward Error Correction (FEC) and
interleaving. In clipping, certain threshold limits the
amplitude of time domain samples. Without filtering, clipping
causes out-of-band radiation. The paper analyzes the out band
radiation value (at 2.395 GHz) and PAPR reduction with respect
to clipping threshold value. This scheme is preferred because
of its lower complexity and hence would be cheaper to
implement than conventional reduction techniques.
Experimental results prove that the clipping method reduced
PAPR significantly as the number of clip and filtering level is
increased.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to Comparison of Various Waveform Contenders of 5G Wireless Communication Based on OFDM (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Comparison of Various Waveform Contenders of 5G Wireless Communication Based on OFDM
1. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456
International
Research
Comparison of Various Waveform Contendors o
Communication Based o
Raksha Vishnoi
1
PG Student
ECE Department,
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an extensive and fair comparison
among the most promising waveform contenders for
the 5G air interface which includes- Filtered OFDM,
Filter-bank multi carrier (FBMC), universal
multi-carrier (UFMC) has been compared with
OFDM in terms of spectral efficiency and
rate using mat lab. The disadvantages of OFDM have
been addressed and it has shown that (fofdm),
(UFMC), (FBMC) could be a more effective solution.
FBMC is a method for improving out of band (OOB)
characteristics by filtering each subcarrier, it is also
expected to improve the Inter-Carrier Interference
(ICI) characteristics while UFMC is a method for
improving OOB characteristics by filtering each
block.
Keywords: FBMC, UFMC, ICI, KPIs and OOB
I. INTRODUCTION
The evolution of internet and the growing demand of
high data rate users have given Dynamic spectrum
access networks a widespread attention in the recent
years. orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) based on multi-carrier has high
of-band (OOB).This characteristic causes adjacent
channel interference (ACI). OFDM uses a wide guard
band in order to avoid ACI. It decreases spectral
efficiency when a number of mobile devices
simultaneously access a base station. Next generation
mobile communication system requires high
performance indicators (KPIs). It is difficult for
OFDM to satisfy the KPIs. Mobile subscribers are
demanding an enormous increase of the data rates and
the capacity is to be increased up to 1,000 times
within the next 5 years.
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
of Various Waveform Contendors of 5G
Communication Based on OFDM
Raksha Vishnoi1
, Saurabh Gaur2
, Ashish Verma2
PG Student , 2
Associate Professor
ECE Department, M.I.T., Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India
This paper presents an extensive and fair comparison
among the most promising waveform contenders for
Filtered OFDM,
multi carrier (FBMC), universal filtered
carrier (UFMC) has been compared with
OFDM in terms of spectral efficiency and bit error
rate using mat lab. The disadvantages of OFDM have
been addressed and it has shown that (fofdm),
C) could be a more effective solution.
FBMC is a method for improving out of band (OOB)
characteristics by filtering each subcarrier, it is also
Carrier Interference
(ICI) characteristics while UFMC is a method for
OB characteristics by filtering each
FBMC, UFMC, ICI, KPIs and OOB
The evolution of internet and the growing demand of
high data rate users have given Dynamic spectrum
access networks a widespread attention in the recent
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
carrier has high-power out-
band (OOB).This characteristic causes adjacent
channel interference (ACI). OFDM uses a wide guard
band in order to avoid ACI. It decreases spectral
hen a number of mobile devices
simultaneously access a base station. Next generation
mobile communication system requires high-level key
performance indicators (KPIs). It is difficult for
OFDM to satisfy the KPIs. Mobile subscribers are
mous increase of the data rates and
to 1,000 times
Several new waveforms are already proposed for 5G:
(FBMC), (UFMC) & (f-OFDM). The main objective
of all these modulations is to reduce the out
emissions and take advantage of those gap bands
allowing narrowband communication to be carried out
in the resources left unused by bandwidth [1].
II. Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
In OFDM multicarrier system, the fr
spectrum of the subcarriers is overlapped with the
least frequency spacing and the orthogonality is
attained amid the various subcarriers. The input
stream is subdivided into parallel data streams by
means of the serial to parallel (S/P) converter,
then passed into an inverse fast Fourier transformation
(IFFT) block to produce time sequence of the streams.
Consequently, by totalling a cyclic prefix (CP), the
OFDM symbol time sequences are extended [1],[2].
The CP is a copy of the latter por
that is added in the start of the sequence and should be
greater than the network deferral spread in order to
diminish the inter symbol interference (ISI) produced
by the influx of various OFDM symbols with distinct
delay. The resultant digital signal is transformed into
analog form and transmitted over the channel. At the
receiver end, the signal is reconstructed into digital
form and the far Fourier transform (FFT) is achieved
in the received streams after eradicating the CP.
Finally, the parallel streams are collected into a single
stream as the original transmitted one. Some of the
disadvantages of OFDM are enumerated below:
1. Decreased spectral efficiency owing to the CP
employed.
Jun 2018 Page: 2468
6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 4
Scientific
(IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
f 5G Wireless
Several new waveforms are already proposed for 5G:
OFDM). The main objective
of all these modulations is to reduce the out of-band
emissions and take advantage of those gap bands
allowing narrowband communication to be carried out
in the resources left unused by bandwidth [1].
Orthogonal Frequency Division
In OFDM multicarrier system, the frequency
spectrum of the subcarriers is overlapped with the
least frequency spacing and the orthogonality is
attained amid the various subcarriers. The input
stream is subdivided into parallel data streams by
means of the serial to parallel (S/P) converter, that are
then passed into an inverse fast Fourier transformation
(IFFT) block to produce time sequence of the streams.
Consequently, by totalling a cyclic prefix (CP), the
OFDM symbol time sequences are extended [1],[2].
The CP is a copy of the latter portion of the symbol
that is added in the start of the sequence and should be
greater than the network deferral spread in order to
the inter symbol interference (ISI) produced
by the influx of various OFDM symbols with distinct
digital signal is transformed into
analog form and transmitted over the channel. At the
receiver end, the signal is reconstructed into digital
form and the far Fourier transform (FFT) is achieved
in the received streams after eradicating the CP.
he parallel streams are collected into a single
stream as the original transmitted one. Some of the
disadvantages of OFDM are enumerated below:
Decreased spectral efficiency owing to the CP
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 2469
Figure 1: Block Diagram of OFDM
2. High spectral leakage owing to the rectangular
windowing.
3. Interference amid the unsynchronized signal in the
neighboring bands.
OFDM is a widely used modulation and multiplexing
technology, which has become the basis of many
telecommunications standards including wireless local
area networks (LANs), digital terrestrial television
(DTT) and digital radio broadcasting in the world. It
ia multicarrier transmission scheme which divides the
bandwidth into different sub-channels known as sub-
carriers so as to multiplex in both time and frequency
domain. OFDM data are generated by taking symbols
in the spectral space using M-PSK, QAM, etc, and
convert the spectra to time domain by taking the
Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT). Since
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)is more cost
effective to implement. It is basically a multi-carrier
modulation technique [2].
III. Filtered – OFDM (F-OFDM)
F-OFDM is one of the proposed waveforms for the
evolution towards 5G.In OFDM the effect of large out
of band emission due to the rectangular shaping of
temporal signals is largely alleviated in F-OFDM by
using transmit filter which is cascaded after the
modulator. Filtering process in f-OFDM is done
through specially filters which are suitably designed
to suppress high side lobes thereby making Filtered-
OFDM a bandwidth efficient technique. Besides this,
filtering operation becomes challenging when the
spectrum pulses are not continuous and the filter is
redesigned for each available chunk of spectrum.
Hence , we will introduce ISI in Consecutive
Figure 2: Block Diagram of f-ofdm Transceiver [5]
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
Figure 3: Possible evolution path from
OFDMin4GLTEtof-OFDMin 5G
Symbols arriving at the receiver. In order to cope with
this ISI we can enlarge the Cyclic prefix (CP) so as to
cancel both, the effect of multipath and
Enlarging the CP means reducing the performance by
introducing a larger overhead, so we nee
The main idea is filtering the OFDM signal due to
which the out-of-band emissions will be reduced
making adjacent gap bands available and e
for other purposes. f-OFDM provides both forward
and backward compatibility. In f-OFDM the available
bandwidth is divided in several sub-bands,
having different numerology and accommodating
different kind of services. Even though OFDM
considered to be spectrum efficient, still 10% of
allocated BW is wasted to allow attenuat
signal.
To achieve orthogonally both in frequency and time in
OFDM, extra signalling to assure synchronization is
needed, especially for uplink transmission. In this
way, we brake intentionally the time
orthogonally between consecutive f-OFDM symbols
for lower OOBE. Consequently, asynchronous
transmission between sub-bands is now supported by
Filtered – OFDM [2],[3].
IV. FBMC
The FBMC technique overcomes the limitations of
OFDM by adding generalized pulse shaping filters
which delivers a well localized sub channel in both
time and frequency domain. Consequently, FBMC
systems have more spectral containment signals and
offer more effective use of the radio resources
no CP is required. It can be seen that the filter banks
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun
evolution path from
OFDMin 5G
ymbols arriving at the receiver. In order to cope with
this ISI we can enlarge the Cyclic prefix (CP) so as to
the effect of multipath and filtering.
Enlarging the CP means reducing the performance by
so we need to avoid it.
filtering the OFDM signal due to
band emissions will be reduced
making adjacent gap bands available and easier to use
OFDM provides both forward
OFDM the available
bands, each one
having different numerology and accommodating
different kind of services. Even though OFDM is
considered to be spectrum efficient, still 10% of
allocated BW is wasted to allow attenuation of the
To achieve orthogonally both in frequency and time in
OFDM, extra signalling to assure synchronization is
mission. In this
way, we brake intentionally the time-domain
OFDM symbols
for lower OOBE. Consequently, asynchronous
bands is now supported by
overcomes the limitations of
OFDM by adding generalized pulse shaping filters
which delivers a well localized sub channel in both
time and frequency domain. Consequently, FBMC
systems have more spectral containment signals and
the radio resources where
no CP is required. It can be seen that the filter banks
on the transmitter side and the receiver side consist of
an array of N filters that processes N input signals to
give N outputs. The filter bank used at the transmitter
side is called synthesis filter bank and the filter bank
used in receiver side is called analysis filter bank.
Filter bank multicarrier applies filtering on a per
subcarrier foundation [4]. The plus point of this
technique is that without using the CP, it can g
efficient and better performance than conventional
OFDM. With such attributes, it is considered as one
of the most capable modulation technique for 5G.
This technique employs a bank of filters and the data
in parallel pass through each filter. In FM
QAM is applied to comply with the factual
orthogonality rule with the result FBMC exhibits non
orthogonality in the complex domain. OFDM with
offset Quadrature amplitude modulation
(OFDM/OQAM) is the most common FBMC
technique. This filter method
two ways—in the frequency domain, or in the time
domain.
Figure 4: FBMC modulation block
To fix the iFFT length to the same total sub
number, time domain processing method is suitable
and Poly Phase Network (PPN) is used
using this narrowband filtering has greatly improved
Figure 5: FBMC Demodulation Block
OOB Characteristics on the other hand, the number of
filter taps required to improve the characteristics is
about four times the total sub-
a four times processing latency in a PPN
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Jun 2018 Page: 2470
on the transmitter side and the receiver side consist of
an array of N filters that processes N input signals to
give N outputs. The filter bank used at the transmitter
is called synthesis filter bank and the filter bank
used in receiver side is called analysis filter bank.
Filter bank multicarrier applies filtering on a per-
subcarrier foundation [4]. The plus point of this
technique is that without using the CP, it can give an
efficient and better performance than conventional
OFDM. With such attributes, it is considered as one
of the most capable modulation technique for 5G.
This technique employs a bank of filters and the data
in parallel pass through each filter. In FMBC offset-
QAM is applied to comply with the factual
orthogonality rule with the result FBMC exhibits non-
orthogonality in the complex domain. OFDM with
offset Quadrature amplitude modulation
(OFDM/OQAM) is the most common FBMC
can be implemented in
in the frequency domain, or in the time
Figure 4: FBMC modulation block
To fix the iFFT length to the same total sub-carrier
number, time domain processing method is suitable
and Poly Phase Network (PPN) is used [5].FBMC
using this narrowband filtering has greatly improved
Figure 5: FBMC Demodulation Block
OOB Characteristics on the other hand, the number of
filter taps required to improve the characteristics is
-carrier number, creating
a four times processing latency in a PPN
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 2471
configuration. Accordingly, although FBMC is
problem-free for bit pipe communications such as
video streaming, it has lower transmission efficiency
for short packets.
V. UFMC
Universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is a
waveform for future wireless systems. It is also
known as unified filtered OFDM (UF-OFDM).
UFMC is the method that combines the advantages of
orthogonality OFDM and filter bank in FBMC.FBMC
is problem-free for bit pipe communications such as
video streaming, it has lower transmission
efficiency for short packets .Instead of filtering each
carrier like in FBMC, we have to filter a block of
carriers called sub-band [4],[6]. Each sub band
contains a number of carriers; filter length will be
depending upon the width of sub-band. In the UFMC
system, the complex symbols are generated from the
base - band modulator. UFMC divides the band
assigned for a user in smaller sub-bands, and after
filtering them separately; they are summed and sent
through the channel. Due to this filter tails, UFMC
uses a null transmission or known as zero padding in
front of each symbol, in order to cope with both, the
delay spread of the channel and filter. UF-OFDM is a
method for improving OOB characteristics by
filtering each block. The mapped signal is allocated to
a predetermine number of blocks. To overcome the
problems of the ofdm we should have a new
waveform for replacing OFDM in 5G physical layer.
Figure 6: Block Diagram of UFMC Transceiver [7]
The new waveform should achieve the asynchronous
reception and transmission, non - orthogonal
waveforms for better spectral efficiency and low
latency. The filter using in UFMC is DolphChebyshev
of length ‘L’.
VI. Simulation Results
Table 1: Simulation Parameter
1) Tool Matlab
2) Modulation Qpsk
3)FFT Size 612
4)CP Length 16 bit
5)Frequency 4 GHz
6)SNR 1 db to 25 db
7)Channel AWGN
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 2472
Figure 7 shows BER performances of each system.
The analysis compares bit error rate (BER) vs SNR
graph of FBMC and UFMC with OFDM modulation.
FBMC offers ways to overcome the known
limitations of OFDM of reduced spectral efficiency
and strict synchronization requirements. The benefits
have led it to being measured as one of the
modulation techniques for 5G communication
structures. UFMC technique shows the least bit error
rate as compared to the above methods and it is the
best waveform contenders for 5G applications [8].
Figure 8 shows the evaluation of FBMC and UFMC
with OFDM on the basis of spectral efficiency vs
number of users. It has been shown that UFMC
exhibits higher spectral efficiency. It is multi-carrier
transmission scheme in order to overcome the ICI
problem and improve the system performance [9].
Due to the use of cyclic prefix in OFDM, 10% of the
bits are repeated, where as in UFMC, cyclic prefix is
not used. This increases spectral efficiency. In UFMC,
total bandwidth is divided into sub-bands. As number
of subcarriers adding up in phase will be fewer in
UFMC, the maximum power decreases.
Figure 7: Graph of BER vs SNR for OFDM,FBMC
and UFMC
Figure 8: Graph of SE vs Users for OFDM,FBMC and
UFMC.
VII. Conclusion
Mobile communication requirements are increasing
with the upcoming 5G applications such as Tactile
Internet, IoT and Fragmented Spectrum. In this paper,
we have focused on spectrum efficiency and BER
performance evaluation of OFDM, FBMC, and
UFMC.FBMC provides filtering of each subcarrier,
which requires very long filter length and it prevents
ICI. Although FBMC has several advantages as
compared to the current OFDM of LTE, it is still not
the optimal solution. With UFMC the objective is to
merge the advantages of FBMC and filtered OFDM
and get rid of some disadvantages of them. It is based
on the idea of filtering a block of sub carriers [8],[10].
Like FBMC, UFMC is robust to multi-user
interference, exhibits higher spectral efficiency and
better suited to fragmented spectrum than OFDM.
VIII. References
1. W. Chin, F. Zhong, R. Haines, “Emerging
technologies and research challenges for 5G
wireless networks,” IEEE Wireless Commun., vol.
21, no.
2. pp. 106–112, Apr 2014. 2. J. Andrews, S. Buzzi,
W. Choi, S. Hanly, A. Lozano, A. Soong, J.
Zhang, “What will 5G be?” IEEE J. Select. Areas
Commun., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1065–1082, Jun
2014.
3. A. S¸ ahin, I. G¨uvenc, H. Arslan, “A survey on
multi-carrier communications: Prototype filters,
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 2473
lattice structures, and implementation aspects,
“IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutorials, vol. 16, no. 3,
pp. 1312– 1338, Aug 2014.
4. P. Banelli, S. Buzzi, G. Colavolpe, A. Modenini,
F. Rusek, A. Ugolini, “Modulation formats and
waveforms for 5G net-works: Who will be the heir
of OFDM?: An overview of alternative
modulation schemes for improved spectral
efficiency,” IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 31,
no. 6, pp. 80–93, Nov 2014.
5. 3GPP, “Technical specification 36.212,” Tech.
Rep., Jun 2015, v12.5.0.
6. https://www.metis2020.com Mobile and Wireless
Communications Enablers for the 2020
Information society.
7. http://www.5gnow.eu 5th Generation Non-
Orthogonal wave forms for asynchronous
Signalling
8. A. Loulou, M. Renfors, “Enhanced OFDM for
fragmented spectrum use in 5G systems”, Trans.
Emerging Tel. Tech., vol. 26, pp. 31–45, 20159)
F. Schaich, T. Wild, Y. Chen, “Waveform
contenders for 5G suitability for short packet and
low latency transmissions, IEEE Vech.
Technology Conference Spring, pp. 1–5, Apr
2014.
9. http://www.ict-phydyas.org Physical layer for
dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio.
10. 10.G. Matz, H. Bölcskei, F. Hlawatsch, “Time-
Frequency Foundations of Communications,”
IEEE Signal