The document discusses various concepts related to perception including: 1. It describes factors that influence perception like figure-ground relationships, proximity, similarity, and perceptual constancy. 2. Selective perception is discussed where people selectively perceive information based on their interests, experiences, and attitudes. 3. Social perception and attribution theory are mentioned, where social perception allows people to understand others and attribution refers to how people explain the causes of behaviors.

1. Group 2
(FERRERO FACTION)
MBA - FC 1st Sem. (2016)

3.  Environmental stimuli
 Observation
 Perceptual selection
 Perceptual organization
 Interpretation
 response

4. ExtErnal
EnvironmEnt
Physical
EnvironmEnt
sociocultural
EnvironmEnt
confrontation rEgistration intErPrEtation
fEEdback
bEhaviorconsEquEncEs

5.  Figure-ground
 Perceptual Grouping
 Closure
 Continuity
 Proximity
 Similarity
 Perceptual Constancy
 Perceptual Context
 Perceptual Defense

6.  figurE-ground:
In perceiving stimuli or phenomena, the
tendency is to keep certain phenomena
in focus and other phenomena in
background.

7.  An individual tends to group several
stimuli together into a recognizable
pattern.
various forms :
 Closure
 Continuity
 Proximity
 Similarity

8. The perception of elements like size, shape,
color, brightness and location of an object
remains constant and does not change from
individual to individual.
 Example: Photograph
PErcEPtual contExt
It provides meaning and value to objects,
events, situation and other people in the
environment.

9.  It refers to the screening of those
elements which create conflict and
threatening situation in people.

11. attitudE
Evaluative statements or judgments
concerning objects, people or value.
reflect how we feel about
something.

12. It reflects stimuli that cause to
perform particular action.
states goals, purpose perceived by
perceiver from event, situation, etc.

14.  State that anticipation of a particular
behavior from a person .
 Affects what a person perceives.

15.  Experience and knowledge serve as basis
for perception. While one’s successful
experience enhance his/her perceptive
ability, failure erodes his/her self
confidence. Successful experience also
helps perceiver understand stimuli with
more accuracy.

16. Time
Time perception is a construction of the
brain that can also be manipulated and
studied through a variety of
experiments.
What are the factors that affect your
perception of how time passes?
Level of fatigue
Level of Concentration
Depression & Happiness

18.  “Social perception is that part of perception
that allows people to understand the other
people in their social world.”
 Social perceptions can obviously be flawed -
even skilled observers can misperceive,
misjudge, and reach the wrong conclusions.
Once we form wrong impressions, they are
likely to persist.

19.  Try this exercise. Look at each umbrella
image. Is the message of each image
different? If so, what makes the message
different?

21.  People gives more attention to moving
objects than the stationery objects.
 Example:
 Moving object Stationery
object

22.  Sound level or noise level is a physical
quantity measured with measuring
instruments.
Loudness is a psycho-physical sensation
perceived by the human auditory perception
or the human ear/brain mechanism. That is
not the same.
 Furthermore, for speech, music, and many
other sounds, the physical characteristics
of the sound produce hearing sensations in
the listener. TV advertisement, Radio
advertisement.

23. Larger object is more likely to be
noticed than a smaller Object.
Example:
 Which you can read fast?
God is great God is great

25.  Proximity or geographical proximity is
an important factor for formation of
groups. For the same reason an
individual behavior may be perceived to
be group behavior.

27.  how items that are similar in some
way tend to be grouped together. On
similarities and differences in
cultural perceptions of the
environment.

28. SelecTive percepTion
People selectively interpret what they see
on the basis of their interests, background,
experience and attitudes. As the people can
sense only limited amount of information in
the environment, they are
characteristically selective.

29.  When people read a newspaper, they don’t
read the entire newspaper but only those
news which interest them.
(similar things happen in other cases too.)
 This is known as perceptual selectivity.
This is caused by a variety of factors which
may be grouped into two categories;-
 External and
 Internal.

30.  ExtErnal  IntErnal
 SIZE
 INTENSITY
 REPETITION
 NOVELTY AND
FAMILIARITY
 CONTRAST
 MOTION
 SELF-CONCEPT
 BELIEFS
 EXPECTATIONS
 INNER NEEDS
 RESPONSE
DISPOSITION
 RESPONSE SALIENCE
 PERCEPTUAL
DEFENCE

31.  Figure-Ground
 Grouping
 Proximity
 Similarity
 Simplification
 closure

32.  The managers must recognize that facts people
do not perceive as meaningful usually will not
influence their behavior, whereas the things
they believe to be real, even though factually
incorrect or non-existent, will influence it.
 Three major areas which require special
attention so far as the perceptual accuracy
is concerned-
 Interpersonal working relationship
 Selection of employees
 Performance appraisal.

33.  Perceiving oneself
accurately
 Enhancing self-concept
 Having positive attitudes
 Being Empathic
 Communicating more openly
 Avoiding common perceptual
Distortions

34.  It is directly concerned with how one
individual perceives other individuals;
how we get to know others.

35. Attribution refers to how people
explain the cause of another’s or
their own behavior.
 The determination depends on
three factors:
 Distinctiveness
 Consensus
 Consistency

36. Judging someone on the basis of
one’s perception of The group to
which that person belongs.

37.  The Italians are quick-tempered
 Chinese are inscrutable
 Japanese are industrious
 Americans are materialistic and ambitious
 Blacks are musical and athletes
 Fat men are jolly

38. Tendency to draw a general impression
about an individual on the basis of a
single characteristic.
 Halo effect is just like 1st impression is Last
impression
 Like people having good quality and dislike
those who have bad qualities. People may be
judged by their work not by their dress
 People may be judged by their result not by
their attendance

39. Evaluation of a person’s characteristic
that is affected by comparisons with other
people recently encountered who rank
higher or lower on the same
characteristic.

40. Attributing’ one’s own
characteristic to other people

41. Chapter-541

42. Chapter-5

43. Chapter-543

44. Chapter-544

49. Chapter-549

50. Chapter-550

51. Chapter-5

54. Chapter-5