1. The document discusses the anatomy and common disorders of the penis. It describes the structures of the penis including the glans, foreskin, and erectile tissues.
2. Common congenital disorders like hypospadias and epispadias are summarized, as well as acquired conditions such as phimosis, paraphimosis, and lymphogranuloma venereum.
3. Treatment options for these disorders include circumcision to treat phimosis and incision or drainage to treat paraphimosis. Surgery is often used to correct congenital anomalies.
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord and loss of blood supply to the testicle. It is a urological emergency as early diagnosis and treatment are needed to save the testicle. Ultrasound with Doppler is the primary imaging method and shows absent or decreased blood flow in the affected testicle compared to the normal side. Prompt surgical detorsion and orchioplexy are the definitive treatments.
Dr Ho Siew Hong shared his experience on how to perform the ideal puncture for PCNL in a lecture to Asian urologists during the Advanced Urology Course 2008 in Singapore
Priapism is a prolonged, often painful erection unrelated to sexual stimulation. The document defines and discusses the types, causes, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and treatment challenges of priapism. Specifically, it distinguishes between ischemic (low-flow) priapism caused by failure of venous outflow, and nonischemic (high-flow) priapism caused by unregulated arterial inflow. Sickle cell disease and medications are common causes and prolonged ischemia can lead to erectile dysfunction due to corporal fibrosis.
The correct answer is e. Hemodialysis is not associated with high-flow priapism. The other answer choices are all known causes or associations of high-flow priapism.
Fournier gangrene is a necrotizing fasciitis of the genital or perianal area that is usually polymicrobial in nature. It is more common in males ages 30-60 and risk factors include diabetes, alcoholism, malignancy, and HIV infection. Clinically it presents with pain, erythema, and progression to gangrene in the genital region. Treatment involves aggressive surgical debridement and broad spectrum antibiotics targeting both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Without prompt treatment, complications can include multi-organ dysfunction, sepsis, and death.
Priapism is a prolonged, unwanted erection that continues hours beyond sexual stimulation. There are two main types: ischemic (low-flow) priapism which is painful and involves little blood flow out of the penis, and non-ischemic (high-flow) priapism which is painless and involves an abnormal connection allowing high arterial inflow. Ischemic priapism is a medical emergency requiring aspiration of blood from the penis and injection of medications to induce detumescence within 4-6 hours to prevent permanent erectile dysfunction. Treatment options depend on duration and include aspiration, intracavernosal injections of medications, or surgical shunting if conservative measures fail.
The document discusses urethral stricture, which refers to scarring in the urethra that narrows the passageway for urine. It describes the anatomy of the male urethra and its divisions. Common causes of urethral stricture include trauma, infections like gonorrhea, prolonged catheterization, and complications after surgery. Left untreated, stricture can lead to urinary retention, infections, kidney damage from back pressure, and fistula formation. Symptoms include weak urinary stream and sudden retention.
This document provides information about prolapse of the rectum (rectal prolapse). It discusses the embryology, anatomy, physiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of rectal prolapse. Some key points:
- Rectal prolapse is the circumferential descent of the rectum through the anus, either partially (mucosa and submucosa protrude) or completely (full thickness protrusion).
- Risk factors include straining from constipation/diarrhea, pregnancy, prior operations, and neurological/psychiatric conditions.
- Physiologically, it can cause fecal incontinence due to internal sphincter relaxation or damage. Reduction
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord and loss of blood supply to the testicle. It is a urological emergency as early diagnosis and treatment are needed to save the testicle. Ultrasound with Doppler is the primary imaging method and shows absent or decreased blood flow in the affected testicle compared to the normal side. Prompt surgical detorsion and orchioplexy are the definitive treatments.
Dr Ho Siew Hong shared his experience on how to perform the ideal puncture for PCNL in a lecture to Asian urologists during the Advanced Urology Course 2008 in Singapore
Priapism is a prolonged, often painful erection unrelated to sexual stimulation. The document defines and discusses the types, causes, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and treatment challenges of priapism. Specifically, it distinguishes between ischemic (low-flow) priapism caused by failure of venous outflow, and nonischemic (high-flow) priapism caused by unregulated arterial inflow. Sickle cell disease and medications are common causes and prolonged ischemia can lead to erectile dysfunction due to corporal fibrosis.
The correct answer is e. Hemodialysis is not associated with high-flow priapism. The other answer choices are all known causes or associations of high-flow priapism.
Fournier gangrene is a necrotizing fasciitis of the genital or perianal area that is usually polymicrobial in nature. It is more common in males ages 30-60 and risk factors include diabetes, alcoholism, malignancy, and HIV infection. Clinically it presents with pain, erythema, and progression to gangrene in the genital region. Treatment involves aggressive surgical debridement and broad spectrum antibiotics targeting both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Without prompt treatment, complications can include multi-organ dysfunction, sepsis, and death.
Priapism is a prolonged, unwanted erection that continues hours beyond sexual stimulation. There are two main types: ischemic (low-flow) priapism which is painful and involves little blood flow out of the penis, and non-ischemic (high-flow) priapism which is painless and involves an abnormal connection allowing high arterial inflow. Ischemic priapism is a medical emergency requiring aspiration of blood from the penis and injection of medications to induce detumescence within 4-6 hours to prevent permanent erectile dysfunction. Treatment options depend on duration and include aspiration, intracavernosal injections of medications, or surgical shunting if conservative measures fail.
The document discusses urethral stricture, which refers to scarring in the urethra that narrows the passageway for urine. It describes the anatomy of the male urethra and its divisions. Common causes of urethral stricture include trauma, infections like gonorrhea, prolonged catheterization, and complications after surgery. Left untreated, stricture can lead to urinary retention, infections, kidney damage from back pressure, and fistula formation. Symptoms include weak urinary stream and sudden retention.
This document provides information about prolapse of the rectum (rectal prolapse). It discusses the embryology, anatomy, physiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of rectal prolapse. Some key points:
- Rectal prolapse is the circumferential descent of the rectum through the anus, either partially (mucosa and submucosa protrude) or completely (full thickness protrusion).
- Risk factors include straining from constipation/diarrhea, pregnancy, prior operations, and neurological/psychiatric conditions.
- Physiologically, it can cause fecal incontinence due to internal sphincter relaxation or damage. Reduction
1. Orchitis and epididymo-orchitis are usually caused by blood-borne infections like Chlamydia, gonorrhea, or E. coli. They present with acute pain and swelling of the testes or epididymis.
2. Undescended testes occur in 1% of boys after 1 year of age and can lead to infertility if not treated. Risk factors include prematurity and family history. Treatment is orchidopexy to bring the testes into the scrotum.
3. Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood supply to the testes. It requires urgent surgery to untwist the cord or
This document provides information about testicular torsion, including:
- Testicular torsion occurs when the testicle twists around the spermatic cord, cutting off blood flow and requiring emergency surgery to untwist within 6 hours to save the testicle.
- It is most common in males under 25 and can be caused by an unattached "bell clapper" deformity allowing the testicle to twist easily.
- Symptoms include sudden severe pain in one testicle. Diagnosis involves physical exam and sometimes ultrasound, and treatment is always surgery to untwist and add sutures to prevent future twisting.
Please find the power point on Carcinoma of rectum. I tried present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references.
This document provides information about Peyronie's disease, including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. It defines Peyronie's disease as the formation of scar tissue plaques within the penis that can cause penile curvature and pain during erections. Common symptoms are pain and curvature of the penis to one side. While small, asymptomatic cases may not require treatment, injection of medications into plaques or surgery to correct curvature may be options for more severe cases. The document also reviews normal penile anatomy and the erectile process.
Priapism is an abnormal, persistent erection unrelated to sexual stimulation. There are two types - low-flow (ischemic) and high-flow (non-ischemic). Low-flow priapism is more common and results from failure of venous outflow, trapping blood in the penis. If not treated promptly, it can lead to fibrosis and erectile dysfunction. Causes include sickle cell disease, medications, and trauma. Treatment involves differentiating the type and using medical or surgical methods to resolve the erection like irrigation, drugs, or shunt placement. Prognosis depends on duration, with early intervention providing the best chance of functional recovery.
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy PCNL by Dr. Majid Kakakhel IKD, Peshawar.Majid Khan Kakakhel
The document describes the procedure and techniques for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). PCNL is used to remove kidney stones through a small incision in the skin and involves four main steps: 1) opacification of the collecting system, 2) puncture of the system, 3) dilation of the tract, and 4) stone fragmentation and removal. Key techniques for puncture include the bull's eye, triangulation, and gradual descent methods. Potential complications include hemorrhage, injury to surrounding organs, failed access, pneumothorax, and sepsis. The document outlines the indications, positioning, surgical approach, and complications of PCNL.
This document provides an overview of penile fracture, including relevant anatomy, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment options, and postoperative care. It begins with an outline of the topics covered. The main points are: penile fracture involves a rupture of the corpus cavernosum during erection, most common causes are sexual intercourse and trauma from bending, patients experience pain, swelling and detumescence, diagnosis is usually clinical but imaging can help, and surgical repair within 24 hours has the best outcomes and aims to repair tears while preventing erectile dysfunction and abnormal healing.
1) Priapism is a prolonged, painful erection that persists without sexual stimulation. It is caused by a failure of the penis to return to its flaccid state after erection and can lead to permanent erectile dysfunction if not properly treated.
2) There are two main types - low-flow (ischemic/veno-occlusive) priapism which is painful due to a lack of blood flow, and high-flow (non-ischemic) priapism which is usually painless. Low-flow priapism is more common and a medical emergency requiring treatment to prevent tissue damage.
3) Treatment depends on the type of priapism and involves initially aspirating blood
URETHRAL INJURY- Trauma Surgery
#surgicaleducator #babysurgeon
Dear viewers,
Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
Today I have uploaded a video on URETHRAL INJURY- one more in Trauma Surgery. I haven’t talked elaborately but have included the essential minimum an undergraduate medical student should know. I have talked about anatomy, classification, etio-pathogenesis, symptoms, signs, investigations, grading, treatment, complications, treatment algorithm and case vignettes of urethral injuries. My aim is, after watching this video all of you should be able to arrive at a correct working diagnosis of the type of urethral injury and should also be able to institute immediate treatment to the patients if there is a need. The definitive urethroplasty should be done by a Urologist. You can watch the video in the following links:
surgicaleducator.blogspot.com
youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
Thank you for watching the video.
Types of Urethral injury, Mechanism of Urethral injury, Classification of Urethral injury, Symptoms of Urethral injury, Signs of Urethral injury,
Investigations for Urethral injury, Grading of Urethral Injury, Treatment for Urethral injury, Complications of Urethral Injury
This document provides an overview of pediatric urology, covering topics such as embryology of the renal tract, circumcision, hypospadias, urinary tract infections, undescended testes, and more. It discusses the classification, risk factors, considerations, timing of surgery, and surgical techniques for correcting hypospadias. The aims of hypospadias surgery are to correct penile curvature, create a neo-urethra of adequate size at the tip of the glans, and achieve an acceptable cosmetic appearance. Techniques discussed include TIP repair, MAGPI, and use of grafts for more severe cases.
This document provides information about orchitis and orchiectomy procedures. It begins by defining orchitis as the inflammation of the testis and describes its symptoms. It then discusses the anatomy of the testes and some common causes of orchitis, including mumps, infections, trauma, and complications from other procedures. The remainder of the document focuses on orchiectomy procedures, including a bilateral orchiectomy to treat prostate cancer, the surgical steps involved, and follow up care and investigations.
Testicular tumors are rare.
1 – 2 % of all malignant tumors.
Most common malignancy in men in the 15 to 35 year age group.
Benign lesions represent a greater percentage of cases in children than in adults.
Most curable solid neoplasm
This document provides information about testicular cancers, including:
- Testicular cancer accounts for 1% of cancers in males and is highly curable when detected early, often affecting young men.
- The testis has blood supply from the testicular artery and drains into the pampiniform plexus and internal spermatic veins. Lymphatic drainage is to retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
- The majority (95%) are germ cell tumors, including seminomas and non-seminomas. Staging involves tumor markers, imaging scans, and lymph node dissection. Treatment depends on the type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
This document discusses the management and treatment of hydrocele. It outlines the necessary investigations which may include blood tests, urine tests, and chest x-rays. Ultrasound is helpful for determining testis position and abnormalities. Fluid aspiration can indicate different conditions. Surgical procedures like lord's plication and Jaboulay's operation are described for fixing different types of hydroceles. Post-operative care and potential complications are also covered. The document provides an overview of evaluating and treating hydroceles.
The document discusses priapism, beginning with definitions and epidemiology. It then covers etiology, natural history, pathology, pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of priapism. The key points are that priapism can be ischemic (low flow) or nonischemic (high flow) and treatment involves relieving the ischemia through aspiration or shunting for ischemic priapism or selective arterial embolization for nonischemic priapism.
This document discusses abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). It begins by defining normal menstrual cycles and explaining the hormonal regulation of menstruation. It then describes different types of abnormal bleeding patterns seen in AUB, including menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, and oligomenorrhoea. Organic and functional causes of AUB are outlined. The document focuses on the pathophysiology, endometrial changes, and management of anovulatory and ovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Diagnostic tests for AUB and differential diagnoses for adolescents and reproductive-aged women are also reviewed. Treatment options for AUB include medical therapies like hormones and lifestyle modifications, as well as surgical interventions.
This document provides information about the department of urology at Govt Royapettah Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College in Chennai, including lists of moderators and professors. It then discusses the history, physiology, definition, subtypes, etiology, examination, investigations, and treatment of priapism. The treatment section focuses on approaches for ischemic vs non-ischemic priapism, including aspiration, drug injection, surgical shunting, and arterial embolization. Outcomes and algorithms for treatment are also presented.
Sebaceous cysts are caused by blockage of the duct of the sebaceous gland, causing the gland to become distended by its own secretion of sebum. Clinically, sebaceous cysts present as movable, non-tender swellings under the skin, often with a visible punctum or opening. They are diagnosed through examination finding fluctuation and transillumination negativity. Treatment involves surgical removal by incising the cyst and expressing its contents. Complications can arise if the cyst becomes infected or ruptured.
Chronic progressive sclerosing inflammatory dermatosis of unknown origin that results in white plaques with epidermal atrophy and scarring…… Lichen sclerosus. Penile Lichen sclerosus (LS) is the preferred term for Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans.
The document provides information about the male reproductive system. It describes the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands and other structures. It discusses the layers, blood supply, functions and some medical issues related to these organs.
The document provides information about the male reproductive system. It describes the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands and other structures. It discusses the layers, blood supply, functions and other details about these organs. Medical issues related to some structures like the urethra are also mentioned.
1. Orchitis and epididymo-orchitis are usually caused by blood-borne infections like Chlamydia, gonorrhea, or E. coli. They present with acute pain and swelling of the testes or epididymis.
2. Undescended testes occur in 1% of boys after 1 year of age and can lead to infertility if not treated. Risk factors include prematurity and family history. Treatment is orchidopexy to bring the testes into the scrotum.
3. Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood supply to the testes. It requires urgent surgery to untwist the cord or
This document provides information about testicular torsion, including:
- Testicular torsion occurs when the testicle twists around the spermatic cord, cutting off blood flow and requiring emergency surgery to untwist within 6 hours to save the testicle.
- It is most common in males under 25 and can be caused by an unattached "bell clapper" deformity allowing the testicle to twist easily.
- Symptoms include sudden severe pain in one testicle. Diagnosis involves physical exam and sometimes ultrasound, and treatment is always surgery to untwist and add sutures to prevent future twisting.
Please find the power point on Carcinoma of rectum. I tried present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references.
This document provides information about Peyronie's disease, including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. It defines Peyronie's disease as the formation of scar tissue plaques within the penis that can cause penile curvature and pain during erections. Common symptoms are pain and curvature of the penis to one side. While small, asymptomatic cases may not require treatment, injection of medications into plaques or surgery to correct curvature may be options for more severe cases. The document also reviews normal penile anatomy and the erectile process.
Priapism is an abnormal, persistent erection unrelated to sexual stimulation. There are two types - low-flow (ischemic) and high-flow (non-ischemic). Low-flow priapism is more common and results from failure of venous outflow, trapping blood in the penis. If not treated promptly, it can lead to fibrosis and erectile dysfunction. Causes include sickle cell disease, medications, and trauma. Treatment involves differentiating the type and using medical or surgical methods to resolve the erection like irrigation, drugs, or shunt placement. Prognosis depends on duration, with early intervention providing the best chance of functional recovery.
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy PCNL by Dr. Majid Kakakhel IKD, Peshawar.Majid Khan Kakakhel
The document describes the procedure and techniques for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). PCNL is used to remove kidney stones through a small incision in the skin and involves four main steps: 1) opacification of the collecting system, 2) puncture of the system, 3) dilation of the tract, and 4) stone fragmentation and removal. Key techniques for puncture include the bull's eye, triangulation, and gradual descent methods. Potential complications include hemorrhage, injury to surrounding organs, failed access, pneumothorax, and sepsis. The document outlines the indications, positioning, surgical approach, and complications of PCNL.
This document provides an overview of penile fracture, including relevant anatomy, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment options, and postoperative care. It begins with an outline of the topics covered. The main points are: penile fracture involves a rupture of the corpus cavernosum during erection, most common causes are sexual intercourse and trauma from bending, patients experience pain, swelling and detumescence, diagnosis is usually clinical but imaging can help, and surgical repair within 24 hours has the best outcomes and aims to repair tears while preventing erectile dysfunction and abnormal healing.
1) Priapism is a prolonged, painful erection that persists without sexual stimulation. It is caused by a failure of the penis to return to its flaccid state after erection and can lead to permanent erectile dysfunction if not properly treated.
2) There are two main types - low-flow (ischemic/veno-occlusive) priapism which is painful due to a lack of blood flow, and high-flow (non-ischemic) priapism which is usually painless. Low-flow priapism is more common and a medical emergency requiring treatment to prevent tissue damage.
3) Treatment depends on the type of priapism and involves initially aspirating blood
URETHRAL INJURY- Trauma Surgery
#surgicaleducator #babysurgeon
Dear viewers,
Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
Today I have uploaded a video on URETHRAL INJURY- one more in Trauma Surgery. I haven’t talked elaborately but have included the essential minimum an undergraduate medical student should know. I have talked about anatomy, classification, etio-pathogenesis, symptoms, signs, investigations, grading, treatment, complications, treatment algorithm and case vignettes of urethral injuries. My aim is, after watching this video all of you should be able to arrive at a correct working diagnosis of the type of urethral injury and should also be able to institute immediate treatment to the patients if there is a need. The definitive urethroplasty should be done by a Urologist. You can watch the video in the following links:
surgicaleducator.blogspot.com
youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
Thank you for watching the video.
Types of Urethral injury, Mechanism of Urethral injury, Classification of Urethral injury, Symptoms of Urethral injury, Signs of Urethral injury,
Investigations for Urethral injury, Grading of Urethral Injury, Treatment for Urethral injury, Complications of Urethral Injury
This document provides an overview of pediatric urology, covering topics such as embryology of the renal tract, circumcision, hypospadias, urinary tract infections, undescended testes, and more. It discusses the classification, risk factors, considerations, timing of surgery, and surgical techniques for correcting hypospadias. The aims of hypospadias surgery are to correct penile curvature, create a neo-urethra of adequate size at the tip of the glans, and achieve an acceptable cosmetic appearance. Techniques discussed include TIP repair, MAGPI, and use of grafts for more severe cases.
This document provides information about orchitis and orchiectomy procedures. It begins by defining orchitis as the inflammation of the testis and describes its symptoms. It then discusses the anatomy of the testes and some common causes of orchitis, including mumps, infections, trauma, and complications from other procedures. The remainder of the document focuses on orchiectomy procedures, including a bilateral orchiectomy to treat prostate cancer, the surgical steps involved, and follow up care and investigations.
Testicular tumors are rare.
1 – 2 % of all malignant tumors.
Most common malignancy in men in the 15 to 35 year age group.
Benign lesions represent a greater percentage of cases in children than in adults.
Most curable solid neoplasm
This document provides information about testicular cancers, including:
- Testicular cancer accounts for 1% of cancers in males and is highly curable when detected early, often affecting young men.
- The testis has blood supply from the testicular artery and drains into the pampiniform plexus and internal spermatic veins. Lymphatic drainage is to retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
- The majority (95%) are germ cell tumors, including seminomas and non-seminomas. Staging involves tumor markers, imaging scans, and lymph node dissection. Treatment depends on the type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
This document discusses the management and treatment of hydrocele. It outlines the necessary investigations which may include blood tests, urine tests, and chest x-rays. Ultrasound is helpful for determining testis position and abnormalities. Fluid aspiration can indicate different conditions. Surgical procedures like lord's plication and Jaboulay's operation are described for fixing different types of hydroceles. Post-operative care and potential complications are also covered. The document provides an overview of evaluating and treating hydroceles.
The document discusses priapism, beginning with definitions and epidemiology. It then covers etiology, natural history, pathology, pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of priapism. The key points are that priapism can be ischemic (low flow) or nonischemic (high flow) and treatment involves relieving the ischemia through aspiration or shunting for ischemic priapism or selective arterial embolization for nonischemic priapism.
This document discusses abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). It begins by defining normal menstrual cycles and explaining the hormonal regulation of menstruation. It then describes different types of abnormal bleeding patterns seen in AUB, including menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, and oligomenorrhoea. Organic and functional causes of AUB are outlined. The document focuses on the pathophysiology, endometrial changes, and management of anovulatory and ovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Diagnostic tests for AUB and differential diagnoses for adolescents and reproductive-aged women are also reviewed. Treatment options for AUB include medical therapies like hormones and lifestyle modifications, as well as surgical interventions.
This document provides information about the department of urology at Govt Royapettah Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College in Chennai, including lists of moderators and professors. It then discusses the history, physiology, definition, subtypes, etiology, examination, investigations, and treatment of priapism. The treatment section focuses on approaches for ischemic vs non-ischemic priapism, including aspiration, drug injection, surgical shunting, and arterial embolization. Outcomes and algorithms for treatment are also presented.
Sebaceous cysts are caused by blockage of the duct of the sebaceous gland, causing the gland to become distended by its own secretion of sebum. Clinically, sebaceous cysts present as movable, non-tender swellings under the skin, often with a visible punctum or opening. They are diagnosed through examination finding fluctuation and transillumination negativity. Treatment involves surgical removal by incising the cyst and expressing its contents. Complications can arise if the cyst becomes infected or ruptured.
Chronic progressive sclerosing inflammatory dermatosis of unknown origin that results in white plaques with epidermal atrophy and scarring…… Lichen sclerosus. Penile Lichen sclerosus (LS) is the preferred term for Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans.
The document provides information about the male reproductive system. It describes the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands and other structures. It discusses the layers, blood supply, functions and some medical issues related to these organs.
The document provides information about the male reproductive system. It describes the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands and other structures. It discusses the layers, blood supply, functions and other details about these organs. Medical issues related to some structures like the urethra are also mentioned.
Join live classes, download study aids, sell your documents, join or host your own classes online, get tutoring, tutor students, take practices tests and more at Examville.com
The urinary bladder is a muscular reservoir located in the pelvis that stores urine. It has a capacity of 120-320 ml normally. The internal structure includes rugae, the trigone, and the internal urethral orifice. The male urethra passes through the prostate, bulbus penis, and corpus spongiosum to the external urethral orifice. It is surrounded by internal and external sphincters. The female urethra is shorter and located above the vagina. Catheterization of the bladder is used to drain urine.
The perineum is the region between the thighs that contains the external genitalia and anal opening. It is divided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly and anal triangle posteriorly. The anal triangle contains the anal canal and ischioanal fossae on each side, bounded by muscles and ligaments. The urogenital triangle contains the external genital structures and openings of the urethra and vagina. It is bounded by the ischiopubic rami and separated into superficial and deep spaces by the perineal membrane. Various muscles, nerves, vessels and glands are located within the spaces of the perineum.
This document discusses the anatomy of the groin region and development of the vulva. It describes the key structures in the groin including the inguinal ligament, inguinal canal, inguinal lymph nodes, femoral triangle, and spermatic cord. It also discusses Hesselbach's triangle. Regarding vulval development, it explains that the genital tubercle forms the clitoris, genital folds form the labia minora, and the labioscrotal swellings form the labia majora. The urogenital sinus forms the vestibule.
The male reproductive system consists of both external and internal structures. The external structures include the penis, scrotum, and testicles. The internal structures, or accessory organs, include the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, urethra, and prostate gland. The testicles produce sperm and hormones within the scrotum. During arousal, erectile tissues in the penis fill with blood, causing an erection. Semen, containing sperm and fluids, is produced and travels through the reproductive organs before being ejaculated through the urethra.
This document provides an overview of penile anatomy. It describes the external structures of the penis including the skin, root, body, corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, dartos fascia, and Buck's fascia. It also details the internal anatomy such as the arterial and venous blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply. Surgical implications are discussed regarding the arterial patterns and blood supply to different penile regions. Key points are made about vascularity and tissues involved in hypospadias.
The document summarizes the development of the genitourinary system during intrauterine life. It discusses the development of the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. It describes how the ureteric bud forms the collecting system of the definitive kidney. It also discusses the development of the gonads, testis, male external genitalia and prostate. Congenital anomalies that can affect the kidney, ureter and bladder are also summarized.
The document discusses the anatomy of the male reproductive system. It describes the primary sex organs as the testes, which produce sperm and hormones. It also describes the reproductive tract including the epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory sex glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate gland. It provides details on the structure, function, and blood supply of these organs. External genitalia such as the penis and scrotum are also examined. The goal is to educate students on the components and anatomy of the male reproductive system.
The prostate is a conical gland that surrounds the urethra in males. It secretes fluid that is slightly acidic and contains substances like zinc that form part of semen. The prostate is located in the pelvis below the bladder and above the urethral sphincter. It has lobes including a median lobe and two lateral lobes. Structures like the urethra and ejaculatory ducts pass through it. The prostate receives blood supply from inferior vesical and internal pudendal arteries and drains into prostatic veins. It is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The size and structure of the prostate changes with age. Diseases of the prostate include prostat
The male reproductive system includes the testes, epididymis, penis, scrotum, and urethra. The testes produce sperm and testosterone and are held in the scrotum outside of the body. The epididymis is a coiled structure where sperm mature after leaving the testes. The penis is made up of erectile tissues and is used for both reproduction and urination. During an erection, blood flows into the tissues of the penis. The urethra passes through the penis and is the channel through which both urine and semen exit the body.
The male urethra extends from the bladder neck to the external urethral meatus. It has four parts and is lined with transitional epithelium proximally and stratified squamous epithelium distally. The most common congenital abnormality is hypospadias, where the urethral opening is on the underside of the penis. Trauma from catheterization can cause urethral strictures. Injuries from falls can also damage the urethra. The female urethra is shorter than the male's and maintains continence through muscular support. Prolapse, stricture, diverticulum and carcinoma are some pathologies that can affect the female urethra
The male genital system includes both internal and external structures. The external genitalia are the penis and scrotum. The internal genitalia include the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethra. The penis has three erectile tissues (corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum) and is covered in skin. The urethra pierces through the penis. The testes produce sperm and testosterone. During ejaculation, seminal fluid is secreted by the seminal vesicles and prostate to transport sperm through the urethra. Common clinical issues involving the male genital structures include inflammation, infections, tumors and congenital anomalies.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the urinary bladder. It describes the urinary bladder as a muscular reservoir located in the pelvis that stores urine. It details the bladder's location, size, shape, capacity, external features and internal structure. It also discusses the arterial supply, venous drainage and nerve supply of the urinary bladder. The document is intended to provide clinicians with important anatomical information about the urinary bladder and its clinical relevance.
The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the testes, penis, prostate gland, and other male organs. It also describes the ovaries, uterus, vagina, and other female organs. Gametes are produced in the testes and ovaries, and reproductive hormones like testosterone and estrogen help develop secondary sex characteristics at puberty.
Anatomy of pelvic floor,perineum,perineal pouches and its fasciaking4047
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the pelvic floor, perineum, and pelvic fascia. It describes the bones that make up the bony pelvis and lesser pelvis. The pelvic floor is composed of muscles like the levator ani and coccygeus that form the pelvic diaphragm. The perineum is the region below the pelvic floor containing openings for the gastrointestinal, genital, and urinary systems. It is divided into the anal and anogenital triangles. The document details the muscles, ligaments, nerves and vasculature of the pelvic floor and perineum, including structures like the pudendal canal and fascia. Clinical
The document provides an overview of the clinical anatomy of the female pelvis for obstetricians. It describes the bony pelvis, pelvic cavity, pelvic outlet, ligaments, diaphragm, perineum including the urogenital and anal triangles. It also details the uterus, cervix, vascular supply, and innervation of the pelvis. Key points include the divisions of the pelvis, diameters for fetal engagement, levator ani muscles, pudendal neurovascular bundle, layers of the uterus, vascular anastomoses supplying the uterus, and nerve routes for uterine and cervical pain.
The document provides information about the bony structures and ligaments of the pelvis, including differences between the male and female pelvis. It also summarizes the muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum, blood supply, nerves, and internal reproductive organs of the pelvis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...
Penis & disorders
1. B Y
D R S H I V A Y G U P T A
P G S C H O L A R
D E P T O F S H A L Y A T A N T R A
S H R I B M K A Y U R V E D A M A H A V I D Y A L A Y A
Penis And Its Disorders
2. Important terms
Glans- The glans penis is the sensitive bulbous structure
at the distal end of the human penis.
Corona glandis- It refers to the circumference of the
base of the glans penis .In human males which forms a
rounded projecting border, overhanging a deep
retroglandular sulcus, behind which is the neck of
the penis.
Prepuce - technical term for foreskin.
Frenulum – Thin strip of skin connecting the glans to the
shaft on the underside of penis.
3. Anatomy of Penis
Penis is the male organ of copulation
a) Root or attached portion.
The root of penis is situated in superficial perineal pouch.
It is composed of 3 erectile tissues , namely two crura & one
bulb.
Each crura is firmly attached to margin of pubic arch & covered
by ischiocavernosus muscle.
Bulb is attached to the perineal membrane in between the two
crura & covered by bulbospongiosus.
Its deep surface is pierced by urethra ,which transverses it to
reach the corpus spongiousum.
This part of urethra shows a dilatation on floor called
intrabulbar fossa.
4.
5.
6. b) Body or free portion
Free portion of penis is completely enveloped by skin.
It is continuous with the root in front of the lower part of pubic
symphysis.
It is composed of three elongate erectile tissues, right and left
corpora cavernosa & median corpora spongiosum.
Penis has two surfaces , Ventral which faces backward and
downwards & dorsal which faces forward and upward.
The corpora cavernosa do not reach the end of penis , they
terminate under cover of glans penis in a blunt conical extremity.
They are surrounded by strong fibrous envelope called the tunica
albuginea.
7. The corpus spongiosum is the forward continuation of the bulb of
penis. Its terminal part is expanded to form a conical enlargement
called the glans penis.
Throughout the whole it is transversed by urethra and surrounded
by fibrous sheath.
Base of penis has a projecting margin , corona glandis ,which
overhangs an obliquely grooved constriction knows as neck of
penis.
Navicular fossa – it is urethral dilatation with in glans .
Skin over the penis is very thin & dark colour.
At neck it is folded to form the prepuce /foreskin and on
undersurface of skin median fold called as frenulum.
On corona glandis & neck of penis numerous sebaceous gland are
present which secrete sebaceous material smegma.
8. Superficial fascia of penis consist of very loosely arranged
aerolar tissue devoid of fat.
Deep fascia of penis is membranous and known as buck’s fascia
Ligaments of penis
Fundiform ligament which extend downward from linea alba &
splits to enclose the penis, it lies superficial to suspensory
ligament.
Suspensory ligament extends from pubic symphysis & blends
below with the fascia on each side of penis.
9. Arteries , Veins & Nerve Supply of Penis.
A. Internal pudendal artery
- Deep artery of penis runs in corpus cavernosum & breaks up
into arteries that follow a spiral course and known as helicine
arteries.
- Dorsal artery of penis supplies the glans penis, corpus
spongiosum, prepuce and frenulum .
- Artery of bulb of penis supplies the bulb , proximal half of
corpus spongiosum.
b. Femoral artery gives superficial external pudendal artery which
supplies the skin fascia of the penis .
10.
11. Superficial dorsal vein which lie in superficial fascia drain into
superficial external pudendal veins.
Deep dorsal vein that lie subadjacent to deep fascia drains into
prostatic plexus of veins.
NERVES
Sensory nerve supply is derived from dorsal nerve of penis and
illioinguinal nerve.
Muscles of penis are supplied by perineal branch of pudendal
nerve.
Lymphatics from glans drain into deep inguinal nodes & rest of
penis drain into superficial inguinal lymph nodes.
12. Hypospadias
Most common congenital malformation of the urethra.
Out of 350 males one suffers from hypospadias.
It is a condition in which external meatus of urethra is situated at
some point on the under surface of penis or perineum.
The inferior aspect of prepuce is poorly developed “hooded
prepuce”
13. Types
a) Glandular Hypospadias
In this ectopic meatus is situated on the under surface of the
glans. Their is often a blind depression at the normal site of
external meatus.
In this variety the in growth does not or it fails to canalise.
b) Coronal
The external meatus is situated at corona glandis i.e at the
junction on the under surface of the glans with the body of the
penis.
C) Penile
The external meatus is situated at any part of the under surface of
the body of penis . Chordae is a prominent feature & in extreme
cases penis may become curved ventrally.
14. d) Penoscrotal
The ectopic urethral opening is situated at the junction of penis &
scrotum.
e) Perineal Variety
The scrotum is split and urethra opens btw its two halves .It is
often associated with bilateral undescended testis.
15.
16. Pathology
In penile variety the urethra & corpus spongiosum distal to
ectopic opening are absent . These are represented by a fibrous
cord.
Due to contracture of this cord , penis gets curved ventrally,
which is known as chordee.
Hypospadias is almost always associated with small penis, as
development of phallus and genital folds are affected.
In some case the prepuce takes the form of a hood and is called
hooded penis.
17. Complications
Obstruction to urinary outflow
Stream of the urine may be deflected downwards thus spoiling
the underwear.
Due to presence of the chordee , in penile variety , erection is
difficult and painful.
Intercourse may be difficult due to chordee.
Infertility is associated with penoscrotal and perineal variety.
18. Treatment
In glandular hypospadias no treatment is required except
meatotomy & dilatation of the external urethral meatus.
Denis – Browne’s operation is simple and most accepted.
Stage 1 – straightening of penis(11/2 to 2 years)
Stage 2 – Reconstruction of urethra.(5 – 7 years)
Straightening Of Penis
A transverse incision is made on the ventral aspect of penis distal
to external meatus.
Incision is extended laterally upto the prepuce on each side.
The skin flaps are undermined , fibrous cord is exposed.
The cord is dissected free and removed.
After this the external meatus will receed towards perineum.
19. The skin wound is repaired longitudinally.
If there is any tension in the suture line , release incision is made at
midline on the dorsum of penis.
RECONSTRUCTION OF URETHRA
The urinary bladder is drained by perineal urethrostomy.
A malecot catheter is introduced into bladder through a small incision
at the bulbous part of urethra.
A u shaped incision is made ,starting from the glans, the two limb sof
the incision join just proximal to meatus.
The lateral flaps are undermined , not only each side but also
backwards.
When this undermining has reached scrotum, a small drainage wound
is made to avoid haematoma formation.
20. The lateral flaps are now sutured together in the midline
over the isolated strip of skin left btw limb of u shaped
incision.
To relieve tension in a release incision may be required at
midline along the dorsum of penis.
Postoperative
At the dorsum of penis where release incision is made ,
wound should be dressed with soframycin /penicillin.
Antibiotics should be given , sutures are removed after 1
week
Urethrostomy tube is removed after fortnight and fistula
closes by itself with in a week.
21. Epispadias
In this congenital anomaly the external opening is situated
on the dorsum of the penis.
Types
Glandular
Penile
Total
- Like hypospadias , in penile variety of epispadias the penis
is curved upwards.
- In penile variety operation is performed at age of 3 years
almost in fashion of Denis- Browne.
- Margins of the groove distal to the external opening are
made raw and undermined & sutured in the midline over a
catheter , this is known as Duplay’s operation.
22. Ectopia vesicae ( Exstrophy of bladder)
This is a congenital abnormality that occurs due to
incomplete development of the infra umbilical part of
anterior abdominal wall associated with incomplete
development of anterior wall of the bladder.
Clinical Features
Male are affected more (4:1)
Red mucous membrane of posterior bladder wall protrudes
out with visible efflux of urine from ureteric orifice.
Umbilicus is absent.
In males , epispadias is present with rudimentary prostate
and seminal vesicles.
25. Treatment
Operation is ultimate choice.
Performed btw 4-6yrs of age.
Initial diversion of urine to sigmoid colon / rectum is done.
Iliac osteotomy and closure of abdominal wall is done.
Correction of epispadias.
Complications
Condition has got high mortality due to infection and renal
failure.
26. Balanoposthitis
Inflammation of the glans is called balanitis.
Inflammation of prepuce is called posthitis.
As the preputial sac is in contact with the glans, opposing
surfaces are involved almost hence balanoposthitis is used.
Predisposing factors
Candida albicans
Monilial infection
Herpes genitalis
Drug hypersensitivity
Diabetes
Poor hygiene
27. Symptoms
Itching , pain , discharge.
Treatment
Broad spectrum antibiotics.
Local hygiene
Diabetes control
In case of severe inflammation dorsal slit is made for
quick healing , after complete healing circumcision.
28. Balanitis Xerotica obliterance
Aetiology is unknown.
Men btw age 20 to 40 years are mostly affected.
Main complaint is urinary symptoms with meatal
stenosis/ phimosis.
Lesion appears as white plates on the surface of
glans. prepuce becomes thickened , fibrous and
difficult to retract.
29. Phimosis
When the orifice of the prepuce is too small to permit
its normal retraction over the glans penis.
Aetiology
1.Congenital – In these cases prepucial orifice is
narrow since birth. In extreme cases the prepucial
sac balloons out at micturation & weak thin stream
of urine flows.
2. Acquired
a) Inflammatory- Scarring following long standing
inflammation of the glans, prepuce or both.
30.
31. b) Traumatic – vigorous trauma to the prepuce may
cause prepucial fibrosis resulting in narrowing of the
opening of prepuce.
It may also result from forceful streching.
c) Neoplastic – underlying carcinoma may lead to
narrowing of prepucial orifice.
* Old subject who is recently complaining of phimosis.
32. Clinical features
History – congenital phimosis present in first few
years of life & Acquired phimosis later in life acc to
cause.
Difficulty in micturation is main symptom, mother
often complains that when child micturates the
prepuce balloons out and the urine comes out in thin
stream.
In an old age case of phimosis patient may present
with recurrent balanitis.
Occasionally patient may present with paraphimosis.
33. Local examination
Diagnosis is easy, when the opening of the prepuce
is so small that it cannot be retracted over the glans
penis.
In case of adult , infection of prepuce , glans penis
should be examined.
Presence of carcinoma beneath prepuce should be
ruled out.
36. Treatment
Circumcision
Incisions given – Dorsal slit , Circumferential incision in both
layers of prepuce about half cm distal to corona.
Operation is usually done in G.A in case of children , in adults
L.A can be used.
First of all sub prepucial adhesions are severed by blunt
dissection with probe.
Two pair of artery forceps are applied to prepuce and a dorsal slit
is made with scissors 1 cm of the corona.
Then prepuce with the mucous membrane layer is divided
parallel to corona glandis 1cm distal to it till frenum is reached .
Artery forceps is applied to secure the artery of frenum &
division are done
37. All the bleeding vessels are ligated , particular care is taken
for artery of frenum.
Catgut can be used to suture artery of frenum.
Skin of prepuce is sutured to mucous membrane by fine
interrupted catgut sutures.
Wound is dressed with soframycin ointment.
38. PARAPHIMOSIS
When a phimotic prepuce is forcibaly retracted over
the glans penis and it is stuck behind the glans penis
a condition is created called as paraphimosis.
The constricting band of phimotic prepuce behind
the corona glandis causes obstruction to venous
outflow leading to oedema and congestion of glans.
The glans swells leading to more difficulty in
retracting back the prepuce.
The prepucial constricting band also gets
oedematous and swollen.
39.
40. Main symptom is severe pain & swelling of glans penis.
Treatment
1ml isotonic saline & 150units of hyaluronidase is
injected into each lateral aspect of the swollen ring.
Swelling is gradually reduced due to reabsorption of
oedema and after 15 min reduction can be done.
Multiple puncture may be made on the oedematous
prepuce in the idea to drain the fluid out.
If above method fails , then in G.A constriction band is
dorsally slit ,thereafter the narrow cuff of the skin which
forms constricting band is excised.
41. Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Acute as well as chronic disease caused by a Virus
Chlamydial trachomatis.
Mainly transmitted by sexual intercourse, involves the skin
& regional lymph nodes.
In females perirectal lymph nodes are involved.
Clinical features
Primary lesion at site of introduction of agent is
insignificant ,Lesion is fleeting , painless .
After 2weeks progressive swelling and enlargement of
Inguinal lymph nodes.
Overlying skin becomes red and fluctuation develops.
The swelling of the nodes create large and painful bubos
42. In beginning the nodes are discrete as inflammation
proceeds nodes become matted.
Gradually necrosis develop and fluctuant sac are formed
.the bubos may rupture through the skin to produce
draining sinus.
In male the adenopathy is almost localised to inguinal
region & is bilateral
In females adenopathy may or may nit affect the lymph
nodes depending upon site of lesion.
In later stage , lymphatic obstruction may lead to oedema &
elephantiasis of the external genitalia.
43. Investigations
Frie skin test
Isolation of causative agent is more definite test,
Indrect immuno-fluorescence test for specific
antibodies to lyphogranuloma venerum antigen.
Treatment
Oxytetracycline/erthromycin 500mg 4 times daily
Sulphonamides 1gm 4 times a day is curative.
44.
45. Granuloma Inguinale
It is a chronic granulomatous condition of genital region ,
caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis or better
known as Donovania Granulomatis.
It is a gram –ve bacteria.
Incubation period is 7 days to 1month
Clinical features
Initial lesion is inflammatory papule at site of inoculation,
perineum , vagina , cervix or penis.
Extragenital lesion are seen in lips , oral cavity , oesophagus
& larynx.
The original papule enlarges , ulcerates & become chronic
spreading lesion having a necrotic centre and raised
inflammatory border.
46.
47. The border is red , rounded due to accumulation of
granulation tissue.
Ulcer bleeds if touched & is painless.
Extensive inflammatory scarring may cause lymphatic
obstruction and Elephantiasis.
Investigation
Confirmatory test is finding Donovan bodies in silver stains of
smears of exudates or biopsy .
Treatment
Oxytetracycline is given 500mg 4times a day for 20days.
Streptomycin 4gm in divided dose for 5days
48. Peyronie’s Disease
In this fibrosis occurs in one corpus cavernosum leading to
formation of an indurated plaque.
Aetiology is unknown , Trauma is incriminated as initiator .
Clinical features
Patient usually above 40 yrs of age
Pain and curving of penis on errection
49. Condyloma Acuminatum
Occurs due to HPV and sexually transmitted.
Such lesion mainly grow in moist mucocutaneous surface
including vagina, anal , urethral mucosa.
In penis lesions are mostly seen in coronal sulcus & inner
surface of prepuce.
These are usually sessile or pedunculated , red papillary
excrescences that vary from minute lesion of 1 to several
millimetres in diameters.
Treatment-
Podophllin 25% & trichloroacetic acid is applied .
Cryosurgery is successful in this.
52. The superficial perineal pouch (also superficial perineal
compartment/space/sac) is a compartment of the perineum.
Structure[edit]
The superficial perineal pouch is an open compartment, due to
the fact that anteriorly, the space communicates freely with the
potential space lying between the superficial fascia of the
anterior abdominal wall and the anterior abdominal muscles:
its inferior border is the fascia of Colles, the deeper membranous
layer of the superficial perineal fascia that covers the inferior
border of the muscles of the superficial perineal pouch.
(The fascia of perineum is a deep fascia that covers the
superficial perineal muscles individually).
its superior border is the perineal membrane (inferior fascia of
the urogenital diaphragm).
53. Contents[1][edit]
Muscles
Ischiocavernosus muscle
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
Erectile bodies
Corpus cavernosum (of penis and of clitoris)
Corpus spongiosus (of penis)
Vessels
Posterior scrotal arteries (males)/Labial arteries (females)
Artery to bulb (males)/vestibule (females)
Urethral artery
Nerves
Posterior scrotal nerves (males)/Posterior Labial nerves(females)
Other
Crura of penis (males) / Crura of clitoris (females)
Bulb of penis (males) / Bulb of vestibule (females)
Bartholin's glands (female)
Editor's Notes
Incomplete circumferential formation of foreskin with a dorsal compartment but absent or incomplete on ventral surface.