2. ▣ Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecosystem-based
strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their
damage through a combination of techniques such as
biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of
cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties.
▣ It is an approach to control the pest in an integrated way.
▣ Under this method, pesticides are only used according to
standard established guidelines and treatment is done with a
goal of removing only the target organisms.
▣ It is a method which is used to solve pest problems without
or at low level of risk to the people and the environment.
3. ▣ Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is the coordinated
use of pest and environmental information along with
available pest control methods, including cultural,
biological, genetic and chemical methods, to prevent
unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most
economical means and with the least possible hazard to
people, property, and the environment".
▣ Integrated means that all feasible types of control
strategies are considered and combined as
appropriate to solve a pest problem.
▣ Pests are unwanted organisms that are a nuisance to
man or domestic animals, and can cause injury to
humans, animals, plants, and property. Pests reduce
yield and/or quality in plants ranging from field crops,
fruits and vegetables, to lawns, trees, and golf courses.
4. ▣ Management is the process of making decisions in
a systematic way to keep pests from reaching
intolerable levels. Small populations of pests can
often be tolerated; total eradication is often not
necessary, or feasible.
▣ The Basics of IPM
▣ All of the components of an IPM approach can be
grouped into three activities. The first is
monitoring; the second is assessing the pest
situation; and the third is taking action.
5. ▣ IPM is information intensive and relies on scouting and
monitoring programs for the collection of field data
about key factors such as:
∙ Pest population identification
∙ Disease pressure
∙ Weather conditions
∙ Pest date of first occurrence of biological events in their
annual cycle
∙ Crop growth stage
∙ Presence, reliance and preservation of beneficial
organisms
6. ▣ IPM uses decision support systems for determining if
control measures are necessary and what measures are
most appropriate. Such as:
∙ Economic thresholds - the pest population level that
inflicts crop damage greater than the cost of control
∙ Availability of selective pesticides
∙ Action levels - pest level when action should be applied
to prevent pest from reaching injurious levels
∙ Environmental risk measurements (i.e. impacts on
pollinators)
∙ Disease forecasting systems
7. ▣ IPM programs seek to avoid pest damage
through practices such as:
∙ Use of field sanitation and reduction of pest
habitat
∙ Crop rotations
∙ Selection of pest/disease tolerant or resistant
seeds and varieties
∙ Judicious use of pesticides that prevent pest
infestations
∙ Resistance management
8. ▣ Why Practice IPM?
▣ You might be wondering why you should even consider IPM
when pesticides so often succeed at controlling pests. Here are
some reasons for using a broader approach to pest management
than just the use of pesticides.
∙ Many IPM practices are used before a pest problem develops to
prevent or hinder the buildup of pests.
∙ Keep a Balanced Ecosystem. Every ecosystem, made up of living
things and their non-living environment, has a balance; the actions
of one creature in the ecosystem usually affect other, different
organisms. Many of our actions in an ecosystem can change this
balance, destroying certain species and allowing other species
(sometimes pests themselves) to dominate.
∙ Beneficial insects, such as the ladybird beetle and lacewing larvae,
both of which consume pests, can be killed by pesticides, leaving
fewer natural mechanisms of pest control.
9. ∙ Reliance on Pesticides can be Problematic. Pesticides
are not always effective when used as a singular
control tactic. Pests can become resistant to
pesticides. In fact, some 600 cases of pests developing
pesticide resistance have been documented to date,
including populations of common lamb-quarters,
house flies, Colorado potato beetle, Indian meal moth,
Norway rats, and greenhouse whitefly.
∙ IPM Is Not Difficult. You will have done much of the
“work” for an IPM approach if you’ve figured out the
problem (the pest), determined the extent of the pest
population, and decided on the best combination of
actions to take.
10. ∙ Maximize Effectiveness of Control Tactics. Pest control
practitioners, following traditional programs, sometimes
apply pesticide treatments on a calendar based schedule
regardless of the stage of development of the target pest
and the number of pests present.
∙ Using an IPM approach will ensure that all control tactics,
including pesticides, are used at the proper time and only
to reduce pest damage to acceptable levels. This will
reduce costs from unnecessary pesticide applications and
insure that control tactics are used when they will be most
effective.
∙ Promote a Healthy Environment. The definition of IPM
promotes a careful consideration of all pest control
options with protection of the environment a key goal.
11. ∙ Natural Enemies Conserved. Parasites and
predators are part of the natural control
mechanism for some pest populations. These
natural controls are considered and protected in
an IPM program
∙ Maintain a Good Public Image. A thoughtful
approach to pest control, which protects the
environment and provides an abundant,
affordable crop and safe living conditions, is a
basic goal of IPM.
12. ▣ Goals of IPM
1. It aims to minimize crop losses from pests.
2. Reduce pest status to tolerable levels.
▣ Types of pests:
a. Sub economic pests- pests that cause insignificant losses
- Most appropriate action is to do nothing about the
pest.
b. Occasional pests- these pests occur occasionally and usually
sporadically; maybe present on most years but does not
cause economic damage.
- Management approach is to deal in a therapeutic
manner; assume a wait-and-see attitude.
13. c. Perennial Pests
d. Severe pests – these two are often referred to as KEY
PESTS/Major Pests
▣-only a few insects belong to those
categories
▣-cause severe damage to crops
▣ -problems created usually caused by
relatively high market value of the crop
and/or dense insect populations
▣-control actions should be combined
involving several tactics
14. ▣ 3. reduce the use of pesticides
▣ 4. reduce pest populations to tolerable levels
▣ 5. maintenance of a quality environment
▣ PARADIGMS/CONCEPTS OF IPM
1. Old paradigm ,
a. conventional IPM was implemented as Integrated
Pesticide Management or Improved Pesticide Marketing
with emphasis on using pesticide as a tool of first resort.
b. IPM research & extension promoted judicious
application techniques and economic threshold levels as
tools to be used when to apply pesticides.
15. a. Lack of understanding of the ecological basis of pest
infestations and guidelines for ecology-based
manipulation of the farm agroecosystem that address
the questions:
i. Why is the pest there?
ii. How did it arrive?
iii. Why doesn’t the parasite/predator complex
control the pest?
b. Conventional IPM extension involved conveyance of
research findings as a standard package for farmers to
follow rigidly.
c. Training of farmers took place in the classroom, often
using color slides, picture books or flipcharts.
16. 2. The New Paradigm/Concept of IPM
a. the new paradigm is unconventional both in
technical contents and extension methodology.
b. it introduced the 4 principles rather than
tending sophisticated observation techniques, ETLs
and a set of possible measures to be applied for
control.
c. 4 principles of IPM:
1. Grow a healthy crop
2. Conserve natural enemies
3. Observe fields regularly
4. Farmers become IPM experts
17. c. The 1st
2 principles emphasize the
importance and maintenance of naturally
occurring ecological process and defense
mechanisms favoring crop production.
d. Healthy crops can resist pest attack and
compensate for incidental damage
whenever a healthy ecosystem with plenty
of natural enemies help defend against pest
attack.
e
18. e. Regular observation is the main tool used to provide
the information needed to take adequate decisions
f. Farmers rather than the technologies become the focal
point in IPM programs where they are perceived as
capable ecosystem managers and independent experts
in their own fields.
▣ In the new paradigm, biological control is the
core of IPM.
▣ -it is already naturally existent in the field as long
as we do not disturb but rather conserve and
enhance the ecological balance.
19. Benefits of IPM
A. General benefits
1. Reduced outlays and often increased yields thus
improved crop profitability
2. A benefit to governments which can save on
foreign exchange and reduce dependence on
foreign supplies
3. A benefit to the environment
4. A more sustainable, knowledge-based agriculture
5. An increase in biodiversity
20. B. Specific benefits of IPM
1. Improved consumer confidence in the quality of
food and fiber crops
2. Improved crop profitability where presently
available pest control measures and crop
protection products are poorly used
3. Stable and reliable yields and production
4. Reduced severity of pest infestations
5. Reduced potential for problems of pest resistance
6. Secure environment for future generations
7. Maintenance of a quality environment is the
capstone objective of pest management
21. The History of Pest Management
∙ This resource lists key events in the history of pest
management. An historical perspective is important for a
complete understanding of any subject and pest management
is no exception.
∙ There are always lessons to be learned from history although
too often these pass unnoticed and unheeded because they
are rarely taught as part of the subject of pest management in
our schools and colleges. The brief outline of the key events in
the history of pest management that are presented here
provide a framework on which to hang other knowledge, facts
and figures. - Compiled by Dr David Dent.
∙ 8000 BC Beginnings of agriculture
∙ 4700 BC Silkworm culture in China
∙ 2500 BC First records of insecticides eg the Sumerians were
using sulphur compounds to control insects and mites
22. ∙ 1500 BC First descriptions of cultural controls
especially manipulation of planting dates
∙ 1200 BC Botanical insecticides were being used for
seed treatments and as fungicides in China. The Chinese
were also using mercury and arsenical compounds to
control body lice
∙ 950 BC First descriptions of burning as a cultural
control method
∙ 200 BC The Roman, Cato the Censor advocated oil
sprays for pest control
∙ 13 BC First rat-proof granary was built by the Roman
architech Marcus Pollio
∙ 300 AD First record of the use of biological controls
(predatory ants) in citrus orchards in China. Colonies of
the predatory ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) were set up
in citrus groves with bamboo bridges to move between
trees to control caterpillar and beetle pests
23. ∙ 400 AD Ko Hung an alchemist recommended a root
application of white arsenic when transplanting rice to
protect against insect pests
∙ 1000-1300 Date growers in Arabia seasonally transported
cultures of predatory ants from nearby mountains to oases to
control phytophagous ants which attack date palm. First
known example of movement by man of natural enemies for
purposes of biological control. Also at this time, weed control
was practised through mechanical removal with a hoe, crop
rotations and cultivation method
∙ 1476 In Berne, Switzerland cutworms were taken to court,
pronounced guilty, excommunicated by the Archbishop and
then banished
∙ 1485 The High Vicar of Valence commanded caterpillars to
appear before him, he gave them a defence council and
finally condemned them to leave the area
∙ 1650-1780 Burgeoning of insect descriptions (after
Linneaus) and biological discoveries in the Renaissance
24. ∙ 1732 Farmers begin to grow crops in rows to facilitate weed
removal
∙ 1763 Linnaeus won a prize for an essay under the name of
C.N. Nelin on how orchards could be freed from caterpillars. He
suggested use of mechanical and biological control methods
∙ 1750-1880 Agricultural revolution in Europe. Crop protection
became more extensive and international trade promoted the
discovery of the botanical insecticides pyrethrum and derris
∙ Early 1800's Appearance of first books and papers devoted
entirely to pest control covering cultural control, biological
control, varietal control, physical and chemical control
∙ 1840 Potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) outbreak in
Ireland, England and Belgium leading to widespread famine.
Also Boisgiraud collected and liberated large numbers of
predatory carabid beetles Calasoma sycophanta to destroy leaf
feeding larvae of the gypsy moth
25. ∙ 1848-1878 Introduction of Viteus vitifoliae from
Americas nearly put an end to the French wine industry.
The release of the natural enemy Tyroglyphus phylloxerae
to France from North America in 1873 provided adequate
levels of control
∙ 1870-1890 Grape Phylloxera (Viteus vitifoliae) and
powdery mildew controlled in French vineyards (by the
introduction of Bordeaux mixture and Paris Green and the
use of resistant rootstocks and grafting)
∙ 1880 First commercial spraying machine
∙ 1883 Apanteles glomeratus was imported from the UK
to the USA to control cabbage white butterfly
∙ 1888 First major success with imported biological
control agents Icerya purchasi and the coccinellid or
Vedalia beetle Rodolia cardinalis from Australia for the
control of cottony-cushion scale in US citrus fruits
26. ∙ 1890's Introduction of lead arsenate for insect control
∙ 1893 Recognition of arthropods as vectors of human
diseases
∙ 1896 First selective herbicide, iron sulphate, was found
to kill broad leaf weeds
∙ 1901 First successful biological control of a weed
(lantana in Hawaii)
∙ 1899-1909 Breeding programme that developed
varieties of cotton, cowpeas and water melon resistant to
Fusarium wilt
∙ 1915 Control of malaria and yellow fever carrying
mosquitoes allowing completion of the Panama Canal
after its abandonment in the late 1800's
∙ 1920-1930 More than 30 cases of natural enemy
establishment were recorded throughout the world
∙ 1921 First aerial application in insecticide against
Catalpa sphinx moth in Ohio, USA
27. ∙ 1929 First area-wide eradication of an insect pest against
Mediterranean fruit fly in Florida, USA
∙ 1930 Introduction of snythetic organic compounds for plant
pathogen control
∙ 1932 See the "History of the Development of Organophosphate
Poisons" from The Best Control.
∙ 1939 Recognition of insecticide properties of DDT
∙ 1940 W.G.Templeman observed the amazing selectivity of the
herbicidal activity of ·- naphthalacetic acid. The subsequent
development of this compound led to 2,4-D in 1944 and MCPA
which revolutionized weed control in cereals. Use of milky disease
to control the Japanese beetle as the first successful use of an
entomopathogen
∙ 1942 First successful plant breeding programme for insect
resistance in crop plants through release of wheat resistant to the
Hessian fly. Rediscovery of the insecticidal properties of benezene
hexachloride and in particular its gamma isomer ("-BHC) shared
with DDT the credit for the dawn of a new era of insect control in
agriculture, horticulture, stored products, timber preservation and
public health
28. ∙ 1944 First hormone based herbicide - 2,4-D
available
∙ 1946 First report of insect resistance to DDT in
houseflies in Sweden.
∙ 1950's-60's Widespread development of resistance
to DDT and other pesticides
∙ 1950's First applications of systems analysis to crop
pest control
∙ 1959 Introduction of concepts of economic
thresholds, economic levels and integrated control by
V.M. Stern, R.F. Smith, R. van den Bosch and K.S.
Hagen
∙ 1960 First insect sex pheromone isolated, identified
and synthesis in the gypsy moth
∙ 1962 Publication of "Silent Spring" by Rachel
Carson
29. ▣ 1962 "In England [in 1951]the Ministry of Agriculture
considered it necessary to give warning of the hazard of
going into the arsenic-sprayed fields, but the warning
was not understood by the cattle (nor, we assume, by
the wild animals and birds) and reports of cattle
poisoned by the arsenic sprays came with monotonous
regularity.
▣ When death also came to a farmer's wife through
arsenic-contaminated water, one of the major English
chemical companies (in 1959) stopped production of
arsenical sprays and called in supplies already in the
hands of dealers, and shortly thereafter the Ministry of
Agriculture announced that because of high risks to
people and cattle restrictions on the use of arsenites
would be imposed.
▣ In 1961, the Australian government announced a similar
ban. No such restrictions impede the use of these
poisons in the United States, however." - Rachel Carson,
"Silent Spring" 1962
30. ∙ 1963 K.E.F. Watt introduced systems science to pest
management
∙ 1965 Release of carbamate insecticides pirimicarb and
pirimiphos ethyl, and the systemic fungicide dimethirimol for
control of mildew on cucurbits
∙ 1966 Release of the systemic fungicide ethirimol for control of
mildew on cereals
∙ 1967 Introduction of the term Integrated Pest Management by
R.F. Smith and R. van den Bosch. The relevance of ecology to IPM
through the concept of "Life Systems" was introduced by L.R. Clark,
P.W. Geier, R.D.Hughes and R.F. Morris. Release of pirimiphos
methyl
∙ 1969 US National Academy of Sciencies formalized the term
Integrated Pest Management
▣ 1970's Widespread banning of DDT
31. ∙ 1972 Release of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticide
based on isolate HD-1 for control of lepidopterous
pests
∙ 1975 Development and release of the synthetic
pyrethroid insecticides permethrin and cypermethrin
∙ 1974 "...Humans are exposed to heptachlor epoxide
from the moment of conception on throughout life."
Dr. George Harvey, Woods Hole Oceanopgraphic
Institution, 1974
∙ 1976 "First, an industry will claim that it can't comply
with a proposed standard, because the technology to
do so does not exist. Next, the industry will claim that
the cost will drive it out of business. Finally, companies
announce that they can, but it will cost everybody
plenty." Leonard Woodcock, president, UAW, 1976
32. ∙ 1976 "Regulation of pesticide use by the Federal Government
is critically dependent on the safety testing data submitted by
the firms that manufacture and market pesticides." -- Senate
Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure,
December 1976
∙ 1979 "We do not know where the millions of tons [of toxic
waste] is going. We feel that the things that have turned up like
the Love Canal are simply the tip of the iceberg. We do not have
the capacity at this time really to find out what is actually
happening. In my view, it is simply a wide open situation, like
the Wild West was in the 1870s, for toxic disposal. The public is
basically unprotected. There just are not any lawmen out there,
State or Federal, policing this subject." -Assistant Attorney
General James Moorman, 1979
∙ 1980 "Our groundwaters are threatened by ruinous
contamination...this will become the environmental horror
story of the 1980's...the most grievous error in judgment we as
a nation ever have made." - EPA Assistant administrator
Eckhardt Beck, 1980
33. ∙ 1970 "The questions which have been raised recently concerning
the hazards of 2,4,5-T and related chemicals...may ultimately be
regarded as portending the most horrible tragedy ever known to
mankind...In view of the potential disaster that could befall us-or
conceivably has insidiously befallen us-absolutely no delay is
tolerable in the search for answers." - Senator Philip Hart, April
1970
∙ 1971 "It should be evident, from nearly everything that has been
said in this book, that no economic system can be regarded as
stable if its operation strongly violates the principles of ecology.
...both socialist and capitalist theory have apparently developed
without taking into account the limited capacity of the biological
capital represented by the ecosystem. As a result, neither system
has as yet developed a means of accommodating its economic
operation to environmental imperatives. Neither system is well
prepared to confront the environmental crisis; ...nature is not 'the
enemy,' but our essential ally. The real question is to discover what
kind of economic and social order is best adapted to serve as a
partner in the alliance with nature." - Barry Commoner, "Closing
the Circle," 1971
34. ∙ 1980 In April 1980, the President's Council on
Environmental Quality issued a report by economics
professor A. Myrick Freeman. It concluded that "national
benefits which have been realized from reductions in air
pollution before 1970 lie in the range from roughly $5 billion
to $51 billion per year," with the best estimate for 1978
being $21.4 billion. The savings included lowered damage to
human health, crops, forests, vegetation, buildings and other
property.
∙ 1980 "...EPA chose to discount all of this evidence, including
its own study conducted in 1973, which seriously
undermined Velsicol [corporation's] claims that leptophos
was safe. Instead, EPA chose to credit and rely upon reports
developed for and submitted by Velsicol-all of which
concluded that leptophos was safe. And on May 31, 1974,
EPA granted tolerances for leptophos in and on tomatoes and
lettuce." - Senate Subcommittee on Administrative Practice
and Procedure
35. ∙ 1980 "...Some of the pesticides...are so long-lasting
and so pervasive in the environment that virtually the
entire human population of the Nation, and indeed
the world, carries some body burden of one or several
of them." 1980 - Library of Congress study, 1980
∙ 1980 "In summary, we believe that toxic chemicals
are adding to the disease burden of the US in a
significant, although as yet not precisely defined, way.
In addition, we believe that this problem will become
more important in the years ahead. We believe that
the magnitude of the public health risk associated with
toxic chemicals currently is increasing and will
continue to do so until we are successful in identifying
chemicals which are highly toxic and controlling the
introduction of these chemicals into our
environment." - Report of the Surgeon General, 1980
36. ▣ 1981 "Last year, Americans used well over a billion
pounds of chemical pesticides and herbicides. We are all
served up a stew of chemical leftovers as residues of
these pesticides and the compounds to which they
degrade find their way into our food and water...The
effect of these substances on our health, not to mention
the health of the environment, is not completely known.
▣ Since WWII the production of toxic pesticides has
doubled every nine years to reach a staggering total of
1.6 billion pounds in 1980. Many of the most hazardous
of these poisons have been banned, but are still
produced in the US for export.
▣ The pesticide manufacturers claim they test the safety of
their product, but it is rare that they go to the expense of
performing exhaustive tests. Federal agencies lack either
the will or the clout to demand adequate safety tests..."
Friends of the Earth, 1981
37. ∙ 1982 In 1972, William Longwood wrote in The
Darkening Land: "Each spraying makes more spraying
necessary...The farmer desperately turns to new and
more powerful poisons. More imbalances result. More
poison residues are in the crops for people to
eat...Even after all the spraying, losses due to pests are
about the same as they were 50 years ago-about
10%....We have destroyed the old, and the new does
not work. We set out to poison bugs so we could feed
ourselves. We wind up feeding the bugs and poisoning
ourselves." -Lewis Regenstein, "America the
Poisoned", 1982
∙ 1985 First resistance reported to Bacillus
thuringiensis in the flour moth Plodia
interpunctella.India and Malaysia declare IPM official
Ministerial Policy
38. ▣ 1982 In April 1979, KRON TV in San Francisco ran a
documentary film "Politics of Poison." It focused on herbicide
spraying in California, dioxin, miscarriages and birth deformities.
▣ It quoted Dow Chemical Corporation spokesman Cleve Goring
labeling the public campaign against spraying of this poison as
"chemical McCarthyism." The film provoked 40,000 letters from
viewers, "demanding action," as Regenstein described. SF
Examiner columnist Bill Mandel wrote: "The only sensible
conclusions one can draw are these: that commercial interests
are spraying populated areas with herbicides considered too
deadly for use as chemical weapons; that government agencies
charted with the protection of the public and the environment
are powerless or too cowardly to do anything about this rain of
death from the skies; that health officials look everywhere for
explanations except at the culprits; and that massive
expenditures by the timber and chemical companies paralyze the
fact-aimed opposition of scientists and residents of the affected
areas." - Lewis Regenstein, "America the Poisoned", 1982
39. ∙ 1989 First resistance reported to genetically engineered
Pseudomonas fluorescens containing the delta endotoxin of
Bacillus thuringiensis
∙ 1991 IPM implicit in multiyear plan for crop protection
introduced by Cabinet decision in the Netherlands
∙ 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development. World's Heads of State, Agenda 21, Rio de
Janeiro
∙ 1993 Greater than 504 insect species are known to be
resistant to at least one formulation of insecticide and at least
17 species of insect species are resistant to all major classes of
insecticide. 150 fungi and other plant pathogens are resistant
and several plant pathogens are resistant to nearly all systemic
fungicides used against them. Five kinds of rats are known to be
resistant to the chemicals that are used against them.
Resistance to herbicides have been documented in over 100
weed biotypes and 84 species (Cate and Hinkle 1994). (Note:
There are only about 1,000 recognized pest species -SLT)
40. ∙ 1986 Germany makes IPM official policy through the Plant
Protection Act. Indonesia Presidential Decree makes IPM official
policy. Philippines - IPM implicit in Presidential declaration
∙ 1987 IPM implicit in Parliamentary decisions in Denmark and
Sweden
∙ 1988 Major IPM successes in rice systems in Indonesia
∙ 1988 As Rachel Carson once wrote, 'no responsible chemist
would think of combining in his lab' the multitude of chemicals
that are jumbled together when dumped. In 1985, companies in
the USA generated 500 billion pounds of synthetic organics
(compared with one billion pounds in 1940). Industry now uses
65,000 different chemicals, adding 1,000 new ones each year. Only
a handful have been tested, despite the evidence of chemical inks
to the diseases and disorders listed earlier. Over 400,000 firms
generate products capable of producing these ill-effects. Some
25,000 companies transport them, by truck, ship and plane.
Another 25,000 companies store, dump, or 'do' things to them,
which they are arrogant enough to call 'treatment.'... Richard
Grossman, 1988
41. What is a pest?
A pest can be any species that humans
consider undesirable. Any organism that
reduces the availability, quality, or value of a
human resource can be classified as a pest.
42. CATEGORIES OF PESTS
1.Regular pests: Occurring more frequently on a crop having close association with
the crop.
2.Occasional pests: Occurring infrequently with no close association with a
particular crop (eg) Snake gourd semilooper.
3.Seasonal pests: Occurring during a particular part of the year. (eg)
4.Persistent pests: Occurring on a crop almost throughout the year.
5.Sporadic pests: Occurring in a few isolated localities
6.Epidemic pests: Occurring in severe form in a region or locality at a particular
season (eg)
7. Endemic pests: Occurring regularly and confined to a particular area or locality
8.Exotic pest: introduced pest that often causes great damage to crop. Ex. MBB
43. Pest status depends on
Population levels and Economic factors
(and, in many situations, Personal attitude)
44. Some pest management terms:
Equilibrium position (EP)
The average density of a
potential pest on a specific host (or crop).
(The “normal” population level which
varies above and below a mean level)
45. Economic threshold level (ETL)
The population or damage level
of a pest that serves as a warning of
coming problems
(The Signal that it is time to “do something”)
46. Economic Injury level (EIL)
The level of damage, or potential damage,
that is equal to the Cost of Control
(The level of damage that justifies
Control)
47. Some Insects are never pests - their
Equilibrium position (EP) is always below
the economic threshold (ET)
48. Some Insects are occasional pests - and must
be controlled at ET or they will reach EIL
49. Some Insects are regular and serious pests
Equilibrium position (EP) is always above EIL.
50. Economic Considerations in Pest
Management include:
Value of crop
(varies and often must be predicted)
Cost of control
(also varies with control measure,
Effectiveness and “social”
Considerations)
51.
52.
53. IPM is:
A pest management philosophy that
utilizes all suitable pest management
techniques and methods to keep pest
populations below economically
injurious levels. Each pest
management technique must be
environmentally sound and
compatible with producer objectives.
54. “A pest management
philosophy….. “
◼ Recognizes there is no “cure-all” in pest control.
Dependence on any one pest management method
will have undesirable effects.
we recognize that there are no cure-alls and/or
cheap and easy methods to manage pests.
Reliance on a single tactic will favor pests that are
resistant to that
55. ▣ Kinds of IPM
▣ Integrated pest management can used for all
kinds of pests and is used worldwide in a
range of areas, such as Food Services,
Structures, Households, Greenhouses,
Farms/Gardens, Facilities, Livestock
Operations, Rangelands, Forests, Hospitals,
Schools, Day Cares, Field Crops, Orchards,
National Parks, Communities, Waterways,
Growth Chambers, and more.
57. • Components of IPM that are listed below are not all
used in every situation. The more complex the farm,
the more of these components are likely to be needed
▣ Prevention
▣ An ounce of prevention is literally worth a pound
of cure.
▣ Prevention is often the most effective method of
dealing with weeds and other pests.
▣ Eliminating ideal conditions for the pest.
▣ Preventive measures can be incorporated into
the building design or farm plan.
▣ Selecting varieties best for local conditions and
maintaining healthy crops helps.
58. ▣ Monitoring
▣ Monitoring is paying close attention to the
field, greenhouse, facility or operation.
▣ Knowing the state of the system helps
prevent smaller issues from becoming
larger expenses in time and money.
▣ Monitoring identifies factors that contribute
to the pest problems, such as poor
sanitation or a decline in beneficial
organisms.
▣ Consistent monitoring is part of evaluating
efficacy.
59. Pest Identification
▣ Identification of pests is often the first crucial step
in solving the problem.
▣ Whether your pest is a weed, insect, animal,
microbe, or other organism, correct identification
can determine if the organism is harmful,
beneficial, or benign.
▣ Misidentification of pests is a common cause of
pest control failure and crop damage.
▣ Correct pest identification can make management
more effective, often saving time and money.
▣ .
60. ▣ Maps
▣ Precision IPM using maps has the
potential increase the effectiveness of
management efforts.
▣ Maps identify where weed and other pest
issues are during each season.
▣ Historical maps can show where
problems have been and may be likely to
occur.
▣ Maps can be used for forecasting issues
and recording scouting and trapping
information.
61. ▣ Recordkeeping
▣ Records are an important part of
scouting and can serve in
forecasting when a seasonal pest
may appear.
▣ May include; weather, crop growth,
pest populations, natural enemies,
pest control activities.
▣ Keeping clear records is important
to be able to identify trends in pest
populations, and for seeing how well
management programs are working.
62. ▣ Action Thresholds
▣ Action thresholds can help discern when
action is necessary and when it isn’t.
▣ The economic threshold is a pest or
damage level at which control is initiated to
avoid significant damage or loss of
property.
▣ IPM is flexible and these measurements are
not used in situations where there is a zero
tolerance for a certain pest.
63. ▣ Analyze and Choose Options
▣ IPM includes timely decision making that
can prevent and control pests.
▣ The particular situation will narrow the
choices from the generally wide range of
methods and options.
▣ Understanding the life cycle or what the
pest needs to thrive can provide clues to
the most efficient way to manage it.
▣ Options can range from sanitation to
conserving natural enemies.
64. ▣ Education
▣ Education helps stakeholders to know how
they can contribute to the overall success.
▣ This applies to farms, greenhouses, public
lands, buildings like hospitals, schools, and
daycares.
▣ IPM education materials can be on hand to
provide customers, staff and residents to
help prevent issues and for when pest
problems occur.
▣ IPM education can be listed in your IPM Plan.
65. ▣ Evaluation
▣ Documenting the results of how well
everything worked is an essential
component of IPM so we don’t have
to relearn how to deal with the same
problems over and over.
▣ Evaluation uses the systematic
collection of information to establish
baselines and document changes to
determine if changes in the IPM plan
are needed going forward.
66. ▣ Cost and Benefits
▣ IPM may be more labor intensive,
require more training and up front
resources. However, costs are
generally lower over time when the
underlying cause of the pest
problem has been addressed.
▣ IPM practices also provide
sustainability and benefits unrelated
to pests (preservation of
environment).
67. ▣ Inspection
▣ The cornerstone of an effective IPM program
is a schedule of regular inspections.
▣ A detailed assessment is helpful in the
beginning of a program and in the case of a
weed or pest outbreak.
▣ Scouts need to understand the potential
type of pests at the location, accurate pest
ID, and the conditions conducive to the
pests.
▣ An inspection is followed by
recommendations, actions and follow-up
inspections to evaluate.
68. ▣ IPM Coordinator
▣ An IPM coordinator oversees weed and other pest
management throughout the organization is typically a
manager with operations authority who has knowledge of the
pest management needs of the organization.
▣ The IPM Coordinator is the first point of contact for pest
management requests from stakeholders and acts as a liaison
between property managers, building occupants and pest
management professionals.
▣ IPM Coordinators are responsible for maintaining records of
all pest management services, pest inspection reports, pest
activity sightings, and pesticide applications.
▣ They are also responsible for ensuring all pest management
services adhere to the IPM practices outlined in the IPM Plan
and are consistent with the overall IPM Policy adopted by the
organization.
▣ The IPM Coordinator should also serve as an information
resource on pest management for interested stakeholders.
69. ▣ Regular IPM Team Meetings
▣ Team communication enable all parties to
understand their roles and responsibilities
while finding ways to be more effective in
achieving their goals.
▣ IPM Logbook
▣ The logbook may contain the following
items:
▣ Inspection sheets * Pest logs that record
the type and number of pests or other
indicators of pest population levels revealed
by the monitoring program for the site.
70. ▣ Examples include: date, number,
location, and rodent species trapped or
removed, as well as date, number and
location of rat burrows observed
▣ *Pest sighting forms and action taken
▣ * Map noting the location of pest activity
including locations of all traps, trapping
devices and bait stations in or around the
site *
▣ a copy of the current registered label and
current Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) for each pesticide product used,
where they were used, and the amount
used.
71.
72. Determine and correct the cause of
the pest problem.
• Understanding Pest biology and
ecology is essential.
• Manipulate the environment to
the crop’s advantage and to the
detriment of the pest.
73. IPM stresses reliance on preventative
practices and balances the strengths of one
practice against the weaknesses of another to
provide a more complete or holistic pest
management approach.
• Rescue (should rescue treatments be
defined, or is it apparent?) treatments are
used only if the preventative practices
74. Recognizes that eradication of a
pest is seldom necessary or even
desirable, and generally not
possible.
• Some damage is unavoidable
and acceptable
75. • We must focus on economics before we
implement management techniques.
• That is, we should only initiate rescue
treatments when the cost of control is
less that the amount of damage
expected.
76. IPM is a continuum, not an end.
Poor
Fair
Good
Better
Best
77. IPM is a continuum that will change
with time.
Every farmer practices some type of IPM. Some
are just further along than others. But as long as
they make progress to better management that’s
fine.
As new pest control techniques are discovered,
the producer and crop advisor must adapt their
pest control program to reflect these changes.
78. What is considered a good IPM program
today, may be considered a chemical
intensive program in a few years.
Additionally some good advice to the
farmer and govt worker is to try these
new changes on a limited scale, becoming
comfortable with the suggested practices
before wide-scale changes are made.
79. “Utilizes all suitable pest management
tactics…………..”
▣ Pesticides
▣ Cultural
▣ Mechanical
▣ Sanitary
▣ Natural
▣ Biological
▣ Host Plant Resistance
NOTE: Some tactics fall
Into several categories.
80. Should Pesticides be used in an IPM
Program?
▣ Pesticides can to be used in an IPM program, however
only as a last resort and of course in a manner that is
legal.
▣ Pesticides are to be used when there is no risk of
environmental damage or when benefits outweigh the
risks. Use pesticides only when other control practices
aren’t available, economical or practical.
▣ Must monitor pest populations in the field.
◼ Identify the pest
◼ Compare pest population and the economic
threshold
◼ Life stage susceptible to pesticide?
◼ Crop stage and preventable loss.
81. What is “Cultural Control”
▣ Agronomic practices that are designed to:
◼ Optimize growing conditions for the crop.
Anything that increases a crop’s competitive
edge will result in increased tolerance to
pests often resulting in reduced pesticide use.
◼ Create unfavorable conditions for the pest
82. Examples of cultural controls that optimize
growing conditions for the crop are:
1. Appropriate fertilizers and rates based upon current
soil tests - this can give the crop a competitive edge
over weeds, but remember weeds will also grow
faster because of the fertilizer application
2. Plant spacing (within row and between rows) is
important. A dense crop canopy will shade the
ground making emerged weeds less competitive and
also preventing germination of more weeds and
reduces weed seed production for subsequent years.
83. 3.Time of planting is important. Planting corn in
early April can avoid corn borers (CB) feeding
on the ears. Early planted fields are in the
vegetative stage when ECB moths are active.
Since there are no ears on the sweet corn,
damage is avoided.
4.Variety selection is necessary so that we choose
varieties that are competitive (germinate early
and provide rapid early season growth) as well
as selecting varieties that are resistant to
diseases and insects
84. Create unfavorable conditions for the pest
We can also use cultural control practices to
make conditions less favorable to pests, for
example:
•Some insects prefer to lay eggs in grassy
weeds. By controlling grassy weeds we
can avoid problems from some corn insects
like black cutworm, armyworm and stalk
borers.
85. What is Mechanical Control?
▣ Uses machinery and/or other tools to
control pests
◼ Tillage
◼ Physical barriers
Uses machinery and/or other tools to
control pests
86. • Row cultivation is an example of
mechanical weed control.
• Row cultivation can be used as a
stand-alone weed control practice or in
conjunction with a herbicide program.
• Using row cultivation to supplement a herbicide program
can allow a grower to use lower herbicide rates and still
get similar weed control compared to full herbicide rates.
Using a two-pronged approach reduces the risk of weed
escaping control
87. What is Sanitary Control?
▣ Methods to avoid introducing a pest
into a field
◼ Cleaning field equipment
◼ Planting certified seed
◼ Quarantines
88. What is Natural Control?
◼ Enhancement of naturally occurring pest
management methods
Beneficial insects
Beneficial diseases
Natural control is an attempt to enhance
naturally occurring beneficial organisms.
89. What is Biological Control?
▣ Manipulation of biological organism to
control pests
◼ Release of predators/parasites/disease
of an insect or weed
◼ Can be time consuming, expensive and
difficult
90. Natural Control and Biological Control are
sometimes regarded as similar. However
in the strict sense, Biological Control
refers to the introduction of a predator,
parasite or pathogen (disease) to control a
pest.
91. What is Host Plant Resistance?
▣ Manipulating the crop to withstand or
tolerate pests
◼ Natural breeding method
◼ Genetically modified plants
◼ Not a permanent method of control
92. • Manipulating the crop to withstand or
tolerate pests
• Host plant resistance is an IPM practice
where you attempt to decrease a crop’s
susceptibility to pests.
• This can be been done through classical
breeding methods (selective breeding) or
through more advanced molecular
engineering methods commonly called
genetically modified plants.
93. The end results are crops that are:
more tolerant or resistant to pest damage
no longer preferred by the pest
•create an adverse effect on the pest (glandular
haired alfalfa, Bt corn for European corn borer
and corn rootworm)
• Although Host Plant Resistance is a very
important IPM tool it is not always
permanent.
• Pests change over time and become resistant
to these crop varieties.
94. “To Keep Pests Below the Economic
Injury Level”
▣ Economic Injury Level:
◼ Cost of control = Php amount of damage
caused by the pest
Includes amount of pest damage
Cost of each control practice
◼ Are determined through extensive research
◼ Economic Injury Level is the information
that is necessary to develop an Economic
Threshold, which is used by crop advisors
95. Economic Threshold
▣ Pest Population at which a farmer must
take action to prevent a pest populations
from reaching the economic injury level
◼ Economic threshold is slightly below
the economic injury level
◼ Pest populations must be increasing
97. The graph explains the relationship of the
Economic Injury Level to the Economic
Threshold.
The red arrow may indicate a pesticide
application which was applied at the
economic threshold and did not allow the
pest population to reach the Economic
Injury Level.
99. For example,
• Some insects like white grubs, seed
corn maggots and wireworms do not
have rescue treatments available.
• All management must be directed at
prevention.
100. ▣ Economic Threshold do not work well
for plant diseases because there are few,
if any, economical rescue treatments.
▣ Thresholds work with weeds. The
problem is that the weed seed bank
usually provides a high population of
weeds each year that exceeds the
threshold.
102. And
“Compatible with With
Producers Objectives”
They must be:
•Economically viable
•Effective
•Understandable
•Practice can be implemented in stages
103. What IPM Is and Isn’t
▣ Stresses a multi disciplinary approach to
pest management
◼ Entomology
◼ Plant Pathology
◼ Nematology
◼ Weed Science
◼ Crop Sciences (Horticulture/Agronomy)
◼ Soil Science
◼ Ecology
104. IPM is a management intensive philosophy
which stresses a multidisciplinary approach.
Pests interact which each other, the crop,
and the environment.
Similarly pest and crop management
disciplines must work together to develop
control recommendations. that reflect these
interactions.
105. IPM is not static
▣ New Pests
▣ New Races/strains of pests
▣ Weed Species shifts
◼ Roundup ready technology
◼ Tillage system
▣ Pesticide Resistance
106. ▣ Agriculture is a dynamic system that continually changes
to changing crop production practices. IPM must
continually change to meet pest management challenges.
Here are a few examples of new pests and changes in pest
response to management.
▣ New Pests
Soybean aphids, first discovered in North America in
July, 2000
bean leaf beetle, an insect which is adapting to WI
winters
▣ New Races/strains of pests
Western corn rootworm, insect that is adapting to
changing crop rotation
107. Weed Species shifts
Roundup ready technology, increased use of
glyphosate (Roundup) favor late emerging weeds
that avoid the glyphosate application.
Tillage system, Reduced tillage systems favor
perennials and small seed annual weeds
Pesticide Resistance
Colorado Potato Beetle, over dependence on
insecticides has caused resistance to most classes of
insecticides.
Common lambsquarters, dependence on atrazine for
broadleaf weed control has resulted in resistance to
triazine herbicides
108. Four Basic Principles of IPM
1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and
the environment and their interrelationships
2) Requires advanced planning
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control practices
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and pest
conditions
109. Understanding the basic principles of
IPM is important if we are to become
comfortable with the IPM philosophy.
Whether we are managing pests in rice,
corn, or vegetables, we need to abide by
these same standard principles which
form the basics of an IPM program.
110. Because IPM is considered to be “management
intensive” we substitute experience and
education in place of pesticides.
Pesticides are considered an simple control
tactic to implement.
You find a pest, you spray. Although that is an
over simplification, the point is that pesticides
are the easy way out. Reliance on pesticides
creates problems such as increased input costs,
pesticide resistance, secondary pest outbreaks,
reduction of beneficial insects, etc..
111. However, to reduce our reliance on
pesticides and avoid risks of crop loss, we
must know as much about these
interrelationships as possible.
By understanding how one factor affects the
other, we are better prepared to substitute
cultural, mechanical, or the other control
methods for a pesticide application
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121. What is a Farmer Field School?
▣ A Farmer Field School (FFS) is
a season-long training activity
that takes place in the field. It is
season-long so that it covers all
the different developmental
stages of the crop and their
related management practices.
The training process is always
learner-centered, participatory
and relying on an experiential
learning approach.
122. ▣ The basic elements of an FFS for Integrated Pest
Management include:
• The FFS consists of a group of 20 to 25 farmers.
• The FFS is field-based and lasts for at least one cropping
season (from seeding to harvest).
• The FFS farmers have regular (weekly) meetings during
the cropping season.
• In the FFS, farmers conduct a study comparing IPM
strategy with common farmers’ practice. They have an
IPM plot and a Farmers’ Practice (FP) plot.
• The FFS includes other field studies, based on local field
problems.
• The FFS includes special topics that deal with specific
issues selected by the farmers.
123. • Each meeting includes at least an agro-ecosystem
analysis activity conducted in the field (AESA)
ending with a discussion of crop management
decisions.
• FFS educational methods are experiential,
participatory, learner-centered, and based on
non-formal education.
• The FFS group is guided by at least one facilitator
offering experiential learning opportunities, rather
than delivering top-down instruction.
130. Farmers’ field school benefitted Tarlac
rice growers
▣ A season-run Farmers’ Field School (FFS) had
improved the practices and knowledge of rice growers
in Victoria, Tarlac.
▣ Charisma Love Gado, senior science research specialist
at Philippine Rice Research Institute, found that
farmer-cooperators of an International Fund for
Agricultural Development (IFAD)-funded project
became more skilled, knowledgeable, and confident
after project implementation.
131. ▣ After joining the FFS,
farmers claim that they
now ‘have the
knowledge of some of
their technicians,’
which complements
their experience.
▣ Rice tillers gained
more knowledge on
pest and disease
management, nutrient
management, and
varieties and certified
seeds.
132. ▣ After joining the
project, farmers made
significant changes in
their land preparation,
crop establishment,
and management of
pests, nutrient, and
water”.
▣ Farmers developed a
sense of discipline in
farming as they have
learned the value of
regularly monitoring
their field.
133. ▣ By attending FFS classes,
however, they said the stock
knowledge of the farmers were
refreshed and updated.
▣ Farmers are quick to learn with
field monitoring, tour, and
video showing. For them, the
FFS serves as their guide in
rice farming and a way in
becoming an expert and in
improving their quality of
life,”.
135. ▣ The pH (potential hydrogen) scale is used to measure the
concentration of hydrogen ions.
▣ For horticultural purposes, the pH scale is used to determine
if a soil, water source, or nutrient solution is neutral, acidic,
or alkaline (basic).
▣ On the pH scale, a reading of 7 is considered neutral, all
readings above 7 are considered alkaline, and all readings
below 7 are considered acidic.
▣ The pH scale is an exponential logarithmic scale. Every
number on the pH scale represents an increase or decrease
of tenfold. For example, a pH value of 3 is ten times more
acidic than a pH value of 4 and 100 times more acidic than
a pH value of 5.
▣ The same holds true for readings above 7. For example, a
pH value of 10 is ten times more alkaline than a pH value of
9 and 100 times more alkaline than a pH value of 8.
136. ▣ FFS facilitators taught
farmers the integrated
pest management, a
practice that discourages
the nonstop use of
pesticides
▣ Introduced Leaf Color
Chart which is a
four-stripped plastic
“ruler” used in assessing
nitrogen status of rice
plant; and certified seeds,
which can improve yield
by 10 percent.
