integrated pest management in organic farming

1. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC FARMING
PRESENTATION BY
:
BALARABE SALISU HAMZA – 2301B06101
KABIRU LAWAN – 2301B06102
PUTTA PSWARNALATHA REDDY – 2301B06103
AGRON 513- PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF ORGANIC FARMING (T)
INCHARGE: Ms. B. SAI DIVYA

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY OF IPM
• THE NEED FOR IPM
• METHODS OF IPM
• MERIT AND DEMERIT OF IPM
• CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on
long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of
techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural
practices, and use of resistant varieties.
• Three principle approaches incudes- - Direct action against pest. - Genetic
modification of the host. - Modification of environment to make it unfavorable for
the host.
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to managing pests by
combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes
economic, health and environmental risks."

4. Contd…
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices are more crucial in organic farming
systems as opposed to other farming systems.
• Pests-arthropods and pathogens had been, are and will continue to be major
constraints to agricultural production throughout the world.
• Synthetic chemical pesticides were introduced in the 1940’s and used widely on
agricultural crops in the hope that they would control agricultural pests. It is now
clear that, their use has some unfortunate consequences.
• In some cases, undesirable environmental impacts of synthetic pesticides have
caused agriculturists to oppose the use of these materials in agriculture and caused
governments to regulate or outlaw their use

5. HISTORY OF IPM
• Shortly after World War II, when synthetic insecticides became widely available,
entomologists in California developed the concept of "supervised insect control.
• Michelbacher and Bacon (1952) coined the term “integrated control”
• Stern et al. (1959) defined integrated control as “applied pest control which
combines and integrates biological and chemical control”
• Geier (1966) coined the term “pest management”
• Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ, 1967) gave the term “Integrated Pest
Management”

6. Contd…
• In 1967 the term IPM was introduced by R.F. Smith and R. van den Bosch.
• Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO, 1967) defined IPM as “a pest
management system, that, in the context of associated environment and population
dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as
compatible a manner as possible and maintains pest populations at levels below
those causing economic injury”
• In 1972 the term IPM was accepted by CEQ (Council of Environmental Quality)
and the report Integrated Pest Management prepared by the CEQ was published. In
creating the synthesis between integrated control and pest management.

7. THE NEED FOR IPM
• Chemical pesticides can impact the human health and ecosystems. Example:-
DDT, a pesticide, can accumulate in the fatty tissue of animals and affect
bird reproduction.
• Insects can become resistant to chemical pesticides. Approximately 500
species of insects are resistant to one or more pesticides.
• Due to exclusions it leads to transmit a large number of plant diseases
worldwide. For e.g.- Leaf rust of coffee, Late blight of potato etc.

8. Contd…
• Pests develop resistance to synthetic chemical pesticides. In the
recent years, population of many pests has developed resistance to
many commercially available pesticides

9. METHODS OF IPM
IPM
METHODS
CULTURAL
PHYSICAL
BIOLOGICAL
CHEMICAL

10. Cultural Method
• Higher seed rate: Increased seed rate will help to retain required plant
population even after uprooting and destroying the interested plants by pests like
shoot borer and stem borer
• Planting distances: High plant density reduces necrosis of groundnut; low plant
density reduces damping off in nursery and sorghum charcoal rot. Wider row
sparing in rice reduces BPH in rice. Higher seed rate will help to retain required
plant population even after uprooting and destroying the infested plants by pests
like, shoot borer, shoot y.

11. Contd…
• Use of trap crops: Bhendy/Okra can be used as trap crop in
cotton, which will help to trap the boll worms and stem weevils of
cotton; similarly, Castor as trap crop against Spodoptera in
groundnut and tobacco; Marigold as trap crop in tomato against
Helicoverpa will reduce the incidence.

12. Physical Methods
• Hand Picking: Removing or picking pests out manually is a time and labor-
consuming option that is widely applied in integrated management
and organic farming. Mature insects or their eggs and larvae are collected by
hand and destroyed.
• Traps: Trapping is a common mechanical IPM method to isolate harmful
organisms. There exist different types of electric or mechanical traps that
attract pests with light or fire, collect them through air suction, or repel them
with electricity or sound.

13. Contd…
• Pruning and Raking: In integrated management practices, cutting infested
plant parts can be effective when the damage is irreparable or crop disease
has no treatment. Raking helps manage infestations mechanically or move
them to the earth’s surface to be destroyed by predators (e.g., birds).
• Irrigation Management: Proper irrigation management supports plant
needs for healthy development and helps control pests. For example,
pesticides in integrated management solutions can be administered through
foliar spraying and sprinkling, or drip irrigation. However, the impact of
irrigation management on IPM has both positive and negative sides

14. Biological Method
• Use of Predators: Predators eat up their prey that damages crops, for example,
ladybugs reduce aphid numbers.
• Use of Parasitoids: Parasitoids develop on or within their hosts to eventually kill
them after maturing. Typical examples of parasitoids are most wasps or flies.
Applying this integrated pest management technique, it is important to remember
that parasitoids are also subject to hyperparasitoids’ attacks.
• Use of Pathogens: Pathogenic microorganisms are viruses, bacteria, and fungi that
infect pests and cause diseases reducing their numbers, which are also used in the
integrated pest management system

15. Chemical Methods
• This group of the integrated approach applies natural or synthetic chemical
substances to repel or eradicate pests. Biopesticides are natural repellents
containing plant extracts or oils, which is the safest option for humans, animals, and
crops.
• Does integrated pest management use pesticides? Yes, but as a last-call
action in the integrated approach that must be used with great caution because
pesticides can develop resistance. Synthetic substances are applied only when
integrated pest management without chemicals can’t efficiently combat the invasion
or when other options are impossible due to certain circumstances.

16. MERITS OF IPM
• Promotes sound structures and healthy plants.
• Promotes sustainable bio-based pest management alternatives.
• Reduces environmental risk associated with pest management by encouraging the
adoption of more ecologically benign control tactics.
• Reduces the potential for air and ground water contamination.
• IPM increases crop yield and farmers’ income.
• IPM may reduces pesticide use by 80% and boosts crop output by 10%.

17. DEMERITS OF IPM
• More involved planning.
• More family decision-making.
• More demanding lawn and garden care.
• More resources are needed as substitutions for pesticides.
• Requires a greater amount of outside knowledge.
• Time and energy-consuming.
• More involvement in the technicalities of the method.

18. CONCLUSION
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM) stands as a beacon for
sustainable agriculture, offering a holistic approach that balances
ecological, economic, and social considerations.
• By minimizing reliance on chemical pesticides and embracing
biological controls, cultural practices, and vigilant monitoring, IPM
not only mitigates environmental impacts but also enhances
economic resilience for farmers.

19. REFERENCES
Mohan Kumar, S. And Rama Subramanian, T., (2014), Role of Genetically Modified
Insect-Resistant Crops in IPM: Agricultural, Ecological and Evolutionary Implications.
Integrated Pest Management, pp 371–399
Mzough, N., (2011), Farmers adoption of integrated crop protection and organic
farming: Do moral and social concerns matter. Ecological Economics, 70: 1536–1545.
Pobożniak M., Gaborska M., Wójtowicz T. (2021). Resistance and tolerance of ten
carrot cultivars to the hawthorn-carrot aphid, Dysaphis crataegi Kalt., in Poland.
PLOS ONE 16(3): e0247978. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247978↑Article

20. References contd…
Ramón A. Arancibia. (2020, November 24). Soil Steaming to Reduce the
Incidence of Soil-borne Diseases, Weeds and Insect Pests. Division of Plant
Sciences. University of Missouri.
Van Baaren, et al. (2019). Host-parasitoid network in extreme conditions: the
case of cereal aphids in wheat crops in Saskatchewan, Canada. Entomologia
Generalis. Entomologia Generalis, doi: 10.1127/entomologia/2019/0807.