An inflammatory condition of the pancreas
Acute pancreatitis is a reversible process,
whereas Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is irreversible
Acinar Cell Injury
Pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas. Two major forms : acute pancreatitis (is reversible) and chronic pancreatitis(is irreversible).
Pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas. Two major forms : acute pancreatitis (is reversible) and chronic pancreatitis(is irreversible).
constipation in children , pediatric constipation , management of constipation in children , understanding constipation , causes of constipation in children , functional constipation in children , treatment of constipation ,approach to constipation in children ,constipation in infants
basics about chronic liver disease for a pediatrician. fast and easy guide to common causes of chronic liver diseases in children
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constipation in children , pediatric constipation , management of constipation in children , understanding constipation , causes of constipation in children , functional constipation in children , treatment of constipation ,approach to constipation in children ,constipation in infants
basics about chronic liver disease for a pediatrician. fast and easy guide to common causes of chronic liver diseases in children
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Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy : Dr Sharda Jain & Dr Jyoti Agarwal Lifecare Centre
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy : Dr Sharda Jain & Dr Jyoti Agarwal
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is characterized by Pruritus and an elevation in serum bile acid concentrations, typically developing in the late second and/or third trimester and rapidly resolving after delivery.
A lysosomal storage disease caused by acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin (SM) to ceramide and phosphocholine.
Most pNENs - sporadical.
Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to developing pNENs.
But may not be expressed unless it is triggered or activated under certain circumstances, such as due to certain environmental factors.
As part of a larger genetic syndrome such as; 1. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1), 2. Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL) or 3. Neurofibromatosis type I (NF-1).
Scleroderma is a group of autoimmune diseases that may result in changes to the skin, blood vessels, muscles, and internal organs.
The disease can be either localized to the skin or involve other organs in addition to the skin.
Symptoms may include areas of thickened skin, stiffness, feeling tired, and poor blood flow to the fingers or toes with cold exposure.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral nerve entrapment syndrome.
Characterised by numbness and tingling of the radial 3 ½ digits.
Found in 1% of the general population
Increased incidence is noted in women, the elderly and pregnant patients.
1. Undescended Testis : Along the normal path, but not reached scrotum.
2. Retractile Testis : Hyperreflexic Cremaster
3. Ectopic Testis : Deviation from normal path of descent
Absence of testis in scrotum since birth
Hemiscrotum empty, hypoplastic
Decreased caliber and force of the stream
Problems starting(hesitancy) and stopping urine stream; post-void dribbling
Impaired bladder emptying
- high risk of infection and hydronephrosis
Urinary retention
Incontinence
Nocturia; polyuria / Dysuria
Hypertrophy of bladder wall muscle
- increased risk for bladder diverticula
Microscopic hematuria maybe present
Scorpions are a common arthropod found all over the world.
If threatened, a scorpion may use its long, flexible tail to sting a potential predator.
Frequently, people unknowingly come into contact with these species and experience the painful sensation of envenomation
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
1. Pediatric
Pancreatitis
W. P. Rivindu H. Wickramanayake
Group no. 04a
6th Year 1st Semester – 2020 April
Tbilisi State Medical University, Georgia
2. Introduction
● An inflammatory condition of the pancreas
● Acute pancreatitis is a reversible process,
● whereas Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is irreversible
● Differences between pancreatitis in children and adults,
- particularly in
- Presentation,
- Etiology,
- Prognosis, and
- Nature of acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP).
3. Epidemiology
● Occurs in all age groups, even in infants.
● approaches to adults (greater awareness)
● Worldwide, the incidence of acute pancreatitis ranges between 5
and 80 per 100,000 population, with the highest incidence recorded
in the United States and Finland.
Acute Pancreatitis
in Pediatrics
4. Pathophysiology
● Acinar Cell Injury
1. Initiate the premature intracellular activation of trypsinogen
to trypsin. Trypsin, in turn, activates other digestive proenzymes.
The activated digestive enzymes then mediate acinar cell injury.
2. An aberrant unfolded protein response and the resultant
endoplasmic reticulum stress may initiate apoptotic pathways and
inflammatory signals.
5.
6. 1. Biliary disorders
- Gallstone pancreatitis is a more common cause than
previously believed
2. Systemic conditions
- >20% of reported cases
- Multifactorial
- Sepsis
- Shock
- Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome(++)
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Viruses such as Mumps virus and so on
Causes of Acute Pancreatitis in Children
7. 3. Medications
- L-asparaginase
- Valproic acid
- Azathioprine
- Mercaptopurine
- Mesalamine
4. Trauma
- Not as high as previously thought
- Unintentional blunt trauma
- Child abuse
5. Idiopathic
6. Infections
- Treatment can prevent recurrent episodes.
8. 7. Metabolic disorders
- Disorders that cause hypercalcemia, hypertriglyceridemia,
and inborn errors
8. Genetic / Hereditary diseases
9. Autoimmune Pancreatitis
- Type 1: may elevated IgG4, diffuse or segmental
enlargement of the pancreas, strictures of the pancreatic duct.
- Type 2: more common in children, association with
inflammatory bowel disease and other autoimmune diseases
→respond to corticosteroid therapy.
9. 12. Anatomic Pancreaticobiliary Abnormalities
- Pancreas divisum( 15%), related to SPINK-1 or CFTR gene
Choledochal cysts Annular pancreas
11. Diagnosis
● ≥ two of three criteria:
(1) Abdominal pain - suggestive of or compatible with acute
pancreatitis (ie, abdominal pain of acute onset, especially in the
epigastric region)
(2) Serum amylase or lipase > 3 times than the upper limit of
normal
(3) Imaging findings compatible with acute pancreatitis.
● Mild: >90%, limited to the pancreas and the peripancreatic fat
● Severe: pancreatic necrosis, involvement of other organs,
cardiovascular collapse, infection, or fluid collections.
12. Abdominal Pain
- 80% to 95% in pediatric patients who have acute pancreatitis.
- Epigastric: 62% to 89%
- Diffusely: 12% ~ 20%
- Radiating to the back: 1.6%~5.6%
• Nonverbal or encephalopathy-> irritability
Amylase & Lipase
Rise time - Amylase: 2~12 hours
- Lipase: 4 ~ 8 hours
17. Management
● Pancreatic Rest
- Fluid support: 1.5 times maintenance IVF in first 24 hours
- Nutrition: priming since 24~48hrs if mild
( Regular meal. No low fat. 10% pain. Continue even elevated
enzyme. Total Parenteral Nutrition for prolonged ileus, pancreatic
fistulae, or complicating abdominal compartment syndrome)
- Antiemetics and analgesia: opioid( morphine)
- Treat reversible cause( antibiotic is not routine)
- Monitoring for complications.
20. Outcomes
● Better than in adults and are not correlated with initial
amylase and lipase levels.
● No existing scoring systems like APACHE (Acute
Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) or the
Ranson system used pediatrics.
21. Acute
Recurrent Pancreatitis
(ARP)
● ≥2 episodes of acute pancreatitis per year, or
● >3 episodes over a lifetime,
● in a patient without CP or a pancreatic pseudocyst
● 10% to 35% of patients will have recurrence
23. Genetic Mutation
PRSS-1: cationic trypsinogen
• Several mutations in the PRSS-1 gene that encodes cationic
trypsinogen cause hereditary pancreatitis.
• Autosomal dominant with an 80% penetrance.
• The lifetime risk of pancreatic cancer is 40% or greater in these
patients.
• SPINK-1: serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1
• Produced in acinar cells and acts as a defense for premature
trypsinogen activation.
• But most people who have these mutations, even when homozygous,
do not develop pancreatitis.
• Thought to be related to decreased ability to inactivate trypsin. But
toxicity from misfolded protein, remain possible
24. CFTR: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
• Disease modifiers
• Lack other clinical features of cystic fibrosis or have mild
disease in other organs and are pancreatic-sufficient at
presentation, although some will develop pancreatic
insufficiency over time.
• The effect of many changes in the gene sequence on protein
function is unknown.
CTRC: chymotrypsin C gene
• Encodes for the digestive enzyme chymotrypsin C
• Disease modifiers.
• Can inactivate trypsin in vitro
25. Duplication Cysts - Duodenum or Stomach
- Secondary to pancreaticobiliary obstruction
- Difficult to detect
26. Management
● Genetic screening for PRSS-1 and SPINK-1 mutations
- Sweat test-> indeterminate or low positive zone-> gene
sequencing for CFTR
● MRCP: anatomy
- Pancreas divisum-> ERCP: sphincterotomy and stenting of the
minor papilla
- Endoscopy for mass lesion which obstruct the ampulla
- Autoimmune pancreatitis: if MRCP suspect- IgG4
- Systemic inflammatory disease, especially for Crohn disease
● Ultrasonography or CT scan- to identify duplication cysts
27. Chronic Pancreatitis
● A process leading to irreversible destruction of the pancreatic
parenchyma and ducts and loss of exocrine function.
● Classic cystic fibrosis is the most common cause in children
● Incidence and prevalence in childhood are not known.
● Causes are the same as those of ARP
● Results from the sequelae of long-standing destructive inflammation
● Fibrosis
28. Diagnosis
● Clinical and based on a combination of symptoms, imaging
studies, and functional insufficiency
● Diagnosis often is delayed
● With advanced disease, amylase and lipase levels will not be
elevated, even in the presence of disabling pain.
29. Clinical Features
● Pain : - mild to intense,
- usually epigastric,
- constant or intermittent,
- deep and penetrating,
- radiation to the back,
- episodic.
- obstruction of pancreatic ducts by fibrosis or stone
- inflammation of the parenchyma
- perineural inflammation
- pain imprinting in the peripheral or central nervous system
30. ● Malabsorption: - weight loss,
- fatty stools, or diarrhea
● Jaundice from extrahepatic biliary obstruction
- caused by pancreatic fibrosis or a pseudocyst
● Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage
- from venous thrombosis
● Diabetes
31. Pancreatic Function Testing
● Identify pancreatic insufficiency:
- Duodenal intubation with secretin-cholecystokinin stimulation:
- standard for diagnostic testing
- Pancreatic secretions collected at upper endoscopy: underestimates
- Fecal elastase: poor sensitivity
● Trypsin output <50 U/kg/h - as the reference standard
● Elastase, a kind of proteinase
- Breaks down elastin, an elastic fibre that, together with collagen,
determines the mechanical properties of connective tissues.
32. Complications
● The pain may vacillate in intensity and frequency, but
it will not resolve with time
● Diabetes may take 2 or 3 decades to become
clinically significant
● In hereditary pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer appears
first in the fourth decade (incidence of 0.5%)
● Depression
33. Management
● Pain : acetaminophen; narcotics/ nerve ablation/ surgery
● Pancreatic enzyme supplement
● Endoscopic treatment for ductal strictures or pancreatic duct
stones
● Surgical intervention: partial resection; Total pancreatectomy
with islet cell auto-transplant (Harvesting functioning islets
from the patient's own diseased pancreas and then infusing them into
the portal vein, where they migrate to the liver.)
● Diabetes: insulin
35. Questions
1. All of the following may be used as part of criteria to make a diagnosis of Acute Pancreatitis
in a child EXCEPT:
a. Epigastric pain x 2 days
b. Amylase level 3 times upper limits of normal
c. Lipase level 2 times upper limits of normal
d. Ultrasound demonstrating pancreatic and peri‐pancreatic edema
e. Computer tomography scan demonstrating diffuse pancreatic swelling
2. All of the following genes have been implicated in ARP and/ or CP EXCEPT:
a. CFTR
b. SPINK1
c. PRSS1
d. SBDS
e. CTRC
36. 3. Your patient follows‐up in the clinic after her discharge and wants to discuss how to
prevent further episodes of pancreatitis. You recommend all the following as options
EXCEPT:
a. Antioxidants/micronutrients
b. Low‐fat diet
c. Pancreatic enzymes
d. Antibiotics
4. Potential complications of chronic, recurrent pancreatitis includes chronic pain
syndrome. Patients presenting with chronic, recurrent pancreatitis and chronic pain need
to be particularly screened for:
a. Eating disorders
b. Depression
c. Obesity
d. Learning disability
37. 5. A 14 year old female has had her second episode of acute pancreatitis. Her evaluation
to date has shown a normal abdominal ultrasound, normal triglyceride and calcium, a
negative sweat chloride test and no evidence for infectious, metabolic or drug induced
pancreatitis. You have decided to perform further imaging as part of the evaluation. The
best option in this setting would be:
a. Repeat abdominal Ultrasound
b. MRCP
c. ERCP
d. Endoscopic Ultrasound